M'chilankhulo cha nzika zaku Africa - mtundu wa Luba - "chimpanzi" amatanthauza "wofanana ndi anthu." Asayansi akuganiza kuti njira zosinthira za anyani ndi anthu zidasokonekera zaka 6 miliyoni zokha zapitazo. Ndipo lero ndi - woyimira wowala kwambiri komanso wodabwitsa kwambiri wamtundu wa anyani akuluakulu, obadwa nawo komanso oyandikira kwambiri pafupi ndi Homo sapiens. Mwachitsanzo, kufanana pakati pa DNA yathu ndi pafupifupi 90%.
Kufotokozera kwa chimpanzi
Koma kufanana kwa DNA "umunthu" wa chimpanzi sikumatha.
Maonekedwe
Chimpanzi, monga anthu, ali ndi mitundu yamagazi ndi zala zawo.... Mutha kuwasiyanitsa ndi iwo - zomwe sizibwereza. Chimpanzi chimasiyana ndi anthu kutalika. Amuna akulu kwambiri samapitilira mita 1.5 kutalika. Akazi ndi otsika kwambiri - 1.3 mita. Koma nthawi yomweyo, anyani ndi olimba mwakuthupi ndipo ali ndi minofu yotukuka bwino, yomwe Homo sapiens aliyense sangadzitamande nayo.
Kapangidwe ka chigaza kamasiyanitsidwa ndi matanthwe apamwamba, mphuno yosalala ndi nsagwada yotuluka mwamphamvu yokhala ndi mano akuthwa. Chigaza chimapangidwa mwachilengedwe ndi nkhokwe - ubongo umangotenga theka lokha la voliyumu yake. Miyendo yakutsogolo ndi yakumbuyo ya chimpanzi ndi yofanana. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi kapangidwe kake ka zala zawo ndi chala chake chamanthu, chomwe chimakhala patali ndi ena ndipo chimalola nyani kuthana ndi zinthu zazing'ono.
Ndizosangalatsa! Magazi a chimpanzi wa pygmy - ma bonobos - atha kuthiridwa mwa anthu popanda chithandizo.
Thupi lonse la chimpanzi limakutidwa ndi tsitsi. Chilengedwe chinapanga zosiyana ndi nkhope, mitengo ya kanjedza ndi zidendene za mapazi a nyani. Anyani achichepere ali ndi malo oyera oyera mu coccyx pakati pa mdima wandiweyani. Nyani ikakula, tsitsi limayamba kuda komanso kusanduka bulauni. Izi zimathandiza anyani kusiyanitsa ana ndi akulu ndikuwachitira moyenera. Zikuwoneka kuti anyani okhala ndi "zilumba" zoyera pa coccyx awo sathawa, kutanthauza kuti, m'manja mwawo. Anyani achikulire sawalanga pa zopusa ndipo samafuna zambiri. Koma tsitsi loyera likangotayika, ubwana umatha.
Mitundu ya Chimpanzi
Anyaniwa ndi amtundu wa anyani akuluakulu ndipo ndi ofanana ndi anyani anyani ndi anyani. Pali mitundu iwiri ya chimpanzi - chimpanzi ndi bonobo chimpanzi. Bonobos nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "pygmy chimpanzees", zomwe sizowona kwathunthu. Bonobo si wamtundu wotere, mawonekedwe ake okha amasiyana ndi chimpanzi mwachisomo chachikulu. Komanso mtundu uwu, nyani yekhayo, uli ndi milomo yofiira, monga anthu.
Chimpanzi chodziwika chimakhala ndi subspecies:
- nkhope yakuda kapena chimpanzi yomwe - ili ndi zikuthwanima pankhope pake;
- Chimpanzi chakumadzulo - ili ndi chigoba chakuda chooneka ngati gulugufe;
- shveinfurtovsky - ali ndi zinthu ziwiri zosiyana: nkhope yowala, kupeza utoto wakuda ndi msinkhu, ndi malaya atali kuposa achibale.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Chimpanzi ndi nyama, amakhala m'magulu a anthu 20-30... Gulu limatsogozedwa ndi amuna wamba mu chimpanzi, komanso wamkazi mu bonobos. Mtsogoleri sakhala wolimba kwambiri pagulu nthawi zonse, koma ayenera kukhala wochenjera kwambiri. Ayenera kukhala wokhoza kupanga ubale ndi abale m'njira yoti amumvere. Kuti achite izi, amasankha kampani yapafupi, monga alonda, omwe angawadalire pakagwa ngozi. Otsutsana ena achimuna amasungidwa mwamantha pakumvera.
