Mphaka wamtchire - mbadwa za amphaka okongola oweta. Zinali nyama izi zomwe anthu amaweta pafupifupi zaka zikwi 10 zapitazo. Sikunali kotheka kuyimilira nthumwi zonse za kalasiyi. M'nkhalangoyi mulinso amphaka amphaka ambiri omwe amawopa anthu, koma amaopseza nyama zazing'ono.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Mphaka wamtchire
Amphaka amtchire ali m'gulu la nyama zodya nyama. Mbali yaikulu ya gulu ili la zinyama ndikudyetsa ana mkaka. Chiwerengero chenicheni cha zolusa zamtunduwu ndi mitundu pafupifupi 5500.
Chiwerengerochi chimaphatikizapo banja lachikazi, zomwe zikuluzikulu zake ndi monga:
- kusinthasintha kwabwino kokasaka nyama (nyama zimakwera mwakachetechete, komanso zimatha kuyang'anira ndi kuthamangitsa nyama);
- ochepa mano (poyerekeza ndi oimira ena olusa, amphaka ali ndi mano 28-30 okha);
- chophimba chapadera cha lilime ndi papillae zosongoka (zofunika osati kutsuka ubweya wokha, komanso kupukuta nyama m'mafupa a nyama).
Mtundu wina wa anthuwa umatchedwa "Amphaka". Gulu ili limaphatikizapo zazing'ono zazing'ono. Oimira otchuka kwambiri mkalasi ndi nkhalango komanso mphaka woweta. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, asayansi ena amawawona ngati nyama zakutchire. Kupatukana kwa mizere ya feline kunachitika zaka zikwi 230 zapitazo.
Gulu la amphaka am'nkhalango lili ndi mitundu 22 ya oimira, yomwe 7 ndi yayikulu:
- Ku Central Europe (Felis silvestris silvestris);
- Anthu a ku Caucasus (Felis silvestris caucasica);
- Waku Africa (Felis silvestris cafra);
- Turkestan (Felis silvestris caudata);
- Omani (Felis silvestris gordoni)
- steppe (Felis silvestris lybica), subspecies - zoweta (Félis silvéstris cátus);
- Waku Asia (Felis silvestris ornata).
Oimira a kalasi iyi amapezeka m'malo ambiri padziko lapansi. Magawo awo akulu ndi Africa, Asia ndi Europe.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe mphaka wa m'nkhalango amawonekera
Ndikosavuta kusokoneza mphaka wakutchire ndi chiweto chachifupi powoneka. Izi ndi nyama zazing'ono, zosafikira makilogalamu 7 atakula. Kutalika kwa amuna kumafika pafupifupi masentimita 90, akazi - osapitilira 75-80. Amasiyanitsidwa ndi amphaka wamba pokhapokha atafupikitsa pang'ono paws ndi mchira (nthawi yomweyo, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo, mitundu ina yomwe idapangidwa makamaka imasiyanitsidwa ndi mitundu ya m'nkhalango).
Kanema: Mphaka wamtchire
Khalidwe lapadera la anthu amtchire ndi mphuno yozungulira. Amakhala wapadera ndi maso ake ozungulira komanso makutu owongoka, amakona atatu. Pakamwa palinso zachilendo mu amphaka. Mano ake ndi ocheperako (kuposa amphaka wamba), koma akuthwa kwambiri.
Chovala chanyama ndi chachifupi, koma chakuda. Pali anthu pafupifupi onse otuwa (mdima, owala, ofiira). Pa malaya amtchire ambiri, mikwingwirima yowonekera imawonekera bwino, ikuyenda mthupi lonse ndi mchira (komwe imamveketsa bwino). Molting imachitika kawiri pachaka. Kumchira, chovalacho chimakhala cholimba komanso chachitali pang'ono. Ngayaye, zomwe zimakhala ndi nyama zina zoyipa, sizipezeka. Zilonda za nyama zimakhala ndi zikhadabo zowongoka, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri.
