Mbalame - chilombo chachikulu mlengalenga. Pakutchulidwa kwa mbalameyi, ambiri amakhala ndi malingaliro osasangalatsa, chifukwa mndandanda wa ziwombankhanga uli ndi nyama yakufa. M'makatuni osiyanasiyana, chilombochi chokhala ndi nthenga chimakhalanso ndi chithunzi cholakwika. Tiyeni tiyese kuphunzira zizolowezi, mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe a moyo wa mbalame yosangalatsayi ndipo, mwina, izikhala ndi mbali zambiri zabwino.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Grif
Ziwombankhanga zili ndi dzina lina - miimba, ndi nthenga zolusa za banja la nkhamba, zomwe zimakonda malo okhala ndi nyengo yotentha. Sayenera kusokonezedwa ndi ziwombankhanga zaku America, ngakhale ali ofanana kunja, koma si abale apafupi. Ziwombankhanga za Hawk zimakhudzana ndi ziwombankhanga, pomwe ziwombankhanga zaku America zili pafupi ndi ma condor.
Kuyambira kale, ziwombankhanga zimawerengedwa kuti ndi zolengedwa zonse zomwe zimakhala ndi zodabwitsa zapadera. Mukayang'ana khosi, nthawi yomweyo mumamva kukongola kwake, luntha, komanso cholinga chake. Mitundu khumi ndi isanu yamphongo imadziwika, yomwe imasiyana osati m'malo omwe amakhala, koma mwazinthu zina zakunja, tidzafotokoza zina mwazo.
Kanema: Fretboard
Mbalame ya Bengal ndi yayikulu kwambiri, nthenga zake zimakhala zakuda, m'malo akuda kwambiri. Mawanga owala amawonekera mchira ndi pamapiko. Khosi la mbalameyi limakongoletsedwa ndi nthiti ngati nthenga. Malo omwe amatumizidwa kosatha ndi mayiko monga Afghanistan, Vietnam ndi India. Mbalameyi sichiopa anthu ndipo imatha kukhala pafupi ndi midzi yawo, ndikukonda zigwa ndi madera osiyanasiyana.
Vulture waku Africa ali ndi mtundu wowala wa beige wa nthenga, pomwe pamakhala mithunzi yakuda. Khosi la chilombocho lili ndi kolala yoyera, kukula kwake kwa mbalame ndi kochepa. Sikovuta kulingalira kuti mbalameyi ili ndi malo okhazikika ku Africa, komwe imakonda mapiri ndi mapiri, okhala kumtunda pafupifupi 1.5 km.
Mbalame ya griffon ndi yayikulu kwambiri, mapiko ake ndi otakasuka. Mtundu wa nthengawo umakhala wofiirira m'malo ofiira. Mapikowo amawonekera chifukwa ndi akuda. Mutu wawung'ono wa chiwombankhanga chimakutidwa ndi chowala (pafupifupi choyera) chotsika, pomwe mlomo wamphamvu wofanana ndi mbedza ukuwonekera bwino. Kumakhala mapiri akumwera kwa Europe, madera aku Asia, zipululu za ku Africa. Itha kukhazikika kumtunda wopitilira 3 km.
Mbalame yam'mlengalenga imadziwika kuti imapezeka kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa South Africa, komwe idakhazikika m'dera lamiyala m'chigawo cha Cape, pomwe adatchedwa. Mbalameyi ndi yolemera kwambiri, imatha kulemera makilogalamu 12 kapena kuposa. Mtundu wa khosi umakhala wonyezimira wokhala ndi chifuwa chofiira ndi mapiko, mathero ake ndi akuda.
Chipale chofewa (Himalaya) nthawi zonse chimakonda kukhala pamwamba, chifukwa chake chimakhazikika m'mapiri a Tibet, Himalaya ndi Pamirs, sachita mantha kutalika kwa 5 km. Kukula kwake kwakukulu ndikodabwitsa. Mapiko a khosi lino amafika kutalika kwa mamitala 3. Kola wamkulu wa nthenga amawoneka pakhosi la chiwombankhanga, mtundu wake ndi beige wopepuka, ndipo achichepere amakhala ndi mithunzi yakuda.