Mtsogoleri "atasweka" chifukwa cha ukalamba kapena kuvulala, malo ake amatengedwa nthawi yomweyo ndi "wamkulu" wachinyamata... Akazi pagulu nawonso amayang'aniridwa mosamalitsa. Pali atsogoleri azimayi omwe ali ndiudindo wapadera. Amuna amawasamalira kwambiri, ndipo izi zimawathandiza kukhala osankhidwa. Chimpanzi chotere chimakhala ndi timiyala tokoma kwambiri komanso nambala yamasokosi ambiri nthawi yakumasirana.
Ndizosangalatsa! Bonobos, chifukwa chakuchepa kwaukali pamakhalidwe awo, amathetsa kusamvana kulikonse mgululi mwamtendere - potenga banja.
Mwambiri, mayankho amachitidwe a chimpanzi chachimuna ndi chachikazi amasiyana pamlingo waluntha komanso nkhanza. Ngati amuna ali okonda nkhondo, makamaka pokhudzana ndi kuteteza madera awo, azimayi amakhala amtendere komanso amatha kukhala ndi malingaliro "amunthu" monga kumvera ena chisoni ndi chifundo. Amatha kutenga mwana wamasiye yemwe ali m'manja mwawo, amafotokoza chisoni wachibale wovulala, kugawana chakudya. Koma! Asayansi akuchenjeza kuti munthu sayenera kunena kuti nyani, ngakhale "munthu" wodziwika bwino kwambiri, mikhalidwe yomwe siimakhalamo. Nthawi zina anyani amadya zamtundu wawo ndikuyesera kuwukira anthu.
Chimpanzi chachikazi chimawerengedwa kuti chimamvera kwambiri pamaphunziro ndi maphunziro, koma osazindikira kuposa amuna. Koma amawonetsa chikondi chachikulu kwa munthu ndipo samabisala pachiwopsezo cha kusamvera kwamwano, mosiyana ndi amuna, omwe "amasocheretsedwa ndi olungama" malingaliro olamulira. Khalidwe labwino limathandiza kuti anyani asavute kusaka, kuteteza ana, komanso kuthandizira kupeza maluso pagulu. Amaphunzira zambiri kuchokera kwa wina ndi mnzake pamene akukhala limodzi. Asayansi awonetsa kuti anyani osungulumwa achepetsa zizindikiritso zaumoyo wawo wonse. Chilakolako choipa kuposa cha achibale onse, ndipo kagayidwe kake kamachepa.
Chimpanzi - okhala m'nkhalango... Amafuna mitengo. Amamanga zisa pa iwo, amapeza chakudya, amathamangira pambali pawo, atanyamula nthambi, kuchokera kwa adani. Koma, mofanana, anyaniwa amayenda pansi, pogwiritsa ntchito miyendo yonse inayi. Kuyenda moongoka, ndi miyendo iwiri, si chizolowezi cha anyani m'malo awo achilengedwe.
Zadziwika kuti anyani amataya anyani pakukwera mitengo, koma ma gorilla amapambana potengera ukhondo wa zisa zawo. Kapangidwe ka zisa za chimpanzi sikasiyanitsidwa ndi chisomo ndipo kumachitika modzichepetsa - kuchokera ku nthambi ndi timitengo tomwe tasonkhanitsidwa pamodzi mosakhazikika. Chimpanzi chimangogona m'mazenje, m'mitengo - pazifukwa zachitetezo.
Anyani amatha kusambira, koma samakonda... Nthawi zambiri amakonda kusanyowa pokhapokha ngati pakufunika kutero. Kusangalala kwawo kwakukulu ndikudya ndi kupumula. Chilichonse sichithamanga ndikuyerekeza. Chokhacho chomwe chimasokoneza mgwirizano wamoyo wa anyani ndi mawonekedwe a mdani. Poterepa, anyani akulira mofuula. Chimpanzi chimatha kupanga mitundu mpaka 30 ya mawu, koma sizingathe kuyankhulanso mawu amunthu, chifukwa "amalankhula" pakamatuluka, osati pakupumira, monga munthu. Kuyankhulana mkati mwa gululi kumathandizidwanso ndi chilankhulo chamanja komanso momwe thupi limakhalira. Palinso mawonekedwe a nkhope. Chimpanzi chimatha kumwetulira komanso kusintha nkhope.
Chimpanzi ndi nyama zanzeru. Anyaniwa ndi ophunzira mwachangu. Kukhala ndi munthu, amatengera miyambo ndi zizolowezi zake, nthawi zina kuwonetsa zotsatira zabwino. Ndizodziwikiratu kuti nyani wapanyanja amalimbana ndi nangula ndi matanga, amadziwa kutenthetsa mbaula ndikukhazikitsira moto.
Pokhala pagulu, anyani amafotokozera bwino zomwe akumana nazo. Zinyama zazing'ono zimaphunzira kuchokera ku anyani okhwima pongowona ndi kutengera machitidwe awo. Anyaniwa m'malo awo achilengedwe amaganiza zogwiritsa ntchito ndodo ndi mwala ngati zida zopezera chakudya, ndipo masamba azitsamba zazikulu ngati nkhokwe yamadzi kapena ambulera pakagwa mvula, kapena chofufuzira, kapenanso mapepala achimbudzi.
