Puffin (Parus montanus) kapena mutu wa bulauni ndi wa dongosolo la Passeriformes. Mbalameyi inadzipangira dzina la mpira wonyezimira, womwe umawoneka ngati nthenga zonunkhira.
Zizindikiro zakunja za ufa
Mutu wamutu wofiirira ndi wocheperako kuposa mpheta 11-12 cm ndipo amadziwika ndi kapu yakuda yosiyanako yokhala ndi bulauni wonyezimira komanso masaya akulu oyera. Kulemera kwa thupi ndi magalamu 10-12. Mapiko a mapiko ake ndi ochokera masentimita 16.5 mpaka masentimita 22. Mapikowo ndi achidule, 6.0 - 6.5 masentimita, mchira ndi masentimita 6. Mbali yakutsogolo ndi yaifupi, 1 cm.
Mkazi ndi wamwamuna ali ndi mtundu wofanana wa nthenga. Kumbuyo kumakhala kofiirira, pamimba pamakhala mopepuka, pafupifupi choyera pang'ono pang'ono. Mchira ndi mapiko ake ndi akuda kuposa thupi lakumtunda. Maukonde akunja a nthenga zowuluka azunguliridwa ndi m'mbali mwake moyera. Mizere iyi papiko lopindidwa imawoneka ngati mzere wopapatiza wautali. Mdima wakumutu pamutu pang'onopang'ono umadutsa kumbuyo, kotero mutu umawoneka waukulu kwambiri. Pansi pamutu pamayera, utoto wowala umatsindika mwamphamvu chipewa chakuda. Malo akulu akuda omwe ali ndi malire m'malire am'munsi amapezeka pansi pamlomo. Mlomo wake ndi wakuda, wokhala ndi imvi m'mbali mwake. Malo akuda okhala ndi malire ochepera amapezeka pansi pamlomo. Iris ya diso ndi yakuda. Miyendo ndi imvi buluu. Mbalame zazing'ono zimadziwika ndi mtundu wa imvi, chipewa ndi chakuda - bulauni, pachimake pamakhala masaya. Malo omwe ali pakamwa pake ndi opepuka, abulawuni. Zamkati ndizoyera, buffy m'mbali. Tchera lomweli lilipo polemba. Mlomo ndi wabulauni, mkamwa kumtunda ndi kutsika wokhala ndi mapiri achikasu.
Kututumaku kumasiyana ndi mitundu ina yazoyenda ndi mutu wake waukulu ndi mchira wawufupi, chivundikiro cha nthenga pa kapu, yopanda kuwala. Masaya oyera amawonekera popanda ocher tinge. Dera loyera losiyana m'mphepete mwa nthenga limathandiza kusiyanitsa ufa ndi mitundu yofanana ya mbalame.
Ufa umafalikira
Ufa umafalikira kudera la Palaearctic kuchokera ku Western Europe, Europe Russia mpaka Kamchatka ndi Sakhalin. Amakhala ku Europe Russia. Ku Europe, imapanga subspecies yopitilira khumi. Makulidwe ku Europe ali ndi malire mpaka 45 ° kumpoto. Anthu okhala ndi ufa ku Italy amapezeka ku Alps pamalo okwera kuchokera mita chikwi pamwamba pa nyanja mpaka zikwi ziwiri.
Malo okhala ndi ufa
Pukhlyak amakhala m'nkhalango zowoneka bwino komanso zotumphuka zomwe zimapanga taiga. Zimapezeka m'nkhalango za paini, spruce, nkhalango zosakanikirana, nkhalango za paini zosakanikirana ndi mitengo yakale yazipatso, zopezeka pafupi ndi zitsamba za sphagnum, m'nkhalango zamvula. Amadyetsa m'mphepete komanso pansi pa nkhalango. Nthawi zina zimawonekera m'malo owoneka bwino, zisa m'mabowo akale a birches, zomwe zimakhala ndi matabwa owola. Monga gawo la magulu osamukasamuka, imawona m'mapaki, minda, ndi malo okhala.