Vulture waku India ndi wamkati wapakati komanso wamtundu wofiirira, mapikowo ajambulidwa mumthunzi wakuda wa chokoleti, ndipo buluku pamiyendo ndilopepuka. Mbalameyi imadziwika kuti ili pangozi, imapezeka ku Pakistan ndi India.
Khosi la Rüppel adalitcha dzina la Eduard Rüppel. Mbalameyi ndi yaying'ono kukula ndipo imalemera pafupifupi 5 kg. Mitundu yoyera imawala pamutu, pachifuwa ndi m'khosi, pomwe mapikowo amakhala akuda. Mbali yamkati yamapiko, kolala ndi malo ozungulira mchira ndi oyera. Mbalameyi imakhala m'dera la Africa.
Mbalame yakuda ndi yayikulu kwambiri kukula kwake, thupi lake limafika kutalika kwa mita 1.2, ndipo mapiko ake amatambasula mamita 3. Ana a ziwombankhanga zamtunduwu ndi akuda kwathunthu, ndipo akulu ndi abulauni. Mutu wa mbalameyo ndi wowuma; pamutu pake pamakhala nthenga. Chiwombankhangachi chimakhala m'dziko lathu, ndipo pakati pa mbalame zonse zomwe zimakhala ku Russia, ndiye zamphamvu kwambiri.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mbalame yamphongo
Maonekedwe a miimba ndi odabwitsa kwambiri, nthenga zawo zimagawidwa mofanana. Mutu ndi khosi mulibe nthenga, ndipo thupi ndi lamphamvu komanso lokutidwa ndi nthenga zakuda. Mbalame yaikulu ya mbalameyi imawonekera patali, ndipo zikhadabo zake zazikulu zimaonekera moopsa. Ngakhale zikhadabo zake zimakhala zochititsa chidwi, zikhadabo za chilombocho sizingakokere nyama kapena kulumikizana nayo kuchokera kumwamba, chifukwa zala za mbalameyi ndizofooka. Mlomo waukulu umafunika kuti ung'ambika zidutswa za mnofu nthawi yachakudya.
Obisika mutu ndi khosi amaperekedwa mwachilengedwe pofuna ukhondo. Chingwe cha nthenga chomwe chimakhomera khosi chimagwira ntchito yomweyo. Zimakhala kuti panthawi yachakudya, madzi am'madzi a cadaveric ndi magazi zimatsika mosavuta pakhosi lopanda kanthu, ndikufikira kolala yomwe imatuluka, yomwe imasiya thupi la mbalameyo. Chifukwa chake, imakhalabe yoyera kwathunthu.
Chosangalatsa: Kuchuluka kwa m'mimba ndi goiter kumalola miimba kudya pafupifupi makilogalamu asanu a nyama yakufa kamodzi.
Mtundu wa ziwombankhanga sizimasiyana mowala komanso mosangalatsa; mithunzi yodekha, yochenjera imapambana mu nthenga zawo.
Atha kukhala:
- wakuda;
- bulauni;
- zoyera;
- bulauni;
- imvi.
Zonse muutoto ndi zina zakunja, chachikazi ndi chachimuna zimawoneka chimodzimodzi, kukula kwake kulinso chimodzimodzi. Koma ziwombankhanga zazing'ono nthawi zonse zimakhala ndi mithunzi yakuda, yodzaza kwambiri, mosiyana ndi anthu okhwima. Makulidwe amitundu yosiyanasiyana amasiyana kwambiri. Mbalame zazing'ono kwambiri ndizofika masentimita 85 ndipo zimakhala zolemera pafupifupi kilogalamu zisanu, ndipo zazikulu kwambiri ndizoposa mita imodzi ndikulemera makilogalamu 12. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti mapiko a ziwombankhanga ndi zazikulu komanso zamphamvu, kutalika kwake kumakhala kokulirapo kawiri ndi theka kuposa kutalika kwa mbalameyo. Koma mchira pakhosi ndi wamfupi komanso wozungulira pang'ono.
