Chiwombankhanga chofuula (Haliaeetus vocifer).
Zizindikiro zakunja za chiwombankhanga chofuula
Chiwombankhanga - chofuula ndi cholengedwa chokhala ndi nthenga chomwe chimakhala chachikulu pakati pa masentimita 64 mpaka 77. Mapiko amakhala ndi masentimita 190 mpaka 200. Kulemera kwa mbalame wamkulu kumakhala pakati pa 2.1 mpaka 3.6 makilogalamu. Zazikazi ndizokulirapo komanso zazikulu kwambiri ndi 10-15% kuposa amuna, ndipo mbalame kum'mwera kwa Africa ndizokulirapo.
Chithunzithunzi cha chiwombankhanga chofuula ndichikhalidwe, chokhala ndi mapiko aatali, otambalala, ozungulira, omwe amapitilira kutalika kwa mchira wawufupi mbalameyo ikakhala. Nthenga za mutu, khosi ndi chifuwa ndi zoyera kwathunthu. Nthenga zouluka zamapiko ndi kumbuyo zakuda. Mchira ndi woyera, wamfupi, wozungulira. Belly ndi mapewa a mthunzi wokongola waubweya wofiirira. Mathalauza ndi abulauni.
Nkhopeyo imakhala yamaliseche komanso yachikaso, ngati sera. Iris ya diso ndi mdima. Mapazi ndi achikasu komanso olimba ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa. Mlomo umakhala wachikasu kwambiri ndi nsonga yakuda. Mbalame zazing'ono sizimawoneka bwino komanso nthenga zakuda bulauni. Nyumba zawo zili mumdima wosiyana kwambiri.
Mawanga oyera amapezeka pachifuwa, m'munsi mwa mchira. Nkhope yakuda, imvi. Mchira ndi wautali mu mbalame zazing'ono kuposa akulu.
Ziwombankhanga zazing'ono zimakhala ndi mtundu womaliza wa nthenga za mbalame zazikulu zili ndi zaka zisanu.
Chiwombankhanga chofuula chimalira kukuwa kwachiwiri mosiyana. Akakhala pafupi ndi chisa, amapatsa "quock", "amayi" nthawi zambiri, pokhala ozindikira pang'ono komanso osamvera kwenikweni. Amakulira mofuula, "kiou-kiou", potengera ambiri mwa ma gull. Kufuula uku ndikotchuka komanso koyera kotero kuti nthawi zambiri timatchedwa "liwu la Africa".
Malo okhala a chiwombankhanga - akukuwa
Chiwombankhanga chofuula chimamatira kokha kumalo okhala m'madzi. Amapezeka pafupi ndi nyanja, mitsinje ikuluikulu, madambo ndi magombe. Imakhazikika pafupi ndi malo osungira madzi oyera, m'malire ndi nkhalango kapena mitengo yayitali, chifukwa imafunikira malo omwe ali pamalo okwera kwambiri kuti ayang'anire malo onse osakira. Malo osakira nthawi zambiri amakhala ochepa ndipo nthawi zambiri samadutsa ma kilomita awiri ngati ali m'mphepete mwa nyanja yayikulu. Itha kukhala mpaka 15 km kutalika kapena kupitilira apo ngati ili pafupi ndi mtsinje wawung'ono.
Chifuwa chofuula chimafalikira
Chiwombankhanga cholira ndi mbalame zaku Africa zodya nyama. Kugawidwa kumwera kwa Sahara. Ndiwambiri makamaka m'mbali mwa nyanja zikuluzikulu ku East Africa.
Makhalidwe a chiombankhanga - akukuwa
Chaka chonse, ngakhale kunja kwa nyengo yogona, akatswiri amakhala awiri awiri. Nyama yamphongo imeneyi ili ndi maukwati olimba omwe amadziwika kuti amakondana. Mbalame nthawi zambiri zimagawana nyama imodzi yomwe imagwira pakati pawiri. Ma chiwombankhanga amathera nthawi yochuluka akusaka, kufunafuna nsomba kuchokera ku zisa zawo m'mawa. Ikasaka, mbalamezi zimakhala pamitengo kuti zizikhala tsiku lonse.
Ziwombankhanga - ofuula amasaka mosalira, atakhala mumtengo.
Akangozindikira nyama, amanyamuka, kenako amatsikira pamwamba pamadzi, koma osamira kwathunthu, koma amangotsitsa mapazi awo. Nthawi zina, amasaka nyama kuti ziwuluke. Nthawi yokolola, amachita ziwonetsero zapaulendo mokweza, mokweza osati kulira kwenikweni, kofanana ndi mawu a mbalame. Kufuula uku ndikotchuka komanso koyera kotero kuti nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "liwu la Africa."
