Mizu yakale ya nyamayi, yomwe imadziwika ndi mtundu wake wamizeremizere, ili m'mbuyomu ku Africa. Mbiri ya dzina lenileni la mbidzi, tanthauzo la mawuwo latayika mu nthawi yayitali.
Koma chovala chowala cha "kavalo wamizeremizere" wokhala kudziko lakutali amadziwika bwino ngakhale kwa mwana. Dzina loyamwitsa mbidzi adapeza tanthauzo latsopano logwirizana ndi kusintha kwa moyo.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Chinyama chimaphatikiza mawonekedwe a bulu ndi kavalo. Mbidzi ndi nyama yaying'ono kukula, kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala pafupifupi 2 m, kulemera mpaka 360 kg. Amuna ndi akulu kuposa mares, kutalika kwawo ndi 1.6 m.
Kukhazikika, makutu ataliatali, ndi mchira wautali zimawonetsa mikhalidwe ya bulu wamba. Mbidzi, mane wa tsitsi lalifupi lolimba amakhala mozungulira. Burashi waubweya amakongoletsa mutu, ndikutambalala kumbuyo mpaka kumchira.
Miyendo ndi yotsika, yolimba, yolimbikitsidwa ndi ziboda zamphamvu. Nyama zimalumpha mwachangu, mpaka 75 km / h, ngakhale zili zotsika kuposa mahatchi othamanga. Njira zothamangitsira mosinthasintha, kusuntha mayendedwe kumathandiza kupewa. Mbidzi ndizopambana polimbana ndi zilombo zazikulu chifukwa cha kulimba kwawo komanso kupirira.
Mbidzi pachithunzichi ndi maso owonetsetsa, koma masomphenya ake ndi ofooka, ngakhale nyama, monga munthu, imasiyanitsa mitundu. Mphamvu yabwino ya kununkhira imakupatsani mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito, chifukwa chake, nyama zimamva zoopsa patali bwino kuchokera ku chirombocho.
Mwa kufuula koopseza kuukira, mbidzi zotumizira zimadziwitsa mabanja onse. Phokoso lomwe nyama zimapanga ndilosiyana kwambiri - mawu a mbidzi nthawi zosiyanasiyana amafanana ndi kulira kwa mahatchi, kukuwa kwa agalu oweta, kulira kwa bulu.
Mverani mawu a mbidzi
Mbidzi ndi nyama yamizeremizere mawonekedwe osiyana pa ubweya wa nkhosa ndi khadi loyimbira lamunthu. Zithunzi zamtundu wa nyama zimawonetsedwa pakusintha kwa mikwingwirima, zosiyana m'lifupi, kutalika, kuwongolera. Makulidwe ofukula a mizere amakhala pamutu ndi m'khosi, mawonekedwe opindika ali pathupi, mikwingwirima yopingasa ili m'miyendo.
Mtundu umalumikizidwa ndi komwe kumakhala mabanja:
- anthu okhala ndi mtundu wakuda ndi woyera ndi omwe amapezeka m'malo athyathyathya kumpoto kwa Africa;
- mbidzi zokhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda-imvi, utoto wofiirira - wazisamba zakumwera kwa Africa.
Nyama zimazindikirana bwino, ndipo ana obisala amazindikira amayi. Mikangano yokhudza mtundu uti womwe mtunduwo udayambira wakhala ukuchitika kwanthawi yayitali. Kawirikawiri pofotokozera mbidzi, tanthauzo la kavalo wakuda wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yoyera amapezeka, zomwe zimatsimikizira kuphunzira kwa mazira. Mtundu wakuda umapereka utoto, pakalibe utoto wovala chovala choyera.
Asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti pakukula kwachilengedwe, mtundu wachilengedwe unadzuka ngati njira yodzitetezera ku ntchentche zingapo, tizilombo tina, omwe maso ake ophatikizana amawona milozo yosiyana m'njira zosiyanasiyana, amawazindikira ngati chinthu chosadyeka.
Lingaliro lina la asayansi limalumikiza utoto wosiyanitsidwa ndi chitetezo kwa adani, zomwe mikwingwirima yolimba imalepheretsa kuzindikira omwe angatengeke ndi kunjenjemera kwa m'chipululu. Lingaliro lachitatu limalongosola kupezeka kwa mikwingwirima ndi matenthedwe apadera a thupi - mikwingwirima imatenthetsa mpaka kosiyanasiyana, motero kuwonetsetsa kuyenda kwa mpweya pafupi. Umu ndi momwe mbidzi zimatha kupulumukira padzuwa lotentha.
Mitundu
M'gulu la mbidzi, pali mitundu itatu:
Mbidzi ya Savannah. Pali dzina lachiwiri - Burchell, chifukwa koyamba anthu okhala ndi mizere ku Africa adaphunziridwa ndikufotokozedwa ndi katswiri wazanyama V. Burchell. Poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina, mitundu iyi ndi yochulukirapo, imagawidwa kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Africa.
