Anthu ambiri amagwirizanitsa liwu loti "caiman" ndi ng'ona yaying'ono, yomwe siyolondola kwathunthu: pamodzi ndi oyimira ang'onoang'ono a mtunduwo (1.5-2 m), pali zitsanzo zochititsa chidwi za 2 centner, mpaka 3.5 m.
Kufotokozera kwa Caiman
Anthu aku Caiman amakhala ku Central / South America ndipo ndi am'banja la alligator. Iwo ali ndi dzina lachibadwa, lotanthauzidwa kuti "ng'ona", kwa a Spaniards.
Zofunika! Akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo amachenjeza kuti mtundu wa caimans suphatikizapo Melanosuchus (wakuda caimans) ndi Paleosuchus (osalala-mutu caimans).
Ngakhale kufanana kwa ma alligator, amasiyana ndi otsirizawa chifukwa chokhala ndi chipolopolo cham'mimba cham'mimba (osteoderm) komanso kusapezeka kwa bony septum munthawi yopanda pake. Ng'ona ndi nyama zam'mphuno zazikulu zili ndi mafupa olimba omwe amadutsa mlatho wa mphuno pansi pamaso.
Maonekedwe
Mitundu yamasiku ano (ilipo itatu) imakhala yosiyana kukula: caiman wokamwa pakamwa, yemwe amakula mpaka 3.5 m ndikulemera 200 kg, amadziwika kuti ndi wolimba kwambiri. Ng'ona ndi Paraguay nthawi zonse sizimafika mamita 2.5 ndi kulemera kwa 60 kg. Amuna mwamwambo amakhala akulu kuposa akazi.
Caiman wowoneka bwino
Ndi ng'ona kapena caiman wamba yemwe ali ndi ma subspecies atatu odziwika, osiyana ndi kukula ndi mawonekedwe a chigaza, komanso utoto. Ma Juveniles ndi achikuda kwambiri, nthawi zambiri amakhala achikaso, okhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda / mawanga padziko lonse lapansi. Chikasu chimazimiririka akamakalamba. Momwemonso, mawonekedwe amthupi amayamba kukhala opanda pake kenako nkuzimiririka. Zokwawa zazikulu zimatenga mtundu wobiriwira wa azitona.
Caimans awa ali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi zotsalira za dinosaur - chishango chazithunzithunzi pagawo lamathambo aziso lakumaso. Kutalika kwachikazi ndi 1.5-2 m, wamwamuna ndi 2-2.5 m.Zimphona zokula mpaka mamitala atatu ndizosowa kwambiri pakati pa ma caimans owoneka bwino.
Caiman wokhala ndi nkhope yayikulu
Nthawi zina amatchedwa yotseguka. Kukula kwapakati sikupitilira 2 m, ndipo zimphona za 3.5 m ndizosiyana ndi lamuloli. Lili ndi dzina lake chifukwa chakamenyedwe kake kakang'ono, (komwe chishango cha mafupa chimathamangira) ndi mawanga owonekera. Kumbuyo kwa caiman kuli chodzaza ndi carapace yolimba yamiyeso yolumikizidwa.
Zinyama zazikulu zimapakidwa mtundu wa azitona wopanda mawu: chakumpoto komwe nyama zam'kamwa zimakhala, mdima wa azitona ndikutinso.
Yakarsky caiman
Iye ndi Paraguay, kapena Jacare. Ilibe subspecies ndipo imafanana kwambiri ndi caiman yowoneka bwino, yomwe idangotchulidwa kumene. Jacaret nthawi zina amatchedwa piranha caiman chifukwa chamkamwa mwake, yemwe mano ake atali akutali amapitilira malire a nsagwada ndikupanga mabowo pamenepo.
Kawirikawiri imakula mpaka 2 m, makamaka kangapo mpaka atatu. Monga abale ake, ili ndi zida pamimba pake - chipolopolo choteteza ku kulumidwa ndi nsomba zolusa.
Moyo, khalidwe
Pafupifupi ma caimans onse amakonda kukhala m'matope, kuphatikiza ndi malo awo.... Nthawi zambiri awa ndi matope amitsinje ndi mitsinje ikuyenda m'nkhalango: apa zokwawa zimatenthetsa mbali zawo masana ambiri.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ngati caiman yatentha, imakhala mchenga wopepuka (kuwonetsa cheza cha dzuwa).