Kodi nkhwazi zimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Nyama yanyama
Vulture ndi mbalame yotentha kwambiri, chifukwa chake imakhala m'maiko otentha komanso otentha. Amapezeka pafupifupi kumayiko onse, kupatula Antarctica ndi Australia. Geography yakukhazikika kwa ziwombankhanga ndiyambiri, imakhudza madera otsatirawa:
- Kumwera kwa Europe (kuphatikizapo chilumba cha Crimea);
- Central ndi South Asia;
- Caucasus;
- Africa (pafupifupi zonse);
- Gawo lakumwera kwa North America;
- South America (onse).
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti ziwombankhanga zazikulu kwambiri zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zimakhala ku Africa. Mtundu uliwonse wa mbalamezi umakhala ku Africa, pakati pa mbalamezi palibe mitundu yofanana yomwe imakhala kumadera osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi.
Mpheta ngati malo otseguka, pomwe kukula kwake kumawoneka bwino kuchokera kutalika, kotero ndikosavuta kuwona nyama. Zowononga mbalamezi zimakhala m'masamba, m'chipululu, m'chipululu, zimakongola mapiri, komwe zimakhala pamapiri otsetsereka. Ziwombankhanga sizomwe zimasamuka (mbalame zokhazokha ndizomwe zimangoyendayenda), zimakhala pansi, zimakhala m'dera limodzi. Paulendo wokasaka, malire a chiwembu chawo nthawi zonse amaphwanyidwa ndi mbalame, zomwe sizingachitike chifukwa chopeza chakudya.
Mbalamezi ndizokulirapo, chifukwa chake zisa zofananira nazo ndizazikulu komanso zolimba. Amawakonzekeretsa m'malo obisika, m'chipululu.
Zitha kukhala:
- mapiri otsetsereka;
- mapena, obisika ku mphepo ndi nyengo yoipa;
- miyala ikuluikulu, yosafikirika;
- nkhalango zakutchire, zosadutsa.
Ziwombankhanga zimakhalanso m'madambo, m'nkhalango zochepa, pafupi ndi mitsinje. Mbalamezi zimakhala zokha kapena m'mabanja omwe amakhala moyo wonse.
Kodi mbalame imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Wombu wonyezimira
Anthu ambiri amadabwa chifukwa chomwe mbalame zazikuluzikulu komanso zadyera zimakonda kunyama? Zonsezi ndizomwe zimapangika m'mimba mwa ziwombankhanga, zomwe zimatha kugaya zovunda zokha, ngakhale zowola bwino. Kuchuluka kwa madzi a m'mimba mwa ziwombankhanga kumakhala kokwanira kwambiri kuti kumatha kulimbana mosavuta ndi zinthu zowola, ngakhale mafupa omwe ali m'mimba mwa chiwombankhanga amakonzedwa popanda mavuto.
Chosangalatsa: Ma bakiteriya oyamba omwe amapezeka m'matumbo a chiwombankhanga amatha kuwononga poizoni wowopsa yemwe amatha kuwononga nyama zina.
Ziwombankhanga zakutali zimayang'ana nyama, chifukwa maso awo ndi akuthwa kwambiri. Ikapezeka, mbalamezo zimamira pansi mofulumira. Nthawi zambiri, mimbulu imadya nyama zakufa, koma palinso nyama zina pamndandanda wawo.
Zakudya zamphongo zimakhala ndi womwalirayo:
- llamas ndi nyumbu;
- mbuzi za kumapiri ndi nkhosa;
- ng'ona ndi njovu;
- akamba (nthawi zambiri akhanda) ndi nsomba;
- nyama zolusa;
- mitundu yonse ya tizilombo;
- mazira a mbalame.
Ziwombankhanga nthawi zambiri zimatsagana ndi nyama zosaka nyama, zimakhala zoleza mtima kwambiri ndipo zimadikirira kuti nyamayo ikhuta kuti idye zotsalira za nyamayo. Mimbulu ilibe komwe ingathamangire, ndipo imatha kudikirira nthawi yayitali imfa ya nyama yovulala, kuti ikonze phwando lenileni.
Zosangalatsa: Mbalameyo sidzaukira munthu amene akuwonetsa ngakhale chizindikiro chochepa chamoyo. Samumaliza kuti afulumizitse kuwonongeka kwake. Chida chake chikudikirira, chomwe amagwiritsa ntchito mwaluso.
