Njoka ya kolala (Diadophis punctatus) kapena dyadophis ndi ya banja lopapatiza, dongosolo loyipa.
Kufalitsa njoka ya kolala.
Njokayo imagawidwa kum'mawa ndi Central North America konse. Amayambira ku Nova Scotia, kum'mwera kwa Quebec, ndi Ontario ku South-Central Mexico, kuphatikiza madera onse akum'mawa kupatula madera omwe ali m'mbali mwa Gulf of South Texas ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Mexico. Mitunduyi imafalikira mpaka kugombe la Pacific, kupatula madera akulu azigawo zouma kumadzulo kwa United States ndi Mexico.
Malo okhalamo njoka.
Madera okhala ndi ngodya zambiri zobisika amakonda mitundu yonse yazinyama zam'miyendo, amapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana. Mikhalidwe yabwino imapezeka m'nthaka yonyowa ndi kutentha kuyambira 27 mpaka 29 madigiri Celsius. Njoka zakumpoto ndi kumadzulo zimakonda kubisala pansi pamiyala kapena pansi pa khungwa lotayirira la mitengo yakufa, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'nkhalango yotseguka pafupi ndi malo amiyala. Ma subspecies akumwera amakonda kukhala m'malo achinyezi monga madambo, nkhalango zowirira kapena tugai.
Zizindikiro zakunja za njoka ya kolala.
Maonekedwe kumbuyo kwa njoka yamtundu wa kolala amasiyana, kutengera ma subspecies. Mithunzi yayikulu imachokera kubuluu-imvi mpaka bulauni wonyezimira, nthawi zambiri imakhala yobiriwira, koma utoto nthawi zonse umakhala wolimba, kupatula mphete yagolide yapakhosi. Mpheteyo imatha kupangika, imatha kuwoneka ngati kachingwe kakang'ono, kapena ikhoza kusapezeka. Mimba ndi wachikaso chachikaso, mwa anthu akumadzulo ndi kumwera kwa subspecies ndi ofiira lalanje. Kukhalapo ndi kasinthidwe ka mawanga akuda pamimba atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira ma subspecies.
Kum'mwera kwa subspecies ali ndi mawanga 15 kumapeto kwa anterior, kumadzulo a subspecies kale 17. Mikwingwirima ndiyosalala ndipo anal scutellum imagawika. Kutalika kwa thupi kumasiyanasiyana pakati pa 24 - 38 cm, kupatula regalis subspecies, yomwe ndi 38 - 46 sentimita kutalika. Akazi achaka choyamba cha njokayo amakhala ndi kutalika kwa 20 cm, komwe ndi 60% kutalika kwa njoka yayikulu. M'chaka chachiwiri amakula pafupifupi masentimita 24.5, ndipo chaka chachitatu amakula mpaka masentimita 29. M'chaka chachinayi, kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala pafupifupi masentimita 34, ndipo chaka chachisanu kumafika masentimita 39.
Amuna amakhala okulirapo pang'ono kumayambiriro kwa chitukuko, monga lamulo, amafikira 21.9 cm mchaka choyamba, 26 cm mchaka chachiwiri, 28 cm mchaka chachitatu, komanso pafupifupi 31 cm mchaka chachinayi. Njoka zomwe zimangobadwa kumene ndizofanana, monga zokwawa zazikulu. Pali akazi achikulire ambiri kuposa amuna okhwima. Molting imachitika m'miyezi yonse yachaka.
Njoka yamphongo yoberekera.
Zazimuna zimakopa amuna okhala ndi ma pheromones nthawi yokolola. Mwachilengedwe, kukhathamira kwa njoka zamakola kotsekedwa kumawoneka kawirikawiri, osaposa milandu isanu ndi umodzi yolembedwa.
Pakuswana, njoka zimalukanalukana, zazimuna zimapaka pakamwa pawo zotseka pathupi la anzawo. Kenako amaluma chachikazi pakhosi pake, ndikugwirizira thupi lake lachikazi, ndikutulutsa umuna wake
Kukwatana mu njoka kumatha kuchitika mchaka kapena nthawi yophukira, ndipo kutulutsa mazira kumachitika mu Juni kapena koyambirira kwa Julayi. Zazikazi zimaikira mazira chaka chilichonse, mazira 3 mpaka 10 nthawi imodzi, pamalo otseka, achinyezi. M'madera omwe mumakhala zigawenga, zokwawa zimayikira mazira m'manja mwawo. Zili zoyera ndi utoto wachikaso ndipo ndizotalika mozungulira, zazitali pafupifupi inchi imodzi. Njoka zazing'ono zimapezeka mu Ogasiti kapena Seputembala.