Chinyama chaching'ono, pafupifupi 2,4 mita m'litali, mpaka 340 kg. Kukula kwa utoto, kuwonekera kwa kapangidwe ka malaya kumadalira malo okhalamo, chifukwa chake magawo 6 a mbidzi ya savannah amadziwika. Kulongosola kwa mitundu ya mbidzi ya quagga, yomwe idazimiririka kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, kudakalipobe.
Mawonekedwe a nyama anali osamvetsetseka - mtundu wamahatchi a kavalo kumbuyo kwa thupi, mawonekedwe amizere kutsogolo. Zinyama zowetedwa zimayang'anira zoweta kwa nthawi yayitali. Magulu am'banja ku savannah amakhala pafupifupi anthu 10. M'nyengo youma kwambiri, nyama zimasunthira kufupi ndi mapiri kufunafuna malo obiriwira obiriwira.
Mbidzi ya m'chipululu. Dzinalo - Mbidzi ya Grevy idawonekera utsogoleri wa Abyssinia utapereka wokhala wokhala ndi mizere m'chipululu kwa Purezidenti wa France. Nyama zimasungidwa bwino m'malo opaka nyama zakum'mawa kwa Africa - Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Somalia.
Wokhala m'chipululu ndi wamkulu kuposa mitundu ina ya mbidzi - kutalika kwa munthuyo ndi 3 m, kulemera kwake kuli pafupifupi 400 kg. Kusiyanitsa kofunikira kumawonedwa mu mtundu wa odula kwambiri, kupezeka kwa mzere wakuda m'mbali mwa chitunda. Mimba ya mbidzi ndi yopepuka, yopanda mikwingwirima. Mafupipafupi a maguluwo ndi apamwamba - amakhala osiyana kwambiri. Makutuwo ndi obiriwira bulauni, ozungulira.
Mbidzi yam'mapiri. Magawowa akuphatikiza mitundu iwiri - Cape ndi Hartmann. Mitundu yonse iwiriyi, ngakhale akatswiri azachilengedwe amateteza, ali pachiwopsezo chotha chifukwa cha zolakwika za omwe amapha nyama mozungulira omwe amawombera nzika zakumwera chakumadzulo kwa Africa. Mbidzi ya Cape ili ndimitundu yaying'ono, ilibe kachitidwe pamimba.
Mbidzi Hartman ali ndi makutu ataliatali makamaka.
Malo osiyana amakhala azithunzithunzi omwe adawoneka chifukwa chodutsa mbidzi ndi kavalo woweta, mbidzi ndi bulu. Wamphongo ndi mbidzi, komwe mtundu wamizere umachokera. Mkhalidwe wofunikira wa anthu osakanizidwa ndikumatha kuphunzira poyerekeza ndi mbidzi zakutchire.
Ziwombankhanga zimafanana ndi akavalo, opentedwa pang'ono ndi mikwingwirima ya abambo awo. Zebrulla (oslosher) - Nyama yonga mbidzi pokhapokha kupezeka kwa mikwingwirima pazigawo zina za thupi. Zing'onoting'ono zimakhala ndi khalidwe lovuta kwambiri lomwe lingasinthidwe. Nyama zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zotengera paketi.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Mbidzi ndi nyama yakutchire Africa. Kumpoto, nzika zakutchire zachigwa chobiriwira zinawonongedwa kalekale. Mitundu ya anthu am'chipululu, savannah zebra mitundu imasungidwa kum'mawa kwa kontrakitanti m'malo opyola madera akumwera a kontrakitala. Mbidzi zazing'ono zamapiri zimakhala kumapiri ataliatali.
Zolumikizana pakati pa nyama zimawonetsedwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Nyama nthawi zina zimasonkhana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono m'magulu osiyanasiyana a anthu 10 mpaka 50. Mbidzi (yamphongo, ma 5-6 mares, ana amphongo) ali ndi ulamuliro wolimba, anawo amakhala pansi pa chitetezo choopsa cha akulu.
Magulu amabanja amatha kukhala patokha, kunja kwa gulu. Zidikha nyama zimayanjana ndi anyamata achimuna omwe sanapezebe azimayi awo. Amathamangitsidwa m'gulu lodziyimira pawokha akafika zaka zitatu. Osungulumwa omwe sanatsatire achibale awo nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi afisi, akambuku, mikango, ndi akambuku.
Khalidwe lina la mbidzi ndi kugona tulo titayimirira, titakutatirana m'gulu kuti tiziteteze kwa adani. Alonda angapo amasunga mtendere wabanja. Bwezerani adani, ngati kuli kofunikira, perekani osimidwa. Chikhalidwe chosagwirizananso cha mbidzi panthawi yankhondo, chipiriro sichimalola ngakhale mkango kuthana nawo.
Mdani akawonekera, nyama zimapanga phokoso lakuwa. Kuchenjera kwachilengedwe, mantha amasiya mwayi kwa nyama zolusa kuthana ndi mbidzi. Anthu ofooka mwapadera, ana ang'ono osakhwima, olekanitsidwa ndi gulu lanyama, amakhala nyama.
