Ntchentche zimauluka kapena ntchentche ya chinkhanira imatchedwa ndi dzina chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake. Mbali yam'mimba ya ntchentche yamphongo imathera ndikumanjenjemera kofanana kwambiri ndi chinzonono cha chinkhanira. Mwa mkazi, pamimba pamakhala wamba. Palibe kufanana kwina pakati pa ntchentche ndi chinkhanira. Ntchentche ilibe vuto lililonse.
Scorpionfish amawerengedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwazamoyo zakale kwambiri zomwe zimadutsa magawo onse osintha. Mtsikana wa Scorpion, monga mtundu, adawonekera zaka 500 kapena miliyoni zapitazo m'nyengo ya Paleozoic. Ku Mesozoic, pafupifupi zaka 250 miliyoni zapitazo, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ntchentche zinafika pachimake. Iwo anafalikira kudera lonse la Pangea.
Masiku ano, asayansi nthawi zambiri amapeza zotsalira ndi zolembedwa ndi ntchentche. Pali zambiri zomwe zapeza kuti ntchentche zamakedzana zidakonzedwa. Theka la zamoyo zomwe asayansi amadziwika ndi tizilombo tatha. Kuyerekeza kwawo ndi zomwe zilipo kumamveketsa bwino chisinthiko Padziko Lapansi, kumathandizira ku sayansi ya phylogenetics.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Ntchentche za achikulire zimauluka - tizilombo pa siteji yotchedwa imago - ndizofanana mu morphology ndi kukula kwa ntchentche zina. Kutalika kwa thupi sikupitilira 1.5 cm, mapiko ake amakhala ochepa masentimita 3. Thupi lakuda-lachikaso limavala mutu wokhala ndi rastrum, mbali yakutsogolo yolumikizidwa, pomwe pali zida zam'kamwa zokhala ndi nsagwada zoluma. Ndi okhawo omwe amatha kuberekana chinkhanira kuluma.
Tinyanga tating'ono tating'ono timatuluka pamwamba pamutu. Chingwe chilichonse chimakhala ndi zigawo zosiyana. Pakhoza kukhala kuyambira 16 mpaka 60 mwa iwo, kutengera mtundu wa nkhamba. Mapangidwe azigawo amapereka kusinthasintha komanso mphamvu nthawi yomweyo.
Cholinga cha tinyanga tating'onoting'ono ndikumvetsetsa, kuzindikira zizindikiritso zamankhwala zomwe zimabwera kuchokera pachakudya kapena kuchokera kwa omwe mungagonane naye. Mtsikana wankhanira ali ndi maso atatu okhala pamutu pake. Ziwalo zosasunthika za masomphenya okhala ndi makapisozi otuluka amakhala pafupifupi pamutu ponse.
Ntchentcheyo imakhala ndi malingaliro amtundu wapadziko lapansi, koma samawona zazing'ono bwino. Amatha kugwira kuwala kwafupipafupi 200-300 Hz, ndiye kuti, masomphenya a ntchentche sakhalitsa. Munthu amatha kumva kuti akuyenda mpaka pafupipafupi 40-50 Hz. Kenako chilichonse chimaphatikizika ndikuwala kopitilira muyeso.
Scorpio ndi yaying'ono, pafupifupi ngati udzudzu
Chiwalo chofunikira cha ntchentche ndi dera la thoracic. Amalankhula momasuka ndi mutu ndi mimba. Mapiko ndi miyendo ndizokhazikika pachifuwa. Mapikowo, otuluka ndi mawanga akuda, amakula bwino, koma atsikana ankhanira sakonda kuwuluka. Maulendo afupipafupi a mamitala angapo - ntchentche sichingayerekeze zambiri.
Ntchentcheyo ili ndi mapiko awiri a mapiko. Mapiko akutsogolo muwiri ndi akulu kuposa mapiko akumbuyo. Mapikowo amapindidwa mu ndege imodzi. Wodzaza ndi mauna osakhazikika olimbitsa ulusi (mitsempha). Mbali yakutsogolo ya mapiko, pali ma cuticular thickenings (omwe si ma cellular).
Miyendo ya tizilombo imamangirizidwa pachifuwa cha thupi la chinkhanira. Awa ndiwo akuthamangitsani miyendo ndi phazi lokhala ndi zigawo zisanu ndi zikhadabo ziwiri. Kuphatikiza pa ntchito yoyenda, mwa amuna miyendo imagwiranso ntchito ina yofunikira. Ndi chithandizo chawo, chachikazi chimasungidwa ndikukhazikika panthawi yokwatirana.
