Amayi (Parus) ndi mbalame zambiri zamtundu wa Tit komanso dongosolo la Passerine. Woyimira wamba wamtunduwu ndi dzina labwino kwambiri (Parus major), lomwe lakhala likufalikira m'malo ambiri ku Russia.
Malongosoledwe a Tit
Mawu oti "tit" adapangidwa kuchokera kuzina "buluu", chifukwa chake amalumikizana mwachindunji ndi mtundu wa mbalame yamtundu wabuluu (Cyanistes caeruleus), yomwe kale inali ya mtundu wa titmouse. Mitundu yambiri yomwe kale inali yamatenda enieni yasamutsidwa kupita mgulu lina: Sittiparus, Machlolophus, Periarus, Melaniparus, Pseudopodoces, blue tit (Poecile) ndi buluu tit (Cyanistés).
Maonekedwe
Subspecies ndi amtundu wa banja la Tit: zazitali komanso zazitali... Padziko lapansi pano pali mitundu yoposa zana yodziwika bwino komanso yophunziridwa bwino yomwe imadziwika ndi mtunduwu, komabe, ndichizolowezi kuganizira tsopano za mbalame zomwe zimaphatikizidwa m'banja la tit. Oimira mitundu Grey tit amadziwika ndi mzere wakuda wakuda pamimba, komanso kusapezeka kwa chilombo. Chosiyanitsa chachikulu ndi imvi kumbuyo, chipewa chakuda, mawanga oyera pamasaya ndi chifuwa chowala. Mimbayo ndi yoyera, ndi mzere wakuda wapakati.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chombocho chimakhala ngati phulusa, ndipo nthenga za mchira ndizakuda. Chochitikacho ndichonso chakuda pakatikati komanso mtundu woyera pambali.
Mtengo wapamwamba ndi mbalame yoyenda, yopanda chidwi, yokhala ndi kutalika kwa thupi kwa 13-17 cm, wokhala ndi kulemera kwapakati pa 14-21 g ndi mapiko osapitirira masentimita 22-26. Mitunduyi imasiyana m'khosi ndi mutu wakuda, komanso Maso ndi masaya oyera, pamwamba ngati maolivi komanso pansi pa chikasu. Mitundu yambiri yamtunduwu imasiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana pamitundu ya nthenga.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Ndizovuta kwambiri kuti mutu wosamvera ubisike kapena kukhala pamalo omwewo kwa nthawi yayitali. Mbalame yotereyi imazolowera kuyenda nthawi zonse, koma ndi cholengedwa chamapiko osadzichepetsa kwenikweni potengera malo ake. Mwazina, mawere alibe opikisana nawo mwamphamvu, poyenda komanso chidwi, ndipo chifukwa cha miyendo yawo yolimba komanso yamphamvu kwambiri, mbalame yaying'ono imatha kuchita zanzeru zambiri, kuphatikiza mitundu ina ya zovuta zina.
Chifukwa cha miyendo yomwe yakula bwino, nyumba zodulira mitengo zimakhalabe m'malo ovuta, zili patali kwambiri ndi chisa chawo. Mothandizidwa ndi zikhadabo pamwamba pa nthambiyi, mbalameyo imagona tulo msanga, nkumafanana ndi tinyemba tating'onoting'ono. Ndichinthu ichi chomwe chimamupulumutsa nthawi yozizira kwambiri. Moyo wamatenda onse amakhala nthawi yayitali, koma mitundu ina, malinga ndi zomwe akatswiri amafufuza, imakonda kuyendayenda nthawi ndi nthawi.
Komabe, mtundu uliwonse wamatenda umangokhala ndi mawonekedwe ake, mawonekedwe ake, komanso mawonekedwe omwe amagwirizanitsa nthumwi zonse ndizabwino komanso zosaiwalika, machitidwe ovuta modabwitsa komanso kungoyimba pang'ono modabwitsa.
Njira zosungunulira mbalame zamtunduwu mwachilengedwe zimachitika kamodzi kokha miyezi khumi ndi iwiri.
Ndizosangalatsa! Imvi imakonda kuwonekera awiriawiri, koma nthawi zina mbalame zotere zimaphatikizidwa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono kapena mitundu ina ya mbalame. Zotchedwa zoweta zosakanikirana zimachita bwino kwambiri pakusaka chakudya munthawi yanjala.
