Chingwe cha tricolor (lat. Myotis emarginatus) ndi cha oimira osalala bwino a mileme yoyitanitsa.
Zizindikiro zakunja kwa bat wa tricolor
Mleme wa tricolor ndi mleme wapakatikati masentimita 4.4 - 5.2. Tsitsi la malayawo ndi tricolor, lakuda kumunsi, lowala pakati ndi bulauni lofiirira pamwamba. Mimba ndi kumbuyo kwake zimakhala zofananira. Mpweyawo ndi waung'ono. Ndegeyo imachokera pansi pa chala chakunja.
Makutu amatalika 1.5 - 2.0 cm, opepuka kuposa mitundu ya thupi, yokhala ndi notch yaying'ono pamakona awo akunja. Ziphuphu zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe osagwirizana. Kutalika kwa mkono ndi 3.9-4.3 cm, mchira ndi 4.4-4.9 masentimita. Mleme wa tricolor amalemera magalamu 5-12. Phazi ndi laling'ono ndi zala zazifupi.
Kufalikira kwa bat
Mitundu yapadziko lonse lapansi ya tricolor bat imaphatikizapo North Africa, Southwest and Central Asia, Western and Central Europe, ikufalikira kumpoto mpaka Netherlands, kumwera kwa Germany, Poland ndi Czech Republic. Malo okhalamowa ndi Crimea, Carpathians, Caucasus, Arabia Peninsula ndi Western Asia.
Ku Russian Federation, tricolor bat imapezeka ku Caucasus kokha. Kukula kwakukulu kwa anthu kumatsimikiziridwa kumadzulo. Malire a chigawochi amayambira kudera lamapiri kuchokera kufupi ndi mudzi wa Ilskiy mpaka malire akumadzulo ndi Georgia ndipo kum'mawa kumalire ndi KCR. Ku Russia, amakhala mdera lamapiri la Krasnodar Territory.
Malo okhala bat
Mdziko la Russia, malo okhala mimbulu ya tricolor amangokhala kudera lamapiri komwe kuli mapanga. Mbali yayikuluyo, mileme imakhala m'nkhalango zamapiri mpaka kutalika kwa mita 1800 pamwamba pamadzi, zigwa, malo achipululu komanso malo okhala ngati paki. Magulu a anthu mpaka 300-400 amakhala m'mabwinja, m'mapanga, m'mayendedwe a karst, mnyumba zamatchalitchi, nyumba zosiyidwa, m'zipinda zam'mwamba.
Amakonda malo ofunda apansi pamapiri ndipo amapezeka nthawi zambiri limodzi ndi mitundu ina ya mileme - yokhala ndi mileme yayikulu yamahatchi, njenjete zamapiko ataliatali, ndi mileme yosongoka. Tricolor bat hibernate m'mapanga akulu m'magulu ang'onoang'ono kapena osakwatira. M'chilimwe, mileme imasamukira komweko, koma nthawi zambiri amakhala kumalo amodzi.
Kudya mleme wa tricolor
Malinga ndi njira yosakira, mileme ya tricolor ndi ya mitundu yosonkhanitsa. Zakudyazo zimakhala ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana ta mitundu 11 ndi mabanja 37 amtundu wa nyamakazi: Diptera, Lepidoptera, kafadala, Hymenoptera. M'madera ena, akangaude amakhala pachakudya chawo.
Kubereka kwa bat wa tricolor
Akazi amapanga magulu a makumi khumi kapena mazana a anthu. Nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'magulu amwana osakanikirana ndi mitundu ina ya mileme. Amuna ndi akazi omwe sali oswana amasungidwa padera. Zokwatirana zimachitika mu Seputembala ndipo zimapitilira nthawi yachisanu.
Mzimayi amabereka mwana wamphongo mmodzi, nthawi zambiri kumapeto kapena mkatikati mwa Juni.