Mimba ya ntchentche ndiyokhazikika ndipo imakhala ndi magawo 11. Mapeto a mchira mwa amuna amagawika kwambiri m'magawo ndikukhotera m'mwamba. Zomwe zimafanana kwathunthu ndi mchira wa chinkhanira. Pamapeto pa mchira wamwamuna pamakhala kukhuthala kwakumaliseche kokhala ngati kakhola. Ndiye kuti, kumaliza kwa mchira wa atsikana chinkhanira kuli ndi ntchito zokhazokha zobereka.
Anthu, powona chinkhanira chachimuna chikuuluka, nthawi yomweyo amakumbukira chinkhanira chakupha. Pali mantha achilengedwe olumidwa. Komanso, amakhulupirira kuti poizoni wa chinkhanira amapha anthu. Koma mchira wa ntchentche, wofanana kwambiri ndi mbola, ndi wotetezeka bwino kwambiri.
Amuna okha ndi omwe ali ndi zida zoyeserera. Chinkhanira chachikazi kapena mawonekedwe ake akusowa. Mphutsi zouluka za Scorpion sizodziwika ndi mbozi za gulugufe. Mutu wakuda uli ndi tinyanga tating'onoting'ono komanso maso awiri otuluka.
Gawo lofunika kwambiri pamutu ndi pakamwa, lomwe lili ndi nsagwada. Thupi lolumikizidwa limagawika kwambiri. Miyendo yaying'ono kwambiri ya thoracic imawonekera pamagawo atatu oyamba. Pazigawo zotsatira za thupi pali ma peyala 8 am'mimba.
Kukulira kumapeto, kukumbukira kukumbukira mchira wa chinkhanira, kumangopezeka m'mankhanira amphongo okha.
Mitundu
Scorpion squad (Mecoptera) ndi gulu lalikulu lamagulu (taxon) lomwe limaphatikizapo banja la chinkhanira (dzina loti Panorpidae). Mitundu 4 yokha ndi yomwe imaperekedwa ku banjali, koma mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi yayikulu kwambiri. Pafupifupi mitundu 420 imawerengedwa kuti ndi zinkhanira zenizeni.
Mitundu ya ntchentche za Scorpion imagawidwa mosagwirizana m'makontinenti. Zonsezi, mitundu yochepera 3 idakhala kumadera aku Europe ndi Russia. Kudera la Europe ku Russia komanso kupitirira Urals, mitundu 8 ya ntchentche zimakhala ndikuswana:
- Panorpa communis. Amadziwika kuti nkhanambo... Malongosoledwe asayansi a ntchentcheyi adapangidwa mu 1758. Amagawidwa ku Europe ndi ku Russia konse, kupatula kumpoto.
- Panorpa horni. Yoyambitsidwa pakupanga kwachilengedwe mu 1928. Yagawidwa m'malo ambiri aku Russia.
- Panorpa hybrida. Kafukufuku ndikufotokozedwa mu 1882. Kuphatikiza pa Russia, imapezeka ku Germany, Romania, Bulgaria. Zochitika ku Finland.
- Panorpa cognata. Ntchentcheyo inafotokozedwa mu 1842. Amagawidwa kwambiri m'maiko a Kum'mawa kwa Europe. Kuchokera ku Russia kudafika kumpoto kwa Asia.
- Panorpa amurensis. Scorpion, omwe akatswiri asayansi adziwa kuyambira 1872. Miyoyo ndi mitundu ku Russia Far East, imapezeka ku Korea.
- Panorpa arcuata. Malongosoledwe asayansi adapangidwa mu 1912. Dziko lakwawo ndi Russia Far East.
- Panorpa indivisa. Mu 1957 ndimo momwe kufotokoza kwasayansi kosinthidwa kunapangidwira. Ntchentcheyo imapezeka pakati ndi kumwera kwa Siberia.
- Panorpa sibirica. Amakhala kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Russia komwe amapita ku Mongolia ndi zigawo zakumpoto kwa China. Adafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane mu 1915.
Mitundu ina ya nkhanambo imapezekanso ku Russia.