Kodi mphaka wa m'nkhalango amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Mphaka wa ku nkhalango ku Europe
Amphaka amtchire ndizinyama zofala. Amakhala m'malo okhala ndi nkhalango m'makontinenti ambiri.
Malo okondedwa kwambiri mwa anthu ndi awa:
- Europe (makamaka madera akumadzulo ndi pakati). Mutha kukumana ndi nyama ku Spain, Italy. Kuchepetsa malire kumpoto ndi England ndi Baltic Sea;
- Caucasus. Amphaka amakhalanso kumalire akumpoto chakum'mawa ndi madera ena a Soviet Union wakale;
- Asia. Nyama zambiri zimadziwika pachilumba chakumadzulo cha Asia Minor (kapena Anatolia).
Madera awa okhala malo amphaka m'nkhalango akadali ofunikabe masiku ano. Nthawi yomweyo, amathandizidwa ndi madera akumwera chakumadzulo kwa Ukraine, komanso Eastern Europe. Woimira amphaka amtchire amakhala ndi gawo lawo lokhalamo nyumba. Malo ake ali pafupifupi makilomita 2-3 (m'mapiri chiwerengerochi chikhoza kuchulukitsidwa kangapo). Nthawi yomweyo, pakufunafuna mkazi, amuna amatha kupitilira malire amalire awo. Kwa moyo wonse, nyama zimasankha nkhalango zowirira. Kutalika kwakukulu kwa malo okhala ndi makilomita 2-3 pamwamba pa nyanja.
Chosangalatsa: Kwa amphaka amtchire, dongosolo lazomwe zakhala moyo ndi chikhalidwe. Kudera lachonde, momwe mumakhala nyama zing'onozing'ono zambiri, amuna amamenya nkhonya.
Nyama nthawi zambiri zimakhala zokha. Kujambula kumachitika kokha nthawi yakumasirana. Amayesetsa kuti asayandikire malo okhala anthu. Maenje a mitengo otsika amakhala ngati pogona pa amphaka amtchire (mabowo amitengo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poberekera amakhala okutidwa ndi udzu ndi masamba). Anthu omwe amakhala m'mapiri amakonda kubisala m'mphepete mwa miyala, komanso m'manda akale a nyama zina. Kuphatikiza apo, ikakhala ndi kabowo ndi mphako, mphaka amasankha mtundu woyamba wa pogona.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe kumakhala mphaka wamtchire wamtchire. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi mphaka wa m'nkhalango amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Wild Forest Cat
Amphaka amapeza chakudya posaka nyama zing'onozing'ono. Zakudya za nyama zodya nkhalango makamaka zimadalira nyengo.
Nyengo yabwino, nyama yayikulu yomwe mlenje wake ndi:
- nyama zazing'ono (mbewa, agologolo, chipmunks, weasels, minks, etc.);
- amphibiya ndi zokwawa (achule, njoka, abuluzi);
- nsomba (oimira ang'onoang'ono akusambira makamaka pafupi ndi madzi);
- mbalame (ndipo makamaka anapiye kapena mazira otsala ndi mapiko makolo pachisa).
Amphaka osaka amakonda mbalame zomwe zimakhala ndikukhala pansi.
Chosangalatsa: Makamaka oimira amphaka amtchire owoneka bwino komanso opanda mantha amatha kupondereza kalulu, mphalapala kapena mphalapala! Zowona, izi zimachitika pokhapokha nyama yayikulu itafooka kale ndipo singathe kuyenda mwachangu, komanso kuteteza motsutsana ndi ziweto.