Mwachilengedwe, mitundu yonse yamabele imagawidwa mwanjira zenizeni zachilengedwe. Akuluakulu amawononga tizilombo tambiri tambiri todwalitsa, potero amapulumutsa malo obiriwira ku imfa. Mwachitsanzo, banja lina lamatenda liyenera kuchotsa mitengo yoposa khumi ndi inayi kuchokera ku tizirombo kuti idyetse ana awo. Kuti azilumikizana wina ndi mnzake, mbalame zotchedwa titmouse zimagwiritsa ntchito kulira kwapadera "kofinya", kosakumbutsa phokoso laphokoso la "xin-xin-xin".
Amayi angati amakhala
Moyo wa titmouse mwachilengedwe ndiwufupi kwambiri ndipo, monga ulamuliro, ndi zaka zitatu zokha. Mukasungidwa mu ukapolo, Great Tit ikhoza kukhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka khumi ndi zisanu. Komabe, kutalika kwa moyo wa nyama yopanda nthenga ngati imeneyi kumadalira pazinthu zambiri, kuphatikizapo kutsatira malamulo oyang'anira ndi malamulo odyetsa.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Akazi amtundu wamutu amakhala ndi mzere wopapatiza komanso wopepuka pamimba.... Zazikazi zazikulu kwambiri ndizofanana kwambiri ndi zaimuna, koma mwambiri, zimakhala ndi utoto wowinduka pang'ono, chifukwa chake, malankhulidwe akuda pamutu ndi pachifuwa amadziwika ndi utoto wakuda, ndipo kolala ndi mzere wakuda pamimba ndi wowonda pang'ono ndipo ungasokonezedwe ...
Mitundu ya Tit
Malinga ndi zomwe zidaperekedwa ndi maziko a International Union of Ornithologists, mtundu wa Parus umaphatikizapo mitundu inayi:
- Mdima tit (Parus cinereus) - mtundu womwe umaphatikizapo mitundu ingapo, yomwe nthawi ina m'mbuyomu inali ya Great Tit (Parus major);
- Bolshak, kapena Mtengo waukulu (Parus wamkulu) - mitundu yayikulu kwambiri komanso mitundu yambiri;
- Kummawa, kapena Chijapani tit (Parus yaying'ono) - mitundu yoyimiriridwa ndi ma subspecies angapo nthawi imodzi, omwe samasiyana pakusakanikirana kapena pafupipafupi;
- Greenback tit (Parus monticolus).
Mpaka posachedwa, mitundu yaku Eastern, kapena Japan, idasankhidwa kukhala subspecies ya the great tit, koma chifukwa cha zoyesayesa za ofufuza aku Russia, zinali zotheka kudziwa kuti mitundu iwiriyi imangokhala limodzi.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Mtundu wakuda umaimiridwa ndi subspecies khumi ndi zitatu:
- R.c. ambiguus - wokhala ku Malacca Peninsula ndi pachilumba cha Sumatra;
- P.c. caschmirensis wokhala ndi imvi kumbuyo kwa mutu - wokhala kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Afghanistan, kumpoto kwa Pakistan ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa India;
- P.c. cinereus Vieillot ndi masankhidwe osankhidwa omwe amakhala pachilumba cha Java komanso pazilumba za Sunda Lesser;
- P.c. desоlorans Koelz - wokhala kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Afghanistan ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Pakistan;
- P.c. hаinanus E.J.O. Hartert - wokhala ku chilumba cha Hainan;
- P.c. intеrmеdius Zarudny - wokhala kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Iran ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Turkmenistan;
- P.c. alirezatalischi.J.O. Hartert - wokhala kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa India ndi chilumba cha Sri Lanka;
- P.c. plunnorum E.J.O. Hartert - wokhala kumpoto kwa India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, chapakati ndi kumadzulo kwa Myanmar;
- P.c. sаrawacensis Slаter - wokhala pachilumba cha Kalimantan;
- P.c. Sturay Koelz - wokhala kumadzulo, pakati ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa India;
- P.c. templоrum Meyer de Sсhauensee - wokhala m'chigawo chapakati komanso kumadzulo kwa Thailand, kumwera kwa Indochina;
- P.c. vаuriеi Riрley - wokhala kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa India;
- P.c. ziаratensis Whistler amakhala m'chigawo chapakati komanso kumwera kwa Afghanistan, kumadzulo kwa Pakistan.