Mwa mitundu mazana angapo ya ntchentche zamankhanira, scorpionfish wamba imadziwika nthawi zonse. Ndiophunziridwa bwino kuposa ena ndipo afala ku Europe, kuphatikiza Russia. Scorpion pachithunzichi - nthawi zambiri ndi nkhamba wamba. Tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa timatanthauza akamanena za ntchentche ya chinkhanira popanda kutchula dzina la sayansi la mtunduwo.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Ntchentche za Scorpion zimapezeka mwaunyinji m’mitengo ya tchire, udzu wautali, nkhalango zing’onozing’ono. Amakopeka ndi malo amdima, achinyezi momwe tizilombo tina timakundana. Scorpionworms imakumana ndi nthawi youma kapena yachisanu ikakhala m dzira kapena pupa siteji.
Pofuna kukhala ndi nyama zakutchire kunyumba, okonda aliyense anayamba kupanga tizilombo. Ma vivariums a tizilombo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi agulugufe otentha. Chidziwitso chokwanira chapeza pakuchita nawo. Zina mwa nyamakazi ndizotsatira.
Kuyesayesa kopambana kosunga atsikana ankhanira kwachitika. Amakhala bwino pakati pa amitundu anzawo. Sikovuta kuwapatsa chakudya. Atsikana a Scorpion safuna malo okwera maulendo ataliatali. Kuwayang'ana ndichosangalatsa monga kuyang'ana nsomba zam'madzi. Ma entomologists - akatswiri ndi akatswiri ochita masewerawa - akuganizirabe zakusamalira nyumba za zinkhanira.
Kwa munthu, mkazi wankhanira sawopsa, mosiyana ndi zomwe ambiri amakhulupirira, sangathe kuluma
Zakudya zabwino
Imfa iliyonse pakati pa nyama zopanda mafupa ndi mwayi woti zinkhanira zidye. Kuphatikiza pa mnofu wakufa, ntchentche zazikulu zimakopeka ndi zomera zowola. Pozindikira kachilombo komwe kakodwa mu ukonde, msungwana wachikweza akuyesera kupita patsogolo pa kangaude ndikudya. Atatengeredwa ndi tizilombo, mkazi wankhanira nayenso amatha kukhala kangaude.
Ntchentche zimauluka, chithunzi zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakonzedwa ndikupachika mozondoka, osati kokha ndi wonyeketsa, komanso ndi mlenje. Kuchokera apa, amagwira udzudzu ndi ntchentche zina ndi miyendo yake yayitali yoluka. Mitundu ina imadya mungu ndi timadzi tokoma kuwonjezera pa mnofu. Pali ntchentche zomwe zimayamwa zomwe zili mu zipatsozo. Mwachitsanzo, ntchentche zaku South Siberia zimawononga kwambiri mbeu yoyera ya currant.
Ntchentche zouluka, zosunthira kumtunda kwa gawo lapansi, zimamwa chakudya chomwe chilipo kwambiri m'moyo uno - zotsalira zazomera, zomwe zili mgawo lomaliza zisanakhale fumbi. Izi zomwe zimawoneka kuti sizopatsa thanzi zili bwino poti amayesetsa pang'ono kugaya.
Mkazi wa Scorpion yekha amatha kudya chakudya ndi tizilombo kapena mbalame. Kuphatikiza pa akangaude, amasakidwa ndi tizirombo tomwe timadya, kupempherera. Mbalame, makamaka panthawi yakulera, imakhala mdani woyamba. Mchira wofanana ndi chinkhanira ukhoza kukhala choletsa chabwino. Koma akazi amalandidwa. Chinthu chimodzi chatsalira - kuchulukitsa mwamphamvu.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Kutuluka kunja kwa chrysalis Chinkhanira tizilombo otanganidwa ndi mavuto awiri: kupeza chakudya ndi kubereka. Kuti mupeze zibwenzi, azimayi ankhanira amapereka zidziwitso zamankhwala - amatulutsa ma pheromones. Mukakhala m'nkhalango komanso osawona bwino, kulumikizana ndi mankhwala ndi njira yodalirika yopangira awiri.
Male scorpionfish amagwiritsa ntchito njira yoyeserera. Amasunga chachikazi pafupi nawo potulutsa zobisalira. Mkazi, akumata madontho amadzimadzi, amakhala wodekha ndipo amalola kunena zamwamuna. Tizilombo timalumikizana kwakanthawi pomwe yamphongo imadyetsa mnzake ndi malovu.