Chimpanzi amatha kusilira duwa lomwe lilibe thanzi labwino, kapena kuphunzira mosamala za nsato yokwawa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mosiyana ndi anthu, anyani sadzawononga zinthu ndi zinthu zamoyo zopanda ntchito ndi zopanda pake kwa iye, m'malo mwake, m'malo mwake. Chimpanzi amadziwika kuti amadyetsa akamba. Basi!
Ndi anyani angati omwe amakhala
M'mikhalidwe yovuta yakuthengo, anyani sakhala ndi zaka 50. Koma kumalo osungira nyama, moyang'aniridwa ndi anthu, nyani uyu adamasulidwa mpaka zaka 60.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Chimpanzi ndi anthu okhala ku Central ndi West Africa. Amasankha nkhalango zam'malo otentha ndi nkhalango zamapiri zokhala ndi masamba ambiri. Lero, ma bonobos amapezeka kokha ku Central Africa - m'nkhalango zowirira pakati pa mitsinje ya Congo ndi Lualaba.
Anthu ambiri omwe amapezeka chimpanzi amapezeka m'dera la Cameroon, Guinea, Congo, Mali, Nigeria, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania ndi mayiko ena ambiri ku Africa.
Zakudya zamphongo za chimpanzi
Chimpanzi chimakonda kudya, koma zambiri zomwe zimakonda kudya ndi izi: zomera, zipatso, uchi, mazira a mbalame, tizilombo... Nsomba ndi nkhono zimachitika koma sizachilendo. Kusankha chakudya cham'madzi, anyani amakonda zipatso ndi masamba, kusiya mizu ndi khungwa lavuto lalikulu, lanjala. Kuti akhalebe olemera (anyani amalemera pafupifupi makilogalamu 50), amafunika kudya kwambiri komanso pafupipafupi, zomwe amachita, kuthera theka la nthawi yawo yakudzuka kufunafuna komanso kuyamwa chakudya.
Asayansi sagwirizana pankhani yodyera nyama za anyani. Ena amakhulupirira kuti anyani ang'onoang'ono ndi tizilombo timakhala pafupipafupi pa anyani amenewa. Ena amakhulupirira kuti chakudyachi chimangokhala m'nyengo yophukira komanso pang'ono kwambiri. Anyani wamba amapezeka akudya anyani ndi ma colobus, omwe amasonkhanitsidwa pamodzi, kukonzekera mosamala kusaka. Bonobos sichiwoneka mu izi. Ngati agwira anyani, si chakudya, koma zosangalatsa. Bonobos amasewera ndi "chikho" chawo.
Kubereka ndi ana
Chimpanzi sichikhala ndi nyengo yomveka bwino yoswana. Kukwatiwa kumatha kuchitika tsiku lililonse ndi nyengo iliyonse. Thupi la chimpanzi limakhala pafupifupi miyezi 7.5. Mwana mmodzi amabadwa. Pobadwa, mwanayo "amakhala pubescent" wokhala ndi tsitsi lowala kamodzikamodzi, lomwe limakhala lolimba komanso lakuda akamakula.
Zofunika! Chimpanzi chimakula msinkhu pofika zaka 6-10. Koma mpaka izi zitachitika, ubale wake ndi amayi ake ndiwokwanira.
Chimpanzi chachikazi chimasamalira ana. Mpaka pomwe mphakoyo amaphunzira kuyenda pawokha, nthawi zonse amanyamula pamimba kapena kumbuyo kwawo, osawapangitsa kuti asawonekere kapena kutuluka.
Adani achilengedwe
Nyama yowopsa kwambiri ya anyani ndi kambuku, chifukwa imatha kuwabisalira pansi komanso pamtengo. Zochita pagulu zokha ndizomwe zingapulumutse nyani pakagwidwa kambuku. Atazindikira mdani, chimpanzi chimayamba kufuula kwambiri, kuyitanitsa abale. Pogwirizana, amatenga kulirako ndikuponyera nyamayo. Kawirikawiri, nyalugwe samayima mwamakhalidwe oterewa ndikubwerera m'mbuyo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Koma sanali nyalugwe amene adatsogolera chimpanzi kuti atheretu, koma munthu - mwa kuchitira nkhanza chilengedwe ndi nzika zake. Pakadali pano, anyani wamba ndi bonobos ali pangozi ndipo adatchulidwa mu Red Book.... Vutoli limapulumutsidwa chifukwa chakuti anyani amaswana bwino mu ukapolo ndipo amakhala bwino ndi anthu ngati akukhala nawo.
