Dzungu (Butastur rufipennis) ndi mbalame yodya nyama ya dongosolo la Falconiformes.
Zizindikiro zakunja kwa khungubwe
Khungubwe la dzombe lili ndi thupi lokulirapo masentimita 44. Mapiko ake amafikira masentimita 92 mpaka 106.
Kulemera kwake kuchokera magalamu 300 mpaka 408. Ndi mbalame yolemera yapakatikati yodya nyama yopindika. Miyendo ndi yayitali, koma pali zikhadabo zazing'ono. Ikamatera, mapiko ake ataliatali amafika kumapeto kwa mchira. Makhalidwe onsewa, makamaka kuwuluka kwaulesi komanso kwaulesi, amasiyanitsa ndi mitundu ina yofananira. Khungubwe liri ndi thupi loonda piramidi. Amuna ndi akazi amawoneka chimodzimodzi, ngakhale akazi ndi 7% okulirapo ndipo pafupifupi 10% amalemera.
Mtundu wa nthenga ndizocheperako, komabe, ndizodabwitsa.
Ziphungwe zazikulu za dzombe ndi zofiirira pamwambapa, zokhala ndi mitsempha yakuda kwambiri mthupi ndi m'mapewa. Nthenga zomwe zili pamutu pake ndi zofiirira, zokhala ndi thunthu lakuda pamitengo yonse. Pali masharubu otchuka. Mbali yakumunsi ya thupi ndi yofiira ndi mikwingwirima yakuda pachifuwa. Pali malo ofiira akulu pamapiko. Khosilo ndi mthunzi wonyezimira wowoneka bwino, womwe umagawika magawo awiri ofanana ndi mzere wolunjika. Mlomo ndi wachikaso m'munsi mwake ndi nsonga yakuda. Sera ndi miyendo ndi zachikasu. Misomali yakuda. Iris ndi wachikasu wotumbululuka.
Achikulire achichepere ali ndi nthenga zofiira pamizere pamutu, pakhosi pomwe pali mawanga akuda. Zotchinga ndi kumbuyo ndizofiirira-zakuda ndikumakhudza ofiira. Ndevu sizosiyana kwenikweni. Mlomo ndi wachikasu. Mchira ndi yunifolomu yamtundu ndi mikwingwirima yakuda. Iris ya diso ndi yofiirira.
Kufalitsa kwa khungubwe
Khungubwi limafalikira ku Africa ndi ku Asia. Habitat ikuphatikiza Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad. Komanso Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana. Mbalame zamitunduyi zimakhala ku Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Mali, Mauritania, Niger. Amapezeka ku Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda. Ma subspecies anayi amadziwika, ngakhale ena akhoza kupezeka pakati pa awiriwo. Subpecies imodzi imaswana ku Japan ndi North Asia.
Malo okhala Buzzard
Malo okhala buluzi wa dzombe ndi osiyana kwambiri: amapezeka pakati pa zitsamba zaminga zam'malo ouma komanso m'nkhalango zowirira zazing'ono. Mbalame zodya nyama zimawonedwa m'mitengo yodzaza ndi zitsamba komanso malo okhala zitsamba. Amakhala msipu modzipereka ndi mitengo ndi mbewu.
Nthawi zina makhwala a dzombe amakhazikika m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, m'mphepete mwa dambo. Ngakhale zili choncho, mbalame zamtunduwu zimakonda kwambiri malo ouma, koma akhungubwe amakonda kwambiri malo omwe posachedwapa adakumana ndi moto. Ku West Africa, ziphuphu zimakonda kusamuka posachedwa nyengo yamvula, pomwe udzu uli wolimba. M'madera amapiri, ziphuphu zimapezeka kuchokera kumtunda mpaka mamita 1200.
Makhalidwe a khwangwala
Buluzi wa dzombe amakhala awiriawiri gawo limodzi la chaka. Pakusamuka komanso nthawi yadzuwa, amapanga magulu a anthu 50 mpaka 100. Makamaka mbalame zambiri zimasonkhana mmadera pambuyo pa moto.
M'nyengo yokhwima, mbalamezi zimauluka ndipo zimauluka mozungulira, ndikulira kwambiri.