Wotchuka kwambiri amakhala m'chigawo chonse cha Middle East ndi Europe, amapezeka ku North ndi Central Asia, amakhala m'malo ena aku North Africa. Ma subspecies khumi ndi asanu a tit wamkulu amakhala ndi malo osiyana pang'ono:
- Masana rаhrоdite - wokhala kumwera kwa Italy, kumwera kwa Greece, zisumbu za Aegean Sea ndi Kupro;
- Masana blаnfоrdi - wokhala kumpoto kwa Iraq, kumpoto, kumpoto kwa chigawo chapakati ndi gawo lakumwera chakumadzulo kwa Iran;
- Masana bоkhаrеnsis - wokhala m'dera la Turkmenistan, kumpoto kwa Afghanistan, gawo lakumwera chakumwera ku Kazakhstan ndi Uzbekistan;
- Masana сorsus - wokhala m'dera la Portugal, kumwera kwa Spain ndi Corsica;
- Masana eski - wokhala m'madera a Sardinia;
- Masana exсessus - wokhala kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa, kuchokera kudera lakumadzulo kwa Morocco mpaka kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Tunisia;
- Masana fеrghаnеnsis - wokhala ku Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan ndi kumadzulo kwa China;
- Masana karustini - wokhala kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Kazakhstan kapena Dzhungarskiy Alatau, gawo lakumpoto chakumadzulo kwa China ndi Mongolia, Transbaikalia, madera akumapiri a Amur ndi Primorye, gawo lakumpoto kunyanja ya Okhotsk;
- Masana kаrеlini - wokhala kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Azerbaijan ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Iran;
- Masana majоr ndimakhalidwe abwino okhala mmaiko aku Europe, kumpoto ndi kum'mawa kuchokera ku chigawo chapakati, ndi kumpoto kwa Spain, Balkan ndi kumpoto kwa Italy, Siberia kum'mawa mpaka Nyanja ya Baikal, kumwera chakumwera kwa mapiri a Altai, kum'mawa ndi kumpoto kwa Kazakhstan, opezeka ku Asia Minor, ha Caucasus ndi Azerbaijan, kupatula gawo lakumwera chakum'mawa;
- Masana mallorsae - wokhala m'zilumba za Balearic;
- Masana newtoni - wokhala ku British Isles, Netherlands ndi Belgium, komanso kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa France;
- Masana niethammeri - wokhala m'malire a Krete;
- Masana terraesanctae - wokhala ku Lebanoni, Syria, Israel, Jordan ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Egypt;
- Masana Turkеstaniсus amakhala nzika zakumwera chakum'mawa kwa Kazakhstan ndi madera akumwera chakumadzulo kwa Mongolia.
Kumtchire, oimira mitunduyo amapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana amnkhalango, nthawi zambiri m'malo otseguka kwambiri komanso m'mphepete mwake, komanso amakhala m'mphepete mwa malo osungira zachilengedwe.
Kum'mawa, kapena ku Japan tit, kumaimiridwa ndi ma subspecies asanu ndi anayi:
- Masana аmаmiensis - wokhala kuzilumba zakumpoto za Ryukyu;
- Masana сommixtus - wokhala kumwera kwa China ndi kumpoto kwa Vietnam;
- Masana dаgeletensis - wokhala pachilumba cha Ulleungdo pafupi ndi Korea;
- Masana kаgоshimae - wokhala kumwera kwa chilumba cha Kyushu ndi zisumbu za Goto;
- Masana minоr - wokhala kum'mawa kwa Siberia, kumwera kwa Sakhalin, kum'mawa kwa chigawo chapakati ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China, Korea ndi Japan;
- Masana nigrilоris - wokhala kumwera kwa zilumba za Ryukyu;
- Masana nubiсolus - wokhala kum'mawa kwa Myanmar, kumpoto kwa Thailand komanso kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Indochina;
- Masana okinawae - wokhala pakatikati pa zilumba za Ryukyu;
- Masana tibetanus - amakhala kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Tibet, kumwera chakumadzulo ndi kumwera kwa chigawo chapakati cha China, kumpoto kwa Myanmar.
Mtundu wobwezeredwa wobiriwira wafalikira ku Bangladesh ndi Bhutan, China ndi India, komanso umakhala ku Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand ndi Vietnam. Malo achilengedwe amtunduwu ndi nkhalango zowirira komanso madera a nkhalango m'malo otentha, madera otentha ndi nkhalango zotentha.