M'nyengo yozizira, chakudya chimakula kwambiri. Chifukwa cha chipale chofewa ndi chisanu, kuchuluka kwa mbalame kukucheperachepera, nyama zambiri zimakonda kugona kapena kungokhala m'malo otentha, ndipo nsomba zimabisala pansi pa madzi oundana okuta mtsinjewo. Ndizovuta kwambiri kusaka. Amphaka amayenera kutsatira ndikudikirira nyama yawo kwa nthawi yayitali. Ndi chifukwa cha zovuta kusaka m'nyengo yozizira kuti nyama zambiri zimapeza nthawi yotentha. Mafuta omwe amawasonkhanitsa amawapangitsa kuti asazizidwe ndipo ziwalozo zimagwira bwino ntchito.
Chosangalatsa: Ndi m'nyengo yozizira yokha yomwe azimayi amatha kubwera kumalo okhala anthu. Apa akuba mopanda manyazi kuba nkhuku ndi ziweto zina zazing'ono.
Amphaka amtchire amasaka usiku wokha. Nthawi yabwino yogonjetsa nyama yadzuwa ndikutuluka (pakati pa zochitikazi, chilombocho chimagona m'malo mwake). Kuphatikiza apo, ngati mvula imagwa usiku, mphakawo amakana hota.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mphaka wa nkhalango ya Amur
Amphaka amtchire ndi nyama zokonda ufulu zomwe zimakonda kukhala zokha ndipo sizimalekerera ochita nawo gawo lawo. Amakhala atcheru mwachilengedwe ndipo nthawi zambiri amawonetsa kukwiya ndi nyama zina kapena kuyandikira anthu (omwe amatha kuwona ngakhale mukamayendera malo osungira nyama).
Kumangirira munthu kumakhala kofanana ngakhale ndi amphaka am'nkhalango omwe amayesa kuweta. Nyama sizikongoletsa maphunziro, sizindikira anthu mnyumba kuti ndiye mutu, makamaka, kupewa oyandikana nawo onse. Simungakhale ndi chiweto chotere m'nyumba yaying'ono. Amafuna malo akulu - osachepera kanyumba kanyumba kotentha. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti chilombocho chimakonda kukwera mitengo ndikuwunika zomwe zili nazo. Simuyenera malire pa izi.
Komabe, zikuwoneka kuti pakakhala mwayi woyamba chiweto "choweta" chidzathawa eni ake, posankha moyo wakuthengo. Amphaka am'nkhalango amangomveka panthawi yokomera. Mu nthawi yachitsulo, amakhala chete. Kungoti mwa "milomo" yawo mumangomva kulira kwa likhweru, kufuula komanso kulira kwa iwo okha. Phokoso lonseli limasindikizidwa ndi amphaka pakakhala kulimbana nawo. Nyama zimachitapo kanthu mwachangu kwambiri. Mwina izi zili chifukwa cha kupenya bwino, kumva bwino komanso luso lapadera.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mphaka wakutchire Wakum'mawa
Mosiyana ndi ziweto zamphaka, kukhathamira nkhalango kumachitika kamodzi pachaka makamaka kuyambira Januware mpaka Marichi. Mkazi ndi wamwamuna amakhala ogwirizana mu mgwirizano pokhapokha mwana atakhala ndi pakati. Amphaka amakopa amphaka ndi fungo lapadera lomwe limafalikira pambuyo poti dera ladziwika. Amuna omwe amayankha kununkhira amayamba kulimbana koopsa pakati pawo.
Mkazi amavomereza mwamphamvu kwambiri kwa iye. Njira yolumikizirana imachitika mu dzenje la mtengo (patali pang'ono kuchokera pansi) kapena mumtambo wosiyidwa ndi nyama ina. Poterepa, malo okwatirana amakonzedweratu ana ang'onoang'ono. "Pansi" pamakhala masamba, udzu komanso nthenga za mbalame. Amphaka atabereka, makolo amapatukanso. Mayi woyembekezera amasiyidwa yekha ndikuyembekezera kuwonekera kwa ana, kumusamalira pasadakhale. Amakonza nyumba m'njira yabwino kwambiri yoberekera.