Achichepere achichepere amapangaulendo wawo woyamba mwezi umodzi atawonekera. Amapereka ana mchaka chachiwiri cha moyo. Achinyamata ambiri amamwalira nthawi yachisanu. Chiŵerengero cha amuna ndi akazi mwa anthu ndi chimodzimodzi. Mleme wa Tricolor amakhala zaka 15.
Mkhalidwe wosungira wa tricolor bat
Mleme wa tricolor uli ndi mitundu yamitundu yomwe ikuchepa manambala ndipo imakhala pachiwopsezo, yokhudzidwa ndi kusintha kwa malo okhala, ndipo ikukumana ndi zovuta zina za anthropogenic.
Chiwerengero cha bat
Kuchuluka kwa mleme wa tricolor m'mayendedwe ake onse ndi otsika ndipo akupitilizabe kuchepa. Mu Russia, chiwerengero cha anthu pafupifupi 50-120 zikwi, anthu osalimba ndi 1-2 anthu pa kilomita lalikulu. Osakumana pafupipafupi ndi mleme wa tricolor akuwonetsa kugawa kosagwirizana kwa mileme ya mitunduyi pamtunduwu, ngakhale pali mitundu yambiri ya biotopes.
Zinthu zachilengedwe (kupezeka kwa chakudya, malo obisika, mawonekedwe a biotope, nyengo) zimakhudza kuchuluka ndi kugawa. Magulu a ana m'mapanga ndi nyumba amazindikira kukhudzidwa kwa anthropogenic. Ana ambiri amafa panthawi yoyamwitsa pamene akazi oyamwitsa ali ndi nkhawa. Kusintha malo, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumachepetsanso chiwerengerocho.
Zifukwa zakuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa ma tricolor bat
Zifukwa zazikulu zakuchepa kwa mileme ya tricolor ndikuchepa kwa malo okhala mobisa, kuwonjezeka kwachisokonezo mukamayang'ana mapanga a alendo ndi akatswiri azachipembedzo, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zapansi pantchito zapaulendo, komanso zofukula m'mabwinja. Kuwonongedwa kwa mileme chifukwa chosowa chidziwitso chazabwino za omwe akuyimira mileme yoyitanitsa.
Kuteteza mleme wa tricolor
Mleme wa tricolor uli pa Mndandanda Wofiira wa IUCN. Pofuna kuteteza zamoyozi, m'pofunika kuteteza magulu akuluakulu a ana ndi mapanga kumene mileme nthawi yozizira. Ndikofunika kuchepetsa zochitika zapaulendo, kuyambitsa boma lotetezedwa m'mapanga a Vorontsovskaya, Takhira, Agurskaya. Tetezani mapanga Bolshaya Kazachebrodskaya, Krasnoaleksandrovskaya (pafupi ndi mudzi wa Tkhagapsh), Navalishenskaya. Ndikofunika kupereka zipilala zachilengedwe zachilengedwe ndi njira yapadera yodzitetezera kumapanga: Neizma, Ared, Popova, Bolshaya Fanagoriyskaya, Arochnaya, Gun'kina, Setenay, Svetlaya, Dedova Yama, Ambi-Tsugova, Chernorechenskaya, migodi pafupi ndi mudzi wa Derbentskaya.
Pakhomo la ndendezi, ikani mipanda yapadera yodzitchinjiriza kuti musalowe m'mapanga. Kudera la Labinsk pagombe la Black Sea, pangani malo osungira malo ndi malo osungira malo achitetezo amapanga onse. Kuti muchepetse zovuta zakuthambo, ndikofunikira kuwongolera maulendo obwera pansi paulendo ndi alendo, kuti ateteze zipinda zam'malo momwe mileme ikuluikulu imapezeka, makamaka nthawi yoswana kuyambira Juni mpaka Ogasiti komanso nyengo yachisanu kuyambira Okutobala mpaka Epulo. Chititsani maphunziro azachilengedwe kwa anthu akumaloko kuti akhulupirire eni nyumba zomwe zili ndi mbewa zamtunduwu komanso kufunika kotetezedwa. Ali mu ukapolo, tricolor bat samasungidwa, milandu yoswana siyinafotokozedwe.