Pukhlyak ndi mtundu wokhala pansi, umasamukira pang'ono pambuyo pobereka. Mbalame zochokera kumadera akumpoto zimayendayenda nthawi zambiri kuposa anthu akumwera. Chakudya chokwanira chimakupatsani mwayi wopulumuka nyengo yozizira, ndikulephera kwa mbewu za coniferous, ufa umasunthira kumadera omwe ali ndi chakudya chokwanira. Amasamukira m'magulu ang'onoang'ono; pakati pa mbalame, maubwenzi ovuta amapangidwa pakati pa anthu azaka zosiyanasiyana, amuna ndi akazi.
Kubalana ufa
Kudzikuza kumapanga awiriawiri okhazikika. Amadyetsa kudera la 4.5 - 11 zikwi m². Nthawi yogona ndi kuyambira Epulo mpaka Julayi. Mbalame ziwiri zimabowola kapena kutulutsa dzenje mu zitsa zowola, mitengo ikuluikulu yowola, nthawi zina zimapeza chisa cha nkhonya, agologolo. Chomanga chisa sichinapitilire mamita 10 kuchokera padziko lapansi.
Pomangira, mkazi wamkazi wa ufa amagwiritsa ntchito makungwa, udzu wouma, kubzala mbewu, nthenga, tsitsi, ziphuphu.
Nthawi zina mumakhala chisa cha nkhuni chokha, pomwe mazirawo amagona. Tileyi ili ndi masentimita awiri (5 cm)) Mkaziyo amaikira mazira oyera 5 mpaka 5 ndi zipolopolo zonyezimira zokutidwa ndi timadontho ta bulauni kapena pabuka.
Dzira laling'ono, 14-17 x 11-13 mm kukula kwake, limalemera 1.2 - 1.3 g. Mkaziyo amalowerera kwa milungu iwiri, yamphongo imamubweretsera chakudya panthawiyi. Anapiyewo akayamba kuoneka, mbalame zazikulu zonse ziwiri zimadyetsa anawo. Pambuyo pa masiku 18, mbewuyo imachoka pachisa. Makolo amapitiliza kudyetsa anapiye masiku ena 7-11, kenako amadyetsa okha. Atasiya chisa, anawo amakhala limodzi pagulu laling'ono, kenako amapita kumalo ena ndipo pakati pa nyengo yachisanu amasintha kuti azingokhala.
Chakudya cha ufa
Kuwomba kumadyetsa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'ono. Amadya akangaude, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, mphutsi, mphutsi. Mbewu za paini, spruce, juniper, alder, phulusa lamapiri, mabulosi abulu, birch amatengedwa. Masika, anapiye amutu wofiirira amadya mungu, masamba ndi timadzi tokoma.
Nyengo yachisanu isanayambike, masheya amapangidwa, mbewu zimaponyedwa m'ming'alu ya khungwa, pansi pamwala, ndere. Munthu aliyense amakonza timatumba tanga tating'onoting'ono ndipo nthawi ndi nthawi amayang'ana zofunikira, nthawi zina amawabisa m'malo ena. Mbeu zosungidwa zimadyedwa ndi mbalame m'nyengo yozizira pakasowa chakudya.
Udindo woteteza ufa
Ufawo umatetezedwa ndi msonkhano wa Berne (Zowonjezera II). Msonkhanowu umafotokoza njira zotetezera ndi kuteteza mitundu ya zomera ndi nyama, komanso malo awo okhala. Vutoli ndilofunika kwa mitundu yomwe ili m'zigawo zingapo za ku Europe. Pankhani ya ufa, njira zodzitetezera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo oswana ndi kusamukira kwa mbalame. Mutu wamutu wa Brown, ngakhale kuchuluka ndi kupangidwa kwa subspecies, akuwopsezedwa ndi kudula mitengo mwachisawawa komanso kusintha kwa nyengo.
Mitunduyi imakonda kwambiri kutentha kwanyengo ku Europe, nyengo yachisanu yonyowa yomwe imawundana imakhudza kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa mbalame. Chifukwa chake, kupulumuka kwa zamoyo wamba kumakhala kovuta ndikusintha kwadzidzidzi kwanyengo. Kuphatikiza apo, nsawawa nthawi zambiri zimawonetsa zisawonongeke - zimaponyera mazira awo kuzisa za mitundu ina ya mbalame. Khalidweli ndilowopsa ndipo likuwonetsa kuti zamoyozi zikuwopsezedwa m'malo mwake.