M'chilala, madzi akasowa, ma caimans amakhala m'madzi otsala, amasonkhana m'magulu akulu. Anthu aku Caimans, ngakhale ali m'gulu la zilombo zowononga nyama, saopsezabe anthu ndi nyama zazikulu. Izi ndichifukwa chakukula kwawo kocheperako, komanso zapadera za psyche: ma caimans ndi amtendere komanso amantha kuposa ma alligator ena.
Anthu a Caimans (makamaka aku South America) amasintha mtundu wawo, kuwonetsa mosazindikira kutentha kapena kuzizira. Mboni zidati m'mawa, khungu la nyama yozizira limawoneka lakuda, labulauni komanso lakuda. Kutentha kwakusiku kumangotuluka, khungu limanyezimira pang'onopang'ono, ndikusintha kukhala lobiriwira.
Anthu aku Cayman amadziwa kukwiya, ndipo mamvekedwe omwe amamveka amatengera zaka. Achinyamata achichepere amalira mwachidule komanso osakhazikika, amatchula china chake ngati "kraaaa". Akuluakulu amafuula mokweza komanso motalika, ndipo ngakhale atamaliza kutsitsa, siyani pakamwa patseguke. Patapita kanthawi, kamwa imatseka pang'onopang'ono.
Kuphatikiza apo, ma caimans achikulire amakolora pafupipafupi, mokweza komanso mwachilengedwe.
Utali wamoyo
Ngakhale ndizovuta kuwunika, amakhulupirira kuti pansi pazabwino, ma caimans amakhala zaka 30-40. Pa moyo wawo wonse, iwonso, monga ng'ona zonse, "amalira" (kudya wovulalayo kapena kukonzekera kuchita).
Ndizosangalatsa! Palibe kutengeka kwenikweni komwe kumabisika kuseri kwa zodabwitsazi. Misozi ya ng'ona ndizobisika zachilengedwe kuchokera m'maso, komanso mchere wochuluka umatuluka m'thupi. Mwanjira ina, ma caimans amatuluka thukuta m'maso.
Mitundu ya ma caimans
Akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo amagawaniza mitundu iwiri ya zamoyo zomwe zatha, zofotokozedwa kuchokera ku zakale, komanso mitundu itatu yomwe ilipo:
- Caiman crocodilus - Caiman wamba (wokhala ndi subspecies 2);
- Caiman latirostris - wamkulu wa nkhope caiman (palibe subspecies);
- Caiman yacare ndi osakhala subspecies Paraguayan caiman.
Zatsimikizika kuti ma caimans ndi amodzi mwamalumikizidwe azinthu zachilengedwe: ndi kuchepa kwa chiwerengero chawo, nsomba zimayamba kutha. Chifukwa chake, amawongolera kuchuluka kwa ma piranhas, omwe amaberekana kwambiri komwe kulibe ma caimans.
Masiku ano, ma caimans (m'malo ambiri) amathandizanso kuchepa kwachilengedwe kwa ng'ona zazikulu, zomwe zimawonongedwa chifukwa cha kusaka mwankhanza. The caimans adapulumutsidwa ku chiwonongeko ... khungu lawo, losagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'ono chifukwa chokwera masikelo a keratinized. Monga lamulo, ma caimans amapita pama lamba, chifukwa chake amapangidwabe m'minda, ndikudutsa khungu ngati ng'ona.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Malo akuya kwambiri amadzitamandira caiman wambaokhala ku USA ndi mayiko ambiri aku South / Central America: Brazil, Costa Rica, Colombia, Cuba, El Salvador, Ecuador, Guyana, Guatemala, French Guiana, Honduras, Nicaragua, Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad, Tobago ndi Venezuela.
Caiman wowoneka bwino samalumikizidwa makamaka ndi matupi amadzi, ndipo akawasankha, amasankha madzi osayenda. Nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi ndi mitsinje ndi nyanja, komanso madambo ozizira kwambiri. Amamva bwino m'nyengo yamvula ndipo amalekerera chilala. Mwina masiku angapo m'madzi amchere. M'nyengo yadzuwa, imabisala m'mabowo kapena imadzibisa m'matope amadzi.
