Ngakhale dzina lomweli "khola likameza" likusonyeza kuti mbalameyi sikhala m'mizinda, posankha mpweya wakumidzi waulere.
Kufotokozera kwameza a Barn
Hirundo rustica (barn swallow swallow) ndi kambalame kakang'ono kosamuka komwe kamakhala pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi... Anthu okhala ku Europe ndi Asia, Africa ndi America amamudziwa. Amatchedwanso whale whale ndipo ndi amtundu wa mbalame zenizeni zomwe zimachokera ku banja la akalulu, lomwe ndi gawo lalikulu la anthu odutsa.
Maonekedwe
Dzinalo "kilumi whale" adapatsidwa mbalameyo chifukwa cha mchira wake mphanda ndi "zoluka" - nthenga za mchira zokhwima, zowirikiza kawiri kuposa avareji. Barn Swallow imakula mpaka masentimita 15-20 ndi kulemera kwa 17-20 g ndi mapiko a masentimita 32-36. Pamwambapa, mbalameyi ndi yakuda buluu wokhala ndi chitsulo chosiyaniranapo, ndipo mtundu wa pamimba / chotetezera umadziwika ndi mtunduwo ndipo umasiyanasiyana yoyera mpaka yofiira-mabokosi. Mchira wapamwamba umakhalanso wakuda. Amphaka okhala ndi malamba ofiira amadziwika ku America, Middle East ndi Egypt, komanso kumwera kwa Siberia ndi Central Asia.
Mapikowo ndi obiriwira pansi, miyendo ilibe nthenga. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timatetezedwa kwambiri ndipo sakhala ndi nsalu zazitali ngati achikulire. Mutu wa nkhwangwa umakhala wamitundu iwiri - gawo lakumtunda lakuda buluu limakwaniritsidwa ndi mabokosi ofiira, ogawidwa pamphumi, pachibwano ndi pakhosi. Chizindikiro cha namzeze chokhala ndi mchira wautali, wokhala ndi mdulidwe wooneka ngati mphanda, umaonekera mbalame iuluka m'mwamba. Ndipo ndi kokha pamene akuuluka namgumi wa nangumi amawonetsa malo angapo oyera oyera omwe amakongoletsa mchira pafupi ndi tsinde lake.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Namgumi wopha amawerengedwa kuti ndi wothamanga kwambiri komanso wothamanga kwambiri pakati pa nyerere zonse - amayendetsa mwaluso mlengalenga ndikutsika mapiko ake akamafuna kugwira pansi. Amadziwa kuyenda pakati pa nyumba, kudutsa zopinga mosavuta, kubwera pafupi ndi makoma kuti awopsyeze ndikugwira ntchentche kapena njenjete zomwe zakhala pamenepo. Barn Swallow nthawi zambiri imawuluka m'munsi mwake, ndikukwera kwambiri nthawi yophukira / masika. Ulendo wapaulendo watsiku ndi tsiku umadutsa madambo ndi minda, madenga ndi misewu yakumidzi.
Ankhondo akupha amayenda ndi ziweto, kuthamangitsidwa kupita kumalo odyetserako ziweto, popeza mizere ndi ntchentche nthawi zonse zimakhala anzawo. Nyengo isanachitike, mbalame zotchedwa Swillows zimapita m'madzi, kukasaka tizilombo totsika kuchokera kumtunda. Khwangwala wam'madzi amathetsa ludzu lake pa ntchentche ndikusambira momwemonso, ndikulowa m'madzi kwakanthawi ndikuyandama pamwamba pamadzi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kulira kwa whale whale kumveka ngati "vit", "vi-vit", "chivit", "chirivit" ndipo nthawi zina kumalowetsedwa ndi roulade wong'ambika ngati "cerrrrrr". Amuna amayimba pafupipafupi kuposa akazi, koma nthawi ndi nthawi amakhala ngati duet.
Mu theka lachiwiri la Ogasiti - theka loyamba la Seputembala, nkhwangwa zimachoka kumwera. M'mawa, gululo limachotsedwa pamalo pomwe limakhazikika ndikupita kumayiko otentha / kumalire.
Kodi khola limameza mpaka liti?
Malinga ndi akatswiri azakuthambo, anamgumi opha amakhala zaka 4. Mbalame zina, malinga ndi magwero, zidakhala zaka 8, koma ziwerengerozi sizingaganizidwe kuti zikuwonetsa mitundu yonseyo.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi sikuwonekera msanga, makamaka popeza mbalame za amuna ndi akazi zimawoneka chimodzimodzi. Kusiyanitsa kumangowoneka kokha mu utoto wa nthenga (amuna ndi achikuda owala), komanso kutalika kwa mchira - mwa amuna, ma braidswo amakhala ataliatali.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Ng'ombe zam'madzi zimakhala paliponse kupatula Australia ndi Antarctica... Amaswana kumpoto kwa Europe, North ndi Central Asia, Japan, Middle East, North America, North Africa ndi kumwera kwa China. Kwa dzinja amasamukira ku Indonesia ndi Micronesia, South Asia ndi South America.
Nkhwangwa zimapezeka ku Russia, kukwera ku Arctic Circle (kumpoto) ndi Caucasus / Crimea (kumwera). Nthawi zambiri zimauluka kupita m'mizinda, ndipo kunja kwake kumamanga zisa:
- m'zipinda zam'mwamba;
- m'misasa / nkhokwe;
- pamalo osungira udzu;
- pansi pa nyumba za nyumba;
- pansi pamilatho;
- pa doko la bwato.
Zomera zameza zimapezeka m'mapanga, m'miyala, pakati pa nthambi ngakhalenso ... mumasitima othamanga.