Mphungu zimadya ziweto zonse (mpaka mbalame 10), zikamadya, sizikudumphira pakamwa pawo pachabe ndipo mwadyera zimatha kuluma mphalapala yaikulu mumphindi 20. Kawirikawiri, bala lomwe lili ndi milomo yake yolumikizana limatsegulira m'mimba mwa wovulalayo ndikuyamba kudya, ndikuponyera mutu wake mthupi. Kufikira matumbo, mbalameyo imawatulutsa, kuwang'amba ndi kuwameza. Zachidziwikire, izi sizosangalatsa, kuti mufanane ndi kanema wowopsa.
Nthawi zambiri, mitundu ingapo ya ziwombankhanga imalawa nyama yomweyo. Izi ndichifukwa choti amakonda mbali zosiyanasiyana za nyama yakufa. Ena amayamwa zamkati ndi zinyalala, ena amakonda kusangalala ndi minyewa, mafupa ndi mafupa, khungu. Mitundu ing'onoing'ono yamtchire singagonjetse nyama yakuda bii ya njovu, motero amadikirira nyama zazikulu kuti ziwume. Zinthu zikasauka kwambiri ndi chakudya, ziwombankhanga zimatha kukhala osadya kwa nthawi yayitali.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Grif
Monga tanenera kale, ziwombankhanga zimakhala pansi, zimakhala m'malo omwewo. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, pakugawa nyama, kulimbana pakati pa mbalame sizinazindikiridwe, mikangano ndi mikangano ndiyachilendo kwa mbalamezi. Kusamala, kuleza mtima, kufanana - izi ndi zomwe mbalamezi zimachita. Makhalidwe onsewa amawonetseredwa bwino pakukonzekera maola ambiri, pamene chiwombankhanga chikufunafuna nyama yotalikirapo.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mbalamezi zimauluka bwino, kuthamanga kwake kopingasa ndi pafupifupi makilomita 65 pa ola limodzi, ndipo ndikulowera pansi mozungulira amatha kutalika mpaka 120. Kutalika kumene bala limakwera kwambiri. Chochitika chomvetsa chisoni cha mbalameyi chidalembedwa pomwe idagundana ndi ndege, ikunyamuka mtunda wopitilira makilomita khumi ndi limodzi kuthambo.
Ndi kulakwitsa kukhulupirira kuti bala imangoyang'ana pansi kwinaku ikuwuluka. Ndiwanzeru kwambiri ndipo amayang'ana pafupipafupi anthu amtundu wina akuuluka pafupi, powona wina akutamira pansi, chiwombankhangocho chimayesetsanso kutsata nyama. Atadya, ndizovuta kuti mbalameyo inyamuke, kenako imabwezeretsa gawo lina mwa lomwe lidyalo. Chodabwitsa ndichakuti, ma vulture siamayendetsa ndege abwino okha, komanso othamanga opambana, amatha kuthamanga mwachangu komanso mwachangu pansi. Pambuyo pa chakudya chokoma, miimba imayamba kutsuka nthenga, kumwa ndikusamba, ngati pali madzi pafupi. Amakonda kuwotha moto padzuwa kuti aphe mabakiteriya onse owopsa mthupi.
Mwachilengedwe chake, chiwombankhangocho chimakhala chamtendere komanso chamakhalidwe abwino, chimakhala ndi misempha yamphamvu, chipiriro komanso kuleza mtima. Ngakhale khosi ndi lalikulu kukula, ilibe mphamvu yolimbana ndi zolusa zina, chifukwa chake sizimawoneka pankhondo. Nthenga imeneyi siyopatsidwanso kuyankhula, nthawi zina mumatha kumva kulira ndi kulira, popanda chifukwa chapadera simungamve phokoso m'khosi.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Cub Cub
Vultures ndi mbalame zokhazokha zomwe zimapanga banja lolimba moyo wawo wonse. Mbalame yamphongo isanapeze awiri, imakhala mwayokha kwambiri. Kukhulupirika ndi chizindikiro cha nyama zolusa nthengazi. Mbalame sizikhala zachonde kwambiri, ana awo amatha kuwonekera kamodzi pachaka kapena ngakhale zaka zingapo.