Zakudya za Tit
Pa nthawi yobereka, mawere amadyetsa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ting'onoting'ono, komanso mphutsi zawo. Mitengo yamitundumitundu imawononga tizirombo tambiri ta m'nkhalango. Komabe, maziko amtundu wa chakudya chamtundu uliwonse panthawiyi amaimiridwa ndi:
- mbozi za agulugufe;
- akangaude;
- ziwombankhanga ndi nsikidzi zina;
- Tizilombo ta Diptera, kuphatikizapo ntchentche, udzudzu ndi mawere;
- Zamoyo za Hemiptera, kuphatikizapo nsikidzi.
Komanso, titmice timadya mphemvu, orthoptera ngati ziwala ndi njenjete, agulugufe ang'onoang'ono, retinoptera, khutu, nyerere, nkhupakupa ndi millipedes. Mbalame wamkulu amatha kudya njuchi, zomwe zimachotsedwa kale... Pofika masika, mawere amatha kusaka nyama ngati mileme, yomwe, ikatha kutha, imakhalabe yogwira ntchito komanso yosavuta kufikiridwa ndi mbalame. Anapiye amadyetsedwa, monga lamulo, ndi mbozi zamitundu yonse ya agulugufe, thupi lomwe siliposa 10 mm.
M'dzinja ndi dzinja, udindo wazakudya zosiyanasiyana zamasamba, kuphatikiza mbewa za hazel ndi European beech, zimawonjezeka kwambiri pazakudya za titmouse. Mbalame zimadya m'minda ndikumabzala mbewu ndi chimanga, rye, oats ndi tirigu.
Mbalame zomwe zimakhala kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Russia nthawi zambiri zimadya zipatso ndi mbewu za mbewu zina:
- spruce ndi paini;
- mapulo ndi linden;
- lilac;
- birch;
- sorelo yamahatchi;
- zithunzi;
- burdock;
- redberry wofiira;
- irgi;
- rowan;
- mabulosi abulu;
- hemp ndi mpendadzuwa.
Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pakati pa tit wamkulu ndi mitundu ina yamtunduwu, kuphatikiza buluu ndi Muscovy, ndikosowa nkhokwe zake m'nyengo yozizira. Mbalame yodabwitsayo komanso yoyenda kwambiri imatha kupeza mwaluso kwambiri chakudya chomwe chidasonkhanitsidwa ndikubisala mu kugwa kwa mbalame zina. Malinga ndi akatswiri, nthawi zina nthumwi za mitundu yayikulu ya Tit zingadye nyama zowola zosiyanasiyana.
Kuti adzidyetse okha, ma titi nthawi zambiri amapita kukadyetsa mbalame m'mizinda ndi m'mapaki, komwe amadya mbewu za mpendadzuwa, zotsalira za chakudya ndi zinyenyeswazi za mkate, komanso batala ndi zidutswa za nyama yankhumba yopanda mchere. Komanso, chakudya chimapezeka mu korona wa mitengo, monga lamulo, pamunsi pazomera ndi masamba a thebrush kapena zitsamba.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ndilo dzina labwino kwambiri pakati pa anthu onse odutsa omwe ali ndi mndandanda waukulu kwambiri wazinthu zosaka, ndipo atapha kuvina kwapampopi, phala lodziwika bwino, wopha ntchentche, kachilomboka kokhala ndi mutu wachikaso kapena mileme, chilombo chokhala ndi nthenga chimasolola ubongo wawo.
Zipatso zomwe zimakhala ndi zipolopolo zolimba kwambiri, kuphatikiza mtedza, zisanaphwanyidwe ndi mlomo. Kudyetsa kumakhala kovuta kwambiri. Oimira amtunduwu amadziwika kuti ndi okhadzula okhazikika, omwe amadya mitembo ya nyama zosiyanasiyana zopanda ungwiro.
Kubereka ndi ana
M'dziko lathu, ma Bolshaks afalikira makamaka, omwe ndi mbalame zokhazokha ndipo, atagawika awiriawiri, amayamba kudzipangira okha chisa. Anapiye amtundu uwu nawonso amakulira limodzi. Mbalame zimakonda kusanja m'malo okhala ndi nkhalango zowonda, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, m'malo opaka ndi minda.... Madera a nkhalango za Coniferous sakhala oyenera kukhala ndi zisa za tit. Zisa za Tit zimayikidwa mu niches m'nyumba zakale kapena m'mabowo a mitengo yakale kwambiri. Komanso, nthawi zina mumatha kuwona oimira mitunduyo m'mbuyomu, zisa zomwe anthu okhala m'mbuyomu adazisiya, zomwe zili pamtunda wamamita awiri kapena asanu ndi limodzi. Mbalame zamtunduwu ndizofunitsitsa kukhazikika m'malo abwino okhala ndi anthu.