Mimba yamphaka zakutchire imatha miyezi 2-4. Mkazi amatha kubereka ana 1 mpaka 7 pa nthawi imodzi. Ana onse amabadwa akhungu (epiphany amapezeka tsiku la 9 mpaka 12 atabadwa) ndipo alibe chochita. Amalemera magalamu 250 okha ndipo satha kuyimirira. Sangathe popanda thandizo la amayi m'masabata oyamba amoyo wawo. Amayi amasamalira ana awo mwachikondi ndi mantha. Amawapatsa chakudya ndi chitetezo. Mwezi umodzi wokha amphaka amayamba kukwawa mwachangu. Ndipo kale pa 2 - amapita kukasaka koyamba ndi amayi awo. Amphaka opitirira miyezi iwiri amakhala ovuta kwambiri. Amatha kusisita mbewa mpaka 7 patsiku, ndikuwonjezera chakudyacho ndi mkaka wa amayi.
Amphaka amwana amakonda kusewera komanso chidwi. Amayenda mofulumira kudera la makolo ndikusuntha mitengo mopanda mantha. Ali ndi miyezi isanu ndi iwiri, amakula msinkhu. Amphaka amachoka m'dera la amayi awo ndikuyamba kufunafuna komwe amasaka. Amphaka, kumbali inayo, amakhalabe mkati mwa amayi, koma amakonzekeretsa pakhola lawo. Kukula msinkhu kwa nyama kumachitika ali ndi miyezi 10.
Adani achilengedwe amphaka am'nkhalango
Chithunzi: Mphaka wa nkhalango ku Siberia
Amphaka am'nkhalango ndi zolengedwa zothamanga kwambiri komanso zothamanga kwambiri. Zimakhala zovuta kuzimenya kuzilombo zina. Chifukwa cha kuthekera kwawo kudumpha msanga kuchokera kunthambi kupita kunthambi (kutalika kwake kumatha kukhala mamita 3), kusuntha m'nkhalango ndi kusambira, kumabisala mosavuta kwa omwe angakhale mpikisano nawo. Nthawi yomweyo, nyamazo zimakhala ndi adani okwanira.
Mfundo zazikuluzikulu ndi izi:
- Ankhandwe (owopsa pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya amphaka am'nkhalango, chifukwa cha nkhandwe zowonjezera);
- Nkhandwe (zimawopseza azimayiwa omwe amakhala kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Europe ndi Asia);
- Martens (kusaka amphaka a m'nkhalango m'nkhalango zosakanikirana za Asia ndi Europe);
- Lynx (nyama zotere zimaopseza makamaka amphaka omwe amakhala kumpoto chakumadzulo).
Nyama yofunikira kwambiri yamphaka zamtchire (zodabwitsa momwe zingamvekere) ndi martens. Ngakhale amakhala ochepa, amamenya amphaka achichepere, okhutira ndi nyama yawo.
Chosangalatsa: Ngakhale kuti nkhandwe zimaonedwa ngati adani amphaka am'nkhalango, iwonso amawopa nyama izi. Mukakumana ndi mphaka wamtchire, nkhandwe imakonda kusiya nyama yomwe yaigwira, ndikubwerera kukadya nyama itangochoka.
Kwenikweni, amphaka amakhala nyama chifukwa chakukalamba, matenda kapena kuvulala komwe kumalepheretsa kuyenda bwino. Nthawi zonse, zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuti mupeze chilombocho.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Momwe mphaka wa m'nkhalango amawonekera
Chiwerengero chenicheni cha amphaka m'nkhalango m'malo awo achilengedwe sichidziwika. Izi zikufotokozedwa ndikusintha kwake kosasintha.
Chiwerengero cha nyama chikuchepa pazifukwa zingapo:
- Kutentha nkhalango (zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kusasamala kwa anthu);
- Zinyalala kwambiri (chifukwa cha izo, nyama zing'onozing'ono, zomwe amphaka amadya, zimafa kwambiri);
- Kupha nyama mopanda nyama (alenje ambiri amayesetsa kuti apeze mphaka wamtchire wamoyo kuti aziweta).