Pofika nyengo yoyambira, yamphongo imayamba chibwenzi choseweretsa, ndikusangalatsa mayi wamtima ndi zanzeru zonse zomwe zimauluka. Wokhudzidwa ndi malowo pomwepo, posakhalitsa mkazi amayikira mazira, ngakhale nthawi zambiri zimachitika kamodzi kokha, makamaka kawiri - kawiri. Mazira a ziwombankhanga amakhala oyera kwathunthu kapena okutidwa ndi timiyala tofiirira. Chisa, chomwe chili pathanthwe kapena pamtengo, chimamangidwa ndi nthambi zolimba, ndipo pansi pake pamakutidwa ndi zofunda zofewa.
Chosangalatsa: Pakukweza ana, omwe amakhala masiku 47 mpaka 57, makolo onse amatenga nawo mbali, ndikusinthana. Wina wakhala pamazira, ndipo wina akufuna chakudya. Kusintha kulikonse kwa otumizira, dzira limasandulizidwa modutsa mbali inayo.
Mwana wankhuku wakhanda amaphimbidwa ndi zoyera zoyera, zomwe zimasintha mwezi umodzi kukhala wonyezimira. Makolo osamala amapatsa mwanayo chakudya choyambiranso kuchokera ku chotupa. Mbalame yaing'onoyo imatha miyezi ingapo m'chisa, ndikuyamba kuuluka koyamba pafupifupi miyezi inayi yakubadwa. Makolo akupitilizabe kudyetsa mwana wawo.
Kungoti ali ndi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi mphete yachinyamata imadziyimira pawokha, ndipo imakula msinkhu wazaka zapakati pa 4 mpaka 7. Mbalamezi zimakhala ndi moyo wautali, mbalamezi zimatha kukhala zaka 55.
Adani achilengedwe a ziwombankhanga
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Vulture
Zikuwoneka kuti mbalame yayikulu komanso yolusa ngati chiwombankhanga siyenera kukhala ndi adani, koma sichoncho ayi. Ngakhale miimba ikuluikulu, mphamvu zawo sizitukuka. Mbalameyi imasamala kwambiri ndipo siyikhala yoyamba kuukira nyama ina. Ndi mbalame yamtendere, koma iyeneranso kudzitchinjiriza ndikupikisana nawo pampikisano wofuna chakudya.
Omwe amalimbana kwambiri ndi nyama zakufa ndi afisi, mimbulu ndi mbalame zina zolusa. Mbalameyi ikafunika kulimbana ndi mbalame zazikulu, imachita izi ndi mapiko ake, ndikupanga zikwapu zakuthwa komanso mwachangu, ndikuyika mapikowo mozungulira. Chifukwa cha kayendedwe kameneka, nthenga zopanda pake zimamenyedwa mwamphamvu ndikuuluka. Polimbana ndi afisi ndi mimbulu, simagwiritsa ntchito mapiko akulu okha, komanso mulomo wamphamvu, wolowera, wolumikizidwa.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Ngakhale mitundu ingapo yamiyendo nthawi zambiri imasemphana ndipo imachita nawo nkhondo, nthawi zina imatha kuthamangitsa nyama yakufa ndi mapiko awo kuti igwire chidutswa chomwe wasankhacho.
Mmodzi mwa adani a chiwombankhanga angatchedwe munthu yemwe, ndi ntchito yake yolimba, amakhudza kuchuluka kwa mbalamezi, zomwe zimafooka chifukwa cholima nthaka, kuwononga malo okhala mbalamezi. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwa osatulutsidwa kukucheperanso, chifukwa chake kumakhala kovuta kupeza chakudya champhongo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Nyama yanyama
M'malo onse okhala, ziwombankhanga zatsika kwambiri ndipo zikupitilira kuchepa mpaka pano. Zomwe anthu akuchita ndizomwe zimayambitsa kulosera kokhumudwitsa kumeneku. Anthu amasintha miyezo yaukhondo, yomwe imapereka njira yokwanira kuyika ng'ombe zomwe zagwa, ndipo zisanachitike zidagona m'malo odyetserako ziweto, pomwe miimba imaswamo mosamala. Izi zachepetsa kwambiri chakudya cha mbalame zodya nyama. Chaka chilichonse pamakhala nyama zochepa zakutchire, zomwe zimakhudzanso ziwombankhanga. Kuphatikiza apo, monga zadziwika kale, mbalameyi siyabereke kwambiri.