Kuti apange chisa, mbalame zimagwiritsa ntchito masamba ofooka a udzu ndi timitengo, komanso mizu yaying'ono yazomera kapenanso moss. Mkati mwa chisa chimakutidwa ndi ubweya, zokongoletsera, ubweya wa thonje, pansi ndi nthenga, pakati pake thireyi yapadera imafinyidwa, yokutidwa ndi ubweya wa akavalo kapena ubweya. Kukula kwa chisa cha tit kumatha kusiyanasiyana kutengera mawonekedwe a malo okhala, koma kukula kwa thireyi lamkati nthawi zonse kumakhala kofanana: pakuya kwa 40-50 mm, m'mimba mwake ndi 40-60 mm.
Kutulutsa kwamtundu umodzi kumakhala ndi mazira oyera opitilira 15 ndi pang'ono. Pali timadontho tambiri komanso timadontho tofiira kwambiri timamwazikana pamwamba pa chipolopolo, chomwe chimapanga mtundu wina wa corolla mbali yosalala ya dzira. Amayi aakulu amayikira mazira kawiri pachaka. Kutsegula koyamba kumachitika mzaka khumi zapitazi za Epulo kapena koyambirira kwa Meyi, ndipo wachiwiri - chakumapeto kwa chilimwe.
Mazirawo amasungidwa ndi mkazi kwa masabata ochepera pang'ono. Nthawi yonseyi, wamwamuna amasamalira yaikazi ndikumuyamwitsa. Masiku angapo oyamba anapiyewo amakhala okutidwa ndi imvi, chifukwa chake chachikazi sichisiya chisa chake, koma chimatenthetsa ana obadwa ndi kutentha kwake.
Nthawi imeneyi, wamwamuna amadyetsa osati amayi okha, komanso ana ake onse. Pokha pokha thupi la anapiye litakutidwa ndi nthenga, chachikazi ndi chachimuna palimodzi chimayamba kudyetsa ana awo ochuluka modabwitsa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Nthawi yakumasirana, mawere si mbalame zoseketsa komanso zopanda mpumulo, koma mbalame zomwe zimakhala zankhanza kwa mbalame zinazo.
Pakadutsa masiku khumi ndi asanu ndi awiri, thupi la anapiye laphimbidwa ndi nthenga, motero amakhala okonzeka kudziyimira pawokha, koma kwa sabata lina, mbalame zazing'ono zimakonda kukhala pafupi ndi makolo awo, omwe nthawi ndi nthawi amayesetsa kuwadyetsa. Amayi achichepere otere amakula msinkhu pofika chaka.
Adani achilengedwe
Amayi ndi mbalame zothandiza kwambiri, kulima maluwa komanso nkhalango zachikhalidwe.Chimodzi mwazinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimasokoneza mitundu yonse yamatenda ndi njala nthawi yachisanu yozizira. Ndi chifukwa chakusowa kwa chakudya m'nyengo yozizira komwe kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa nthumwi kumafa chaka chilichonse. Komanso m'chilengedwe, achikulire martens, weasels, komanso amphaka amtchire komanso oyimira zoweta za banja la mphalapala, akadzidzi akulu ndi nyama zina zowuluka, amafunafuna mitundu yonse yamatope.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Masiku ano, ma subspecies ambiri amtundu ndi ochulukirapo, chifukwa chake safuna chitetezo kapena chitetezo. Komabe, pali mitundu yosawerengeka komanso yofalikira yomwe pakadali pano yatsala pang'ono kutha.
Mwachitsanzo, Whiskered Tit (Panurus biarmicus), yomwe ndi mbalame yosawerengeka komanso yosaphunzira bwino kum'mwera kwa Palaearctic mbalame yomwe ili ndi mawanga, pakadali pano siyotetezedwa limodzi ndi mbalame zina zazing'ono zomwe zimadya tizilombo, koma imalembedwanso mu Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia. Yew, kapena dzina lachijapani, likuphatikizidwanso mu Red Book of Russia lero, ndipo nthumwi zamtunduwu zimangopezeka kokha kudera la Southern Kuriles, chifukwa chake kusowa kwake kumachitika chifukwa chochepa.