Nthawi yomweyo, amachita zanzeru zina, kuwonetsa kudumpha, kusunthika kozizwitsa, zithunzi ndi zina. Kuchititsa chidwi kwa maulendo apaulendo akuwonjezedwa ndikuwonetsa mapiko ofiira ofiira padzuwa. Nyengo yakuberekana ikamatha, mbozi zimadwala, ndipo zimathera nthawi yawo yambiri zikukhala panthambi zopanda mitengo kapena pa telegraph.
M'nyengo yadzuwa ndi mvula, mbalamezi zimasamukira kum'mwera. Mtunda woyenda ndi mbalame zodya nyama nthawi zambiri umakhala pakati pa 500 ndi 750 kilomita. Nthawi yosamukira imagwera pa Okutobala - February.
Kuswana kwa Buzzard Dzombe
Nyengo yadzinja la ankhandwe zimayamba mu Marichi ndipo imatha mpaka Ogasiti. Mbalame zimamanga chisa cholimba komanso chozama kuchokera ku nthambi, nthambi pafupifupi 13 - 15 masentimita akuya ndi masentimita 35 m'mimba mwake. Kutsekedwa ndi masamba obiriwira mkati. Chisa chimapachikidwa mumtengo pamtunda wa pakati pa 10 ndi 12 mita kumtunda, koma nthawi zina kutsika kwambiri. Pofundira pali mazira amodzi kapena atatu oyera amtundu waubuluu wokhala ndi timadontho, mawanga kapena mitsempha ya bulauni, chokoleti kapena matani ofiira.
Kudyetsa Buzzard Dzombe
Buluu wa dzombe amadyera pafupifupi tizilombo tokha tomwe timakhala mmaudzu. Amadya chiswe chomwe chimabwera pamwamba pakagwa mvula kapena moto. Mbalame zomwe zimadya nyama zazing'ono komanso zokwawa. Tizilombo timagwidwa tikuthawa kapena pansi. Akangaude ndi ma centipedes nthawi zambiri amamwa. M'madera ena akhungubwi amadya nkhanu. Mbalame zing'onozing'ono, zinyama ndi abuluzi omwe anaphedwa pamoto wa burashi amatengedwa.
Pakati pa ma arthropods amakonda:
- ziwala,
- wonetsetsa,
- kupemphera,
- chiswe,
- nyerere,
- Zhukov,
- kumatira tizilombo.
Monga lamulo, mbalame zodya nyama zimayang'ana nyama ikabisala, zitakhala mumtengo wokwera mita 3 mpaka 8, ndikutsika kuti zigwire. Kuphatikiza apo, mbalame zimasakanso poyenda pansi, makamaka udzu ukawotcha. Nthawi zina akhungubwi amalondola nyama zawo mlengalenga. Nthawi zambiri, mbalame zodya nyama zimatsata gulu la nyama zosadukiza, zimatulutsa tizilombo, zomwe zimawopa zikamayenda.
Zifukwa zakuchepa kwa khwangwala
Buzzards a dzombe akuchepa kwanuko chifukwa chakudya mopitirira muyeso komanso chilala cha nthawi ndi nthawi. Kutsika kwa zisa kumachitika ku Kenya. Kuswa anapiye kwakhudzidwa kwambiri ndikusintha kwachilengedwe m'chigawo cha Sudano-Sahelian ku West Africa chifukwa chodyetserako ziweto mopitirira muyeso. Kuchepa kwa mvula ku West Africa mtsogolomo kumabweretsa chiwopsezo ku ziphuphu. Mankhwala oopsa ogwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi dzombe akhoza kuwopseza mtundu uwu wa mbalame zodya nyama.
Mkhalidwe wa mitundu m'chilengedwe
Mtundu uwu wa mbalame zomwe zimadya nyama ndizochepa ku Kenya komanso kumpoto kwa Tanzania kunja kwa nthawi yogona, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa anthu kukucheperachepera, ku Sudan ndi Ethiopia. Malo ogawa akuyandikira ma kilomita lalikulu 8 miliyoni. Chiwerengero cha anthu padziko lonse lapansi chikuwerengedwa pamitundu yopitilira 10,000, yomwe ndi anthu okhwima 20,000.
Kutengera ndi izi, mphemvu za dzombe sizikwanitsa kulandirira mitundu yovuta. Ngakhale kuti mbalame zikucheperachepera, izi sizikuchitika mwachangu mokwanira kudetsa nkhawa. Mitundu ya khungubwe la dzombe silikuwopsezedwa kwenikweni ndi kuchuluka kwake.