Malo opanikizika kwambiri a nkhope yayikulu ya caiman... Amakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic kumpoto kwa Argentina, Paraguay, zilumba zazing'ono zakumwera chakum'mawa kwa Brazil, Bolivia ndi Uruguay. Mtundu uwu (wokhala ndi moyo wam'madzi wokha) umakhala m'madambo a mangrove komanso madambo okhala ndi madzi oyera. Kuposa malo ena aliwonse, nkhanu yotakata kwambiri imakonda kuyendetsa mitsinje pang'onopang'ono m'nkhalango zowirira.
Mosiyana ndi mitundu ina, imapirira kutentha pang'ono, chifukwa chake imakhala pamtunda wa mamita 600 pamwamba pamadzi. Amamva bata pafupi ndi malo omwe anthu amakhala, mwachitsanzo, m'mayiwe omwe amathirira ziweto.
Thermophilic wopambana kwambiri wamakono amakono - yakar, omwe magulu ake akukhudza Paraguay, zigawo zakumwera kwa Brazil ndi kumpoto kwa Argentina. Jacaret amakhala m'madambo ndi madambo achinyontho, omwe nthawi zambiri amabisala kuzilumba zobiriwira zoyandama. Kulimbirana malo okhala ndi caiman wokhala ndi nkhope yayikulu, imachotsa malo omaliza abwino kwambiri.
Chakudya, kugwira caiman
Caiman wowoneka bwino amakonda chakudya ndipo amawononga aliyense amene samamuwopsyeza ndi kukula kwake. Nyama zomwe zimakula zimadya nyama zopanda mafupa zam'madzi zam'madzi, kuphatikizapo nkhanu, tizilombo ndi molluscs. Okhwima - sinthani zinyama zam'madzi (nsomba, zokwawa, amphibiya ndi mbalame zam'madzi).
Caiman wogwidwa amalola kuti azisaka nyama zazikulu, mwachitsanzo, nkhumba zamtchire. Mitunduyi imagwidwa ndi kudya anzawo: ng'ona nthawi zambiri zimadya anzawo panthawi yachilala (popanda chakudya wamba).
Chakudya chomwe mumakonda caiman wokhala ndi nkhope yayikulu - nkhono zamadzi. Nyama zakutchire zamtunduwu sizikhala ndi chidwi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Powononga nkhono, ma caimans amapereka ntchito yofunika kwambiri kwa alimi, chifukwa ma molluscs amapatsira ziweto ndi nyongolotsi (zonyamula matenda akulu).
Caimans amasintha madamu, ndikuwachotsa nkhono zomwe zimawononga ziweto. Otsala a nyama zopanda mafupa, komanso amphibiya ndi nsomba, samakhala patebulo kawirikawiri. Akuluakulu amadya nyama ya akamba am'madzi, omwe zipolopolo zawo za caiman zimawomba ngati mtedza.
Paraguayan caiman, monga wamphongo yotakata, amakonda kudzikongoletsa ndi nkhono zamadzi. Nthawi zina imasaka nsomba, ndipo ngakhale kangapo njoka ndi achule. Zinyama zazing'ono zimangodya mollusk zokha, ndikusinthira kuzinyama zokha pofika zaka zitatu.
Kubereka kwa caimans
Ma caimans onse amakhala ndiulamuliro wolimba, pomwe udindo wa chilombo umadalira kukula kwake ndi chonde. Mwa amuna otsika, kukula kumachedwa (chifukwa cha kupsinjika). Nthawi zambiri amunawa samaloledwa ngakhale kuswana.
Mkazi amafika pokhwima pafupifupi zaka 4 mpaka 7, atakula kufika pafupifupi mita 1.2 Amuna amakhala okonzeka kukhwima msinkhu womwewo. Zowona, ali patsogolo pa anzawo kutalika, kufikira kutalika kwa 1.5-1.6 mita panthawiyi.