Amaswana ali ndi zaka zitatu, ndiye kuti, mchilimwe chachinayi. Amuna amafika msinkhu wogonana kale.
Njoka zapakhosi zosonyeza sasamala zakuswana ndi kudyetsa ana awo. Amangopeza malo oyenera kukaikira mazira ndikuikira mazira awo. Chifukwa chake, pakati pa njoka zazing'ono, pamakhala kuchuluka kwambiri kwakufa.
Mndende, njoka zamakola am'miyendo zimatha kukhala zaka 6 miyezi 2. Kumtchire, nthawi yayitali yoposa zaka 10 yalembedwa. Amakhulupirira kuti njoka zimakhala m'chilengedwe mpaka zaka 20.
Khalidwe la njoka yamakhola.
Njoka zamakola opota zimapezeka nthawi yamasana pamiyala yowunikira mwachindunji padzuwa m'nkhalango yotseguka.
Amagwira ntchito usiku okha, masana amabwerera kumalo ena mosalekeza.
Ndi achinsinsi, osachita zanjoka zomwe zimayenda usiku ndipo sizimawoneka m'malo owala. Ngakhale ndizobisika, njoka zamakola amawu zimakhala m'magulu a 100 kapena kupitilira apo. Madera sikisi kapena kupitilira apo amatha kukhala pamalo amodzi. Njoka zimagwiritsa ntchito ma pheromones kuti azindikirane.
Amuna ndi akazi amapaka mitu yawo akakwerana, ndipo akazi amatulutsa ma pheromones pakhungu pakakopa champhongo. Zokwawa apanga ziwalo zomveka - kuwona, kununkhiza komanso kukhudza.
Collar point njoka yazakudya.
Njoka zotchedwa collared njoka zimadya abuluzi, salamanders, achule, ndi njoka zazing'ono zamitundu ina. Amadya mavenda, mavitamini amatengera malo okhala ndi nyama zina. Njoka zamakhola am'malo zimagwiritsa ntchito kuponderezana pang'ono kwa wozunzidwayo kuti asawathandize.
Njoka zosokonezeka zimagwedeza mchira wawo ndikukwera kwa adani, zikuwonetsa mimba yofiira lalanje. Mtundu wofiira ukhoza kukhala ngati chenjezo. Njoka zamakhola am'mbali siziluma kawirikawiri, koma zimatha kutulutsa fungo losasangalatsa ndikakumana ndi zovuta za thupi.
Mtengo wa njoka ya kolala kwa anthu.
Njoka zamakola amalore ndizofunika pamalonda. Amakopa okonda zokwawa zokhala ndi utoto wokongola, zosamalira modzichepetsa, ndipo ndi nyama zofunikira pakufufuza kwasayansi. Maonekedwe awa ndiabwino pakusamalira nyumba.
Mwachilengedwe, njoka zamakhola amtundu zimayang'anira tizilombo toononga.
Njoka zapakhosi zikapezeka pafupi ndi nyumba ya munthu, zimayenera kuzisamutsira m'malo abwino m'chilengedwe, sizowopsa.
Malo osungira njoka ya kolala.
Subpecies zitatu za njoka yamakola yolowera ili pangozi. Amakhala ku San Diego (D.p similis), San Bernardino (D.p modus) ndi subspecies D.p acricus. Ma subspecies omwe ali pangozi ku Florida amangokhala pachilumba chimodzi chokha pachilumbachi. Ku Idaho, D.p regalis ndi subspecies kumpoto chakumadzulo amawerengedwa kuti ndiodetsa nkhawa ndipo amatetezedwa malinga ndi malamulo aboma.
Njoka ya kolala yakukhazikika samawonedwa kawirikawiri, ngakhale kuti imakonda kupezeka paliponse. Njoka yachinsinsi iyi, nthawi zambiri, imabisala pamaso. Kupatula ma subspecies ochepa, njoka yamakhola imakumana ndi ziwopsezo zochepa pamanambala ake.