Zakudya zokumeza za Barn
Amakhala ndi 99% ya tizilombo tomwe timauluka (makamaka ma dipteran), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti akalulu amadalira nyengo. Mbalame zambiri zomwe zimabwera msanga kuchokera nyengo yachisanu zimafa nyengo yotentha ikamalowedwa m'malo ndi kuzizira kwadzidzidzi. M'nyengo yozizira, nkhokwe zimameza njala - pali tizilombo tochepa, ndipo sizingathenso kupatsa mbalameyo (ndi kagayidwe kake kofulumira) ndi michere yokwanira.
Zakudya zakudya m'khola zimaphatikizapo tizilombo monga:
- ziwala;
- njenjete;
- agulugufe;
- kafadala ndi njuchi;
- Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (ntchentche za caddis ndi ena);
- Ntchentche ndi midges.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ng'ombe zam'mimba (monga akumeza ena) sizisaka mavu ndi njuchi zokhala ndi mbola yakupha. Swallows amene mosadziwa amalanda tizilomboti nthawi zambiri amafa chifukwa cholumwa.
M'masiku otentha, anamgumi opha nyama amafunafuna nyama zawo, pomwe zimanyamulidwa ndi mpweya wokwera, koma nthawi zambiri (makamaka mvula isanagwe) zimauluka pafupi ndi nthaka kapena madzi, zimakola tizilombo.
Kubereka ndi ana
Khola limodzi lokhala ndi nkhokwe limodzi limaphatikizidwa ndi polyandry, pomwe mwamuna yemwe sanapeze chibwenzi amalumikizana ndi awiri okhazikika... Gawo lachitatu lomwe limagawana maukwati ndi osankhidwa mwalamulo, komanso limathandizira kumanga / kuteteza chisa ndikuphwanya mazira (komabe, samadyetsa anapiye). Chaka chilichonse, mbalame zimapanga maukwati atsopano, kusunga maubwenzi am'mbuyomu kwa zaka zingapo, ngati anawo akuchita bwino. Nthawi yoswana imadalira subspecies ndi mitundu yake, koma nthawi zambiri imagwera mu Meyi - Ogasiti.
Amuna panthawiyi amayesa kudziwonetsera okha muulemerero wawo wonse, kufalitsa mchira wawo ndikutulutsa kulira kosakhwima. Onse makolo amamanga chisa, ndikumanga matope ndikuwonjezera ndi udzu / nthenga. Pofundira pali mazira oyera 3 mpaka 7 (nthawi zambiri 5), okhala ndi zofiirira zofiirira, zofiirira kapena zotuwa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Wamphongo ndi wamkazi amakhala pamazira mosinthana, ndipo nthawi yotentha ana awiri amatha kuwonekera. Pakatha milungu ingapo, anapiye amaswa, omwe makolo amadyetsa maulendo 400 patsiku. Tizilombo tonse tomwe mbalame zimabweretsedwamo timalowetsedwa mu mpira woyenera kumeza.
Pambuyo masiku 19-20, anapiye amatuluka mchisa ndikuyamba kuyang'ana malo ozungulira, osati kutali ndi nyumba ya abambo awo. Makolo amasamalira ana pamapiko kwa sabata lina - amawonetsa njira yopita ku chisa ndikudyetsa (nthawi zambiri pa ntchentche). Sabata ina imadutsa, ndipo mbalame zazing'ono zimasiya makolo awo, nthawi zambiri zimalowa m'magulu a anthu ena. Ng'ombe zam'mimba zimakhwima mchaka chotsatira. Ana amataya kumbuyo kwa okalamba pantchito, ndikuikira mazira ochepa poyerekeza ndi awiri okhwima.
Adani achilengedwe
Nyama zikuluzikulu zolusa sizimalimbana ndi anamgumi ena akupha, chifukwa sizimayendera limodzi ndi kuwomba kwa mphezi kofulumira komanso ma pirouette.
Komabe, mbalame zazing'ono zazing'ono zimatha kubwereza njira yake motero zimaphatikizidwa pamndandanda wa adani achilengedwe a nkhokwe:
- nkhono zokonda;
- merlin;
- kadzidzi ndi kadzidzi;
- mbalambanda
- mbewa ndi makoswe;
- ziweto (makamaka amphaka).
Mbalame zam'mimba, zogwirizana, nthawi zambiri zimathamangitsa mphaka kapena mphamba, kuzungulira pa chilombocho (pafupifupi kuchikhudza ndi mapiko awo) ndi kulira kwakukulu kwa "chi-chi". Atathamangitsa mdani pabwalo, mbalame zopanda mantha nthawi zambiri zimamuthamangitsa kwanthawi yayitali.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwa IUCN, pali nkhokwe pafupifupi 290-487 miliyoni padziko lapansi, zomwe 58-97 miliyoni mbalame zokhwima (kuyambira 29 mpaka 48 miliyoni) zili mwa anthu aku Europe.
Zofunika! Ngakhale kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa mbalame, sikuthamanga mokwanira kuti kumawerengedwa kuti ndi kofunikira malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu - kuchepa kwa 30% pamibadwo itatu kapena khumi.
Malinga ndi EBCC, ziweto zaku Europe kuyambira 1980 mpaka 2013 zinali zokhazikika. Malinga ndi BirdLife International, kuchuluka kwa anamgumi opha ku Europe kwatsika pamibadwo itatu (zaka 11.7) ndi ochepera 25%. Chiwerengero cha anthu ku North America nawonso chatsika pang'ono pazaka 40 zapitazi. Malinga ndi kutha kwa IUCN, kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi ndi kwakukulu kwambiri ndipo sikubwera pafupi (kutengera kuyerekezera kukula kwake) mpaka kufika pachiwopsezo.