Nthawi yokwanira imayamba kuyambira Meyi mpaka Ogasiti, koma nthawi zambiri mazira amaikidwa nyengo yamvula isanakwane, mu Julayi - Ogasiti. Mkazi amagwira ntchito yokonza chisa, ndikuphimba nyumba yake yayikulu (yopangidwa ndi dongo ndi zomera) pansi pa tchire ndi mitengo. Pamphepete mwa nyanja, zisa za caiman ndizosowa kwambiri.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mu zowalamulira, zotetezedwa kwambiri ndi mkazi, nthawi zambiri pamakhala mazira 15-20, nthawi zina zimafika 40. Ng'ona zimaswa m'masiku 70-90. Choopseza chachikulu chimachokera ku tegus, abuluzi odyetsa omwe amapha 80% yamatumba a caiman.
Kawirikawiri, mkazi amayikira mazira m'magawo awiri kuti apange kusiyana kwa kutentha komwe kumatsimikizira kugonana kwa mazirawo: ndichifukwa chake mumakhala ana ofanana mwa "anyamata" ndi "atsikana".
Ana oswedwawo amalira mokweza, mayiyo amaswa chisa ndikuwakokera kumadzi apafupi... Amayi nthawi zambiri samasamalira ana awo okha, komanso oyandikira omwe asochera kuchoka kwa amayi awo.
Nthawi zina abambo amayang'ananso makanda, akugwira ntchito zachitetezo, pomwe mnzakeyo akukwawa kuti alume. Achinyamata amayenda ndi makolo awo kwanthawi yayitali, amafola limodzi ndikuyenda limodzi pamadzi osaya.
Adani achilengedwe
M'malo oyamba pamndandanda wa adani achilengedwe a ng'ona kuli ng'ona zazikulu ndi zotengera zakuda, makamaka m'malo omwe zofuna zawo (madera) zimadutsana.
Kuphatikiza apo, ma caimans akutsatiridwa ndi:
- nyamazi;
- otters akuluakulu;
- anacondas akulu.
Atakumana ndi mdani, caiman amayesa kubwerera kumadzi, ndikusunthira kumtunda mwachangu. Ngati ndewu ikukonzekera, ma caimans achichepere amayesa kusokeretsa mdani, akutupa m'lifupi ndikuwonekera kukula kwawo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Anthu amakono Yakar caiman osati okwera kwambiri (100-200 zikwi), koma pakadali pano ndi okhazikika ndipo amasunga (ngakhale munthawi zosavomerezeka) pamlingo womwewo. Kukhazikika kwa ziweto kudachitika chifukwa chamapulogalamu olowa ku Brazil, Bolivia ndi Argentina posungira a Caiman wa ku Paraguay.
Chifukwa chake, ku Bolivia, kulimbikitsidwa kwa kuswana kwa zokwawa zomwe zimakhala m'malo achilengedwe, ndipo ku Argentina ndi Brazil, minda yapadera yatsegulidwa ndipo ikugwira ntchito bwino.
Tsopano Yakar caiman adatchulidwa ngati mitundu yotetezedwa mu IUCN Red Book. Patsamba la buku lino mutha kupeza ndi caiman nkhope yayikulu, omwe nambala yawo ili pakati pa 250-500 anthu zikwi.
Akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo awona kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha zamoyozi pazaka theka zapitazi. Chimodzi mwazifukwa ndikudula mitengo mwachisawawa komanso kuipitsa malo okhala chifukwa cholima minda yatsopano yaulimi komanso pomanga magetsi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kuti abwezeretse kuchuluka kwa anthu, mapulogalamu angapo adalandiridwanso: ku Argentina, mwachitsanzo, minda yamangidwa kuti izitha kubzala nyama zam'mphuno zazikulu, ndipo magulu oyamba a adani adamasulidwa.
Mndandanda Wofiyira wa IUCN caiman wowoneka bwino ndi ma subspecies ake awiri (Apaporis ndi bulauni). Zimadziwika kuti anthu aliwonse a ng'ona caiman, omwe awonongedwa ndi zochita za anthu, tsopano akuchira pang'onopang'ono. Komabe, njira zotetezera mtundu wa mitundu iyi zikupangidwabe.