Kuchepa kwa ziweto kumayambitsanso chifukwa cha kusefukira kwamadzi, komanso kusintha kwanyengo padziko lapansi, komwe nyama sizikhala zokonzeka nthawi zonse. Tisaiwale kuti m'madera ena anthu amphaka zakutchire anawonongedwa. Mpaka 1927, nthumwi ziwiri za gulu la feline zimapezeka ku Belarus: amphaka ndi amphaka am'nkhalango. Mpaka pano, omalizirawo sanasiyidwe m'dera lino. Akatswiri a zinyama amakhulupirira kuti chifukwa chachikulu chowonongera nyama ndi zochita za anthu. Chikhumbo chaumunthu chofuna kukhala ndi amphaka amtundu wapadera kapena kudzilemeretsa pogulitsa kwadzetsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa oimira gululi m'chilengedwe.
Chosangalatsa: Kuti abwezeretse amphaka a m'nkhalango m'dera la Belarus, adaganiza zogula nyama ku Moldova kuti zikagwire ntchito m'chigawo cha Polessky.
Pakadapanda anthu osaloledwa (kuwononga chilengedwe, kuwotcha), ziweto zikadakhala zazikulu kwambiri. Komabe, amphaka a m'nkhalango pano saopsezedwa kwambiri. Kupatula kumatha kuonedwa ngati imodzi mwamitundu 22 yomwe ilipo. Tikulankhula za mphaka wamtchire wa ku Caucasus (Felis silvestris caucasica), olembedwa mu Red Book ku Russia.
Kuteteza amphaka a m'nkhalango
Chithunzi: Mphaka wamnkhalango kuchokera ku Red Book
Amphaka amitengo yaku Caucasus amalembedwa mwalamulo mu Red Book of Russia mgulu la "osowa". Udindo wa nyama ndi mitundu yolamulidwa mwapadera, yodziwika ndi kuchuluka kochepera ndikukhala m'malo ochepa. Nthawi yomweyo, chitetezo chapadera cha oimira feline sichiperekedwa. Imachitika kokha m'malo ena a Caucasus (Teberdinsky ndi Sochi).
Kutsika kwenikweni kwa amphaka kumadziwika pambuyo pa nyengo yayitali, yachisanu. Kusintha kulikonse pamanambala kumalumikizidwa makamaka ndi kuchepa / kuwonjezeka kwa chakudya (nyama zazing'ono, zomwe amphaka amadya). Zoyeserera zakusaka nyama ndizochepa, chifukwa chake sichimadziwika ngati chifukwa chachikulu chowonongera anthu.
Vuto lochepetsa amphaka amtchire aku Caucasus ndikusunga zamoyozi likukhudzana mwachindunji ndikufunika kochepetsa mitengo m'derali. Ngakhale kulibe njira zodzitetezera, nyama zomwe zalembedwa mu Red Book zimasunga kuchuluka kwawo. Imachepa m'nyengo yozizira ndipo imakula kwambiri mchaka ndi chilimwe ndikubereka ana atsopano. Palibe njira zazikulu zotetezera zomwe zakonzedwa posachedwa.
Ngakhale kunja kwake nkhalango nkhalango Zosazindikirika kwenikweni ndi zoweta, ndizosatheka kuzindikira zachilendo pamakhalidwe, mawonekedwe, kubereka. Nyama zokonda ufulu izi sizimawopa zoopsa ndipo molimba mtima zimaukira nyama zazikulu kwambiri. Amawopa kokha kusintha kwanyengo ndi zochita za anthu zosaloledwa, zomwe zimawopseza ziwerengero zawo ...
Tsiku lofalitsa: 07/24/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/29/2019 pa 19:54