Amuna a mitundu ina ya zinkhanira ali ndi njira yofananira mu nkhokwe zawo. Amapereka kuluma kodyedwa kapena tizilombo tofa tonse. Kutalika kwa ntchito yolimbana kumadalira kukula kwa chakudya chomwe mwapereka. Chakudya chikatha, tizilombo timalephera chidwi.
Pambuyo pokumana ndi champhongo, chachikazi chimayamba kufunafuna malo okhala ndi nthaka yothira madzi. Mazira khumi ndi awiri kapena atatu amayikidwa kumtunda kwa gawo lapansi. Njira yakukhalira mchigawo cha dzira sichikhala motalika, masiku 7-8 okha. Mphutsi yomwe ikubwera nthawi yomweyo imayamba kudyetsa.
Mphutsi zimayenera kukhala zokulirapo komanso zazikulu zokwanira kuphunzira. Popeza yawonjezeka pafupifupi maulendo 10, mbozi imakwawa ndikulimba kwa gawolo ndi ana ake. Munjira yamphongo, tizilombo timatha pafupifupi milungu iwiri. Ndiye pali kusintha - chiphuphu chimakhala ntchentche.
Nthawi yosinthira dzira kukhala mphutsi ndi nyemba kukhala ntchentche imatha kusinthidwa kwambiri. Zonse zimadalira nthawi yomwe muli mdziko lino. Ntchitoyi ndi yosavuta - kugona pansi nthawi yozizira kapena youma. Chilengedwe chimalimbana ndi izi bwinobwino.
Mphutsi imawoneka nthaka isanaundane ndi youma, pomwe pali zotsalira zambiri zowola m'nthaka. Ntchentche zimawonekera tizilombo tina titachoka - chakudya chotheka cha zinkhanira. Pakati panjira nthawi yachilimwe, mibadwo itatu yazimayi zinkhanira imawoneka. M'matumbo akuluakulu, ntchentche zimakhalapo kuyambira mwezi umodzi mpaka zitatu.
Pachithunzicho, mphutsi ya chinkhanira
Zosangalatsa
Katswiri wa tizilombo ku Austria A. Handlirsch, anafufuza mu 1904 zinthu zakale zomwe zinali ndi ntchentche yotetezedwa bwino. Mchira wa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono unasokeretsa wasayansiyo. Adaganiza kuti wapeza mtundu wakale wa chinkhanira, Petromantis rossica. Cholakwikacho chidapezeka ndikuwongoleredwa patadutsa kotala la zana ndi katswiri wa tizilombo A. A. Martynov.
Mitundu yomaliza ya zinkhanira (Mecoptera) idapezeka posachedwa. Mu 2013, adapezeka pa malo ogulitsa ziweto ku Brazil m'chigawo cha Rio Grande do Norte. Izi zikusonyeza zinthu ziwiri:
- banja lalikulu la zinkhanira likhoza kudzazidwa kwa nthawi yayitali;
- nkhalango yotchedwa Atlantic sinafufuzidwe bwino ndipo ndiwokonzeka kupatsa anthu zatsopano zamabotolo ndi zamoyo.
Tizilombo, kuphatikizapo ntchentche za zinkhanira, nthawi zina zimakhala othandizira azamalamulo. Okonda nyama zopanda moyo ndiwo amakhala oyamba kukhala pathupi la munthu wakufa kapena chinyama. Mazira amaikidwa nthawi yomweyo. Malinga ndi kukula kwa mazira, mphutsi, akatswiri aphunzira momwe angawerengere molondola nthawi yakufa.
Kafukufuku wazosiyidwa ndi ntchentche, nyerere, kafadala zimatha kunena zambiri kwa akatswiri azamalamulo. Mothandizidwa ndi kafukufuku wamatenda, zochitika zonse zimachitika pathupi munthu atamwalira.
Zimadziwika kuti amuna amtundu wina wankhanira amagawana zakumwa zawo ndi akazi. Ena amapatsa wamkazi kachakudya kuti amukonde. Mkazi amavomereza chibwenzi champhongo posinthana ndi chakudya. Ukwati wanthawi yayitali umachitika.
Si amuna onse omwe ali okonzeka kufunafuna nyama. Amayamba kunamizira kuti ndi akazi, akubwereza machitidwe awo. Mwini wodabwitsayo wa mphatso yaukwati amaipereka kwa munthu wongoyerekeza. Iye, atalandira chidutswa cha chakudya, amasiya kuchita, amasiya wonyenga wofunafuna chimwemwe chake popanda kalikonse.