Chiwombankhanga choswana - wokuwa
Ziwombankhanga zofuula zimabereka kamodzi pachaka. Nthawi zoberekera ndizosiyana kutengera komwe kumakhala. Pamodzi ndi equator, kuswana kumatha kuchitika nthawi iliyonse:
- ku South Africa, nyengo yodzala zisa ndi Epulo mpaka Okutobala;
- pagombe la East Africa kuyambira Juni mpaka Disembala;
- ku West Africa kuyambira Okutobala mpaka Epulo.
Nthawi zambiri pamakhala mazira awiri, koma atha kukhala anayi. Mazira amaikidwa pakadutsa masiku 2-3, koma ndi nkhuku imodzi yokha yomwe imapulumuka chifukwa ubale wa siblicide ukugwira ntchito. Anapiye amaswa pakati pa masiku 42 mpaka 45 ndikukhazikika pakati pa masiku 64 ndi 75. Ziwombankhanga zazing’ono zambiri nthawi zambiri sizidalira makolo awo pambuyo pa milungu 6 mpaka 8 zikachoka pachisa. Koma ndi 5% yokha ya anapiye omwe amakula msinkhu.
Ziwombankhanga zofuula nthawi zambiri zimamanga chisa chimodzi kapena zitatu m'mitengo yayitali pafupi ndi madzi. Mbalame zonsezi zimagwira nawo ntchito yomanga chisa. Nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi m'mimba mwake masentimita 120-150 komanso kuya kwa masentimita 30-60, koma nthawi zina imatha kukhala yayikulu, mpaka 200 cm komanso 150 cm kuya. Pankhaniyi, mbalamezi zimakonza ndikumanga pachisa kwa zaka zambiri motsatizana. Zida zomangira zazikulu ndi nthambi za mitengo. Mkati mwake, pansi pake pamadzaza ndi udzu, masamba, gumbwa, ndi mabango.
Chachikazi ndi chachimuna chimasakaniza. Mbalame zonsezi zimadyetsa ana. Mkazi akafunditsa anapiye, chachimuna chimabweretsa chakudya chake ndi cha ana ake. Ziwombankhanga zazikuluzikulu zimatha kupitiriza kudyetsa ziwombankhanga zazing'ono mpaka milungu isanu ndi umodzi zitathawa.
Chakudya cha mphungu - wofuula
Ziwombankhanga zofuula zimadyetsa makamaka nsomba. Kulemera kwa nyamayo kumafika pa magalamu 190 mpaka 3 kilogalamu. Kulemera kwapakati kumakhala pakati pa 400 g ndi 1 kg. Mitundu yayikulu yomwe ziwombankhanga zimadya ndi akufuula - tilapia, catfish, protopters, mullet, yomwe chilombo chimayendetsa pamwamba pamadzi. Mbalame zam'madzi monga cormorants, chimbudzi, zipilala, zotchinga, adokowe, abakha, komanso makosi amphongo, egrets, ibises ndi anapiye awo amathanso kulakalaka ziwombankhanga zomwe zimakuwa.
Amasakasanso ma flamingo m'madzi amchere momwe nsomba zimakhala zochepa. Nthawi zambiri samaukira nyama monga hyrax kapena anyani. Zolusa za nthenga zimagwira ng'ona, akamba, kuyang'anira abuluzi, kudya achule. Nthawi zina, musakane kugwa. Nthawi zina, ziwombankhanga zotulutsa mawu zimachita kleptoparasitisme, ndiye kuti, zimatenga nyama zina. Ziwombankhanga zazikulu makamaka zimavutika ndi kuba, momwe ziwombankhanga zofuula zimalanda nsomba ngakhale m'milomo yawo.
Mkhalidwe Wosungira Chiwombankhanga
Chiwombankhanga chimakuwa, mtundu wofala kwambiri ku kontrakitala waku Africa m'malo okhala. Chiwerengero chake pakadali pano ndi anthu 300,000. Koma pali zowopseza zachilengedwe m'malo ena osiyanasiyana.
Chiwerengero cha anthu chimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi malo ochepa okhala ndi nsomba, kusintha kwa malo okhala malo okhala ndi zisa, kuchuluka kwa malo osungira, komanso kusowa kwa mitengo yoyenera. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso zowononga zina zitha kuwopseza chiwombankhanga chofuula. Dzira limakhala locheperako chifukwa chakuchulukana kwa mankhwala ophera organochlorine omwe amalowa kuchokera ku nsomba kupita mthupi la mbalame, vutoli ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu kubereka kwa mbalame.
