Zipululu ndi zipululu zazing'ono ndi madera ochepa kwambiri padziko lapansi. Kuchulukana kwapakati ndi munthu 1 pa 4-5 sq. km, kuti muthe kuyenda milungu ingapo osakumana ndi munthu m'modzi. Nyengo yam'chipululu komanso yachipululu imakhala youma, ndi chinyezi chotsika, chodziwika ndi kusinthasintha kwakukulu kwa kutentha kwa mpweya masana ndi nthawi yamasiku osiyanasiyana pakati pa 25-40 degrees Celsius. Mvula imapezeka pano zaka zingapo zilizonse. Chifukwa cha nyengo yeniyeni, malo achilengedwe a zinyama ndi zinyama apanga madera am'chipululu komanso azipululu.
Asayansi amati zipululu zokha ndiye vuto lalikulu lachilengedwe padziko lapansi, ndiye kuti chipululu, chifukwa chake chilengedwe chimataya mitundu yambiri yazomera ndi nyama ndipo sichingathe kudzipezera chokha.
Mitundu yazipululu komanso zipululu
Malinga ndi momwe zachilengedwe zilili, pali mitundu yotsatirayi yamapululu ndi azipululu:
- louma - kumadera otentha ndi kotentha, kuli nyengo yotentha;
- anthropogenic - imawonekera chifukwa cha zochitika zoyipa za anthu;
- wokhalamo - ali ndi mitsinje ndi mapiri, omwe amakhala malo okhala anthu;
- mafakitale - zachilengedwe zimaphwanyidwa ndi zochitika za anthu;
- Arctic - ili ndi zokutira za ayezi ndi matalala, pomwe zolengedwa zamoyo sizipezeka.
Zinapezeka kuti zipululu zambiri zili ndi mafuta, gasi, komanso miyala yamtengo wapatali, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti madera amenewa azikula ndi anthu. Kupanga mafuta kumawonjezera ngozi. Pomwe mafuta atayika, zamoyo zonse zimawonongeka.
Vuto linanso lazachilengedwe ndi kupha nyama mosakaikira, zomwe zikuwononga zachilengedwe zosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa cha kusowa kwa chinyezi, pali vuto la kusowa kwa madzi. Vuto lina ndi fumbi ndi mvula yamkuntho yamchenga. Mwambiri, uwu si mndandanda wathunthu wamavuto omwe alipo am'chipululu komanso a chipululu.
Ngati tingalankhule mwatsatanetsatane zamavuto azachilengedwe am'chipululu, vuto lalikulu ndikukula kwawo. Malo ambiri achipululu ndi madera osinthika kuchokera kudera lamapiri kupita kuzipululu, koma chifukwa cha zinthu zina, amachulukitsa gawolo, ndikusandulanso chipululu. Zambiri mwa izi zimalimbikitsa ntchito ya anthropogenic - kudula mitengo, kuwononga nyama, kupanga mafakitale, kuwononga nthaka. Zotsatira zake, theka-chipululu mulibe chinyezi, zomerazo zimafota, monganso nyama zina, ndipo zina zimasamuka. Chifukwa chake chipululu chachiwiri chimasanduka chipululu chopanda moyo (kapena pafupifupi chopanda moyo).
Mavuto azachilengedwe azipululu za arctic
Zipululu za Arctic zili kumpoto ndi kum'mwera kwa mitengo, komwe kutentha kwa subzero kumalamulira pafupifupi nthawi zonse, kumagwa chipale chofewa ndipo pamakhala madzi oundana ambiri. Zipululu za Arctic ndi Antarctic zidapangidwa popanda mphamvu yaumunthu. Kutentha kozizira nthawi zonse kumakhala kuyambira -30 mpaka -60 madigiri Celsius, ndipo nthawi yotentha imatha kukwera mpaka +3 madigiri. Mpweya wamvula wapachaka ndi 400 mm pafupifupi. Popeza pamwamba pazipululu pali ayezi, palibenso zomera pano, kupatula ndere ndi mosses. Nyama zimazolowera nyengo yovuta.
Popita nthawi, zipululu za arctic zakhala zikuwonongedwa ndiumunthu. Ndi kuwukira kwa anthu, zachilengedwe za Arctic ndi Antarctic zidayamba kusintha. Chifukwa chake kusodza kwamafakitale kunadzetsa kuchepa kwa anthu. Chaka chilichonse kuchuluka kwa zisindikizo ndi ma walrus, zimbalangondo zakumtunda ndi nkhandwe zazikuluzikulu zimachepa pano. Mitundu ina yatsala pang'ono kutha chifukwa cha anthu.
M'dera lamapululu a arctic, asayansi apeza mchere wambiri. Pambuyo pake, kuchotsedwa kwawo kunayamba, ndipo sizimachitika nthawi zonse bwino. Nthawi zina ngozi zimachitika, ndipo mafuta amatayikira m'dera la zachilengedwe, zinthu zoyipa zimalowa mumlengalenga, ndipo kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe kumachitika.
Ndizosatheka kuti tisakhudze mutu wokhudza kutentha kwanyengo. Kutentha kwachilendo kumapangitsa kuti madzi oundana asungunuke kum'mwera ndi kumpoto kwa hemispheres. Zotsatira zake, gawo la zipululu za Arctic likuchepa, kuchuluka kwa madzi mu Nyanja Yadziko Lonse kukukwera. Izi zimathandizira osati pakusintha kwachilengedwe kokha, komanso kusuntha kwa mitundu ina ya zomera ndi zinyama kumadera ena ndikutha pang'ono.
Chifukwa chake, vuto la zipululu komanso zipululu zazing'ono zimakhala padziko lonse lapansi. Chiwerengero chawo chikuchulukirachulukira chifukwa cha zolakwika za anthu, chifukwa chake simuyenera kungoganiza za momwe mungaletsere izi, komanso kuchitapo kanthu mosamala kuti muteteze chilengedwe.