Madera ambiri momwe ziwombankhanga zomwe zimakhalamo tsopano zimakhala ndi nyumba zatsopano za anthu kapena zolimidwa chifukwa cha ntchito zaulimi. Munthu amathamangitsa miimba paliponse, ndipo izi zimakhudza kwambiri kuchuluka kwawo. Ziwombankhanga zaku Africa zimavutika ndi kusaka kwa anthu amtunduwu, omwe amazigwiritsa ntchito pamiyambo ya voodoo.Mbalame zamoyo nthawi zambiri zimagwidwa ndikugulitsidwa kumaiko ena. Ziwombankhanga zimamwalira nthawi zambiri chifukwa chazungu zamagetsi zikakhala pamawaya othamanga kwambiri.
Ku Africa, ziwombankhanga zambiri zimamwalira ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso diclofenac, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akatswiri azachipatala pochiritsa anthu osatuluka. Zonsezi zikusonyeza kuti anthu ayenera kulingalira za ntchito zawo, zomwe kwa nyama ndi mbalame zambiri zikuwononga.
Woteteza ziwombankhanga
Chithunzi: Vulture waku Africa
Chifukwa chake, zadziwika kale kuti ziwombankhanga zikuchepa paliponse, kumayiko osiyanasiyana komwe akukhala. Mabungwe osiyanasiyana oteteza zachilengedwe akuwonetsa mitundu ingapo ya ziwombankhanga, zomwe zili pachiwopsezo chochepa kwambiri. Amaphatikizapo ziwombankhanga za Kumai, Bengal ndi Cape pakati pa mitundu iyi.
International Union for Conservation of Nature imati chiwombankhanga chaku Africa ndi nyama yomwe ili pangozi, izi, ngakhale kuti kuchuluka kwake kukufalikira ku Africa konse, koma chiwerengerochi ndi chochepa kwambiri. Kumadzulo kwa dziko la Africa, latsika ndi makumi asanu ndi anayi peresenti. Oyang'anira mbalame, atawerenga, adapeza kuti ndi mbalame 270,000 zokha zomwe zidatsalira.
Mtundu wina wamtundu wa nkhwazi, womwe manambala ake akucheperachepera pang'onopang'ono, ndi chiwombankhanga cha griffon. Amasowa chakudya, kutanthauza kuti, ungulates wamtchire akhala akugwa. Munthu adachotsa chimbalangondo ichi m'malo mwake momwe chimakhazikikirako, zomwe zidachepetsa kwambiri mbalame. Ngakhale pali zovuta zonsezi, chiwombankhangochi sichinafotokozeredwebe pakati pa mitundu yosatetezeka kwambiri, ngakhale malo omwe amagawika akuchepa kwambiri, ndipo anthu acheperachepera.
Ponena za dziko lathu, chiwombankhanga cha griffon chomwe chimakhala m'dera la Russia chimawerengedwa kuti ndichoperewera kwambiri, nkovuta kukumana nacho. Pankhaniyi, adatchulidwa mu Red Book of the Russian Federation. Zomwe zilipo ndi ziwombankhanga padziko lonse lapansi sizotonthoza kwambiri, chifukwa chake munthu ayenera kuganizira kaye zotsatira za zomwe adachita, kenako ndikupita kwa iwo, ndikuchepetsa zoopsa zomwe zimangokhala osati za iye yekha, komanso nyama zakuthengo zozungulira.
Pamapeto pake, ndikufuna ndikufunseni funso: kodi mumamvekabe kunyansidwa ndi mbalame yosangalatsayi? Mbalame ali ndi mikhalidwe yambiri yabwino, kuphatikiza kukhulupirika, kukhala wokhawokha modabwitsa, kudandaula, chikhalidwe chabwino komanso kusamvana. Kuphatikiza apo, musaiwale kuti kudya nyama yakufa, zimakhala ngati zachilengedwe komanso zotsuka, zomwe ndizofunikira.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 04/27/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 19.09.2019 pa 23:05