Mbidzi mu savannah imagwirizana bwino ngati ziweto ndi anthu ena ku Africa - mbawala, njati, nyumbu, nthiwatiwa, akadyamsonga, kuti athane ndi ziweto pamodzi.
Mahatchi okhala ndi mikwingwirima nthawi zambiri amaukiridwa panthawi yamadzi. Nyama imadzitchinjiriza ndi kukankha mwamphamvu - kuwombera ndi ziboda kumatha kupha mdani. Kulira kwa Mbidzi kumapweteka kwambiri. Nyama ikakula, kukula kwake kumawonekera, komwe kumawopsa mdani.
Poona momwe mbidzi imakhalira, asayansi amazindikira m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku zakumwa kwa nyama zosamba m'matope kuti zithetse tiziromboti. Woponda nkhuni amathandiza kukhala mbidzi zoyera, zomwe zimakhala momasuka pakhungu la nyama ndikusankha nsikidzi zonse kuchokera muubweya. Mbidzi, mosasamala kanthu za kuwomba kwa mbalameyo ndi kamwa yake, siyimapitikitsa mwadongosolo.
Kusintha kwa nyama zoweta kumatsimikizika ndi mayendedwe amakutu:
- mkhalidwe wabwinobwino - wokhala molunjika;
- mwamphamvu - kubwerera kumbuyo;
- panthawi yamantha, amapita patsogolo.
Nyama zosakhutira zimawonetsa kupuma. Ngakhale anthu omwe amaweta amasunga mawonekedwe achibale chakuthengo.
Zakudya zabwino
Herbivores amafuna chakudya chochuluka kuti akhutiritse thupi ndi kuchuluka kwa ma calories. Chakudyacho ndi chivundikiro chaudzu chokoma, mizu yazomera, masamba, masamba pazitsamba, makungwa amitengo, kukula kulikonse kwachinyamata. Nyama zikuchita kufunafuna chakudya mosalekeza. M'nyengo yadzuwa, ziweto zimapita kukasaka msipu.
Nyama zimakhala ndi kufunika kofunikira kwamadzi, zimawasowa kamodzi patsiku. Madzi ndiofunika makamaka kwa akazi omwe akuyamwitsa. Pofunafuna malo othirira, ng'ombe zimayenda mtunda wautali. Mitsinje ikauma chifukwa cha kutentha, mbidzi zimayang'ana njira zapansi panthaka - zimakumba zitsime zenizeni, mpaka theka la mita, kudikirira kuti madziwo atuluke.
Zizolowezi zodyetsa za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mammalia zimadalira dera lokhalamo. Chifukwa chake, chakudya cha mbidzi za m'chipululu chimayang'aniridwa ndi chakudya chosalala chokhala ndi ulusi, khungwa, masamba. Anthu okhala m'mapiri amadyera msipu wobiriwira bwino komanso wokongola womwe umakhala m'malo otsetsereka obiriwira. Mbidzi sizimakana zipatso zowutsa mudyo, masamba, mphukira zabwino.
Kuphatikiza pa ziweto zachilengedwe, anthu owetedwa amadyetsedwa ndi zowonjezera mavitamini, mavitamini, omwe amalimbikitsa kupirira kwakuthupi, amakhudza moyo wautali.
Kubereka ndi chiyembekezo cha moyo
Anawo amakula msinkhu wazaka 2.5-3. Mbidzi zazimuna zakonzeka kukwerana kale, amuna pambuyo pake. Kubereka kumachitika zaka zitatu zilizonse, ngakhale mbiri yazowonera imaphatikizaponso zitsanzo za zinyalala. Amayi amabala ana kwa zaka 15-18 zamoyo wawo.
Kutalika kwa mimba ya mkazi ndi masiku 370. Nthawi zambiri mwana wamphongo mmodzi amabadwa, wolemera pafupifupi 30 kg. Mtundu wobiriwira wobadwa kumene. Kuyambira maola oyamba, mwanawo akuwonetsa kudziyimira pawokha - imayimirira pamiyendo yake, imayamwa mkaka.
Patatha milungu ingapo, mbidzi yaying'ono imayamba kuswa udzu pang'ono ndi pang'ono, koma chakudya cha amayi chimasungidwa chaka chonse, chifukwa chimateteza kumatenda a ana osalimba, komanso kuteteza magwiridwe antchito matumbo. Mkaka wa Zebra wa pinki wosowa kwambiri.
Achiwerewere amatetezedwa mosamala m'mabanja ndi achikulire onse, komabe, kufa kwa ana kuchokera ku ziwombankhanga kumakhalabe kwakukulu. Moyo wa mbidzi m'malo achilengedwe umatha zaka 30, ngati sungagwere adani achilengedwe.
M'malo otetezedwa m'mapaki amtundu, mbidzi zoweta zimakhala zodwala kwazaka 40.Mbidzi - nyama ya ku Africa, koma kufunika kwake m'chilengedwe kulibe malire am'mbali. Chithunzi cha milozo wokhala ndi chikhalidwe chouma chidalowa muchikhalidwe ndi mbiri.
