Zamoyo zam'madzi ndi nthambi ya ichthyology yomwe imakhazikika pakuphunzira za moyo wa nsomba:
- kuchuluka kwa anthu;
- magulu osiyanasiyana;
- mingoli ya moyo wa nsomba;
- zakudya, kubereka ndi zochitika m'moyo;
- ubale wa nsomba ndi nthumwi zina za zinyama ndi chilengedwe.
Nsomba ndi gulu la zinyama zomwe zimangokhala m'madzi okhaokha, ngakhale pali nsomba zam'mapapo zomwe zimatha kukhala pamtunda kwakanthawi (zotchingira, mapiri okwera, matope olumpha). Amafalikira kumadera onse a Dziko lapansi, kuchokera kumadera otentha mpaka kuzizira kwa Arctic. M'nyanja ndi m'nyanja, nsomba zimatha kukhala pansi pazamtunda wopitilira 1000 mita, chifukwa chake pali mitundu ya zinthu zomwe sizikudziwikabe ndi sayansi yamakono. Komanso, nthawi ndi nthawi, ndizotheka kupeza mitundu yakale yomwe idalipo zaka 100 miliyoni zapitazo, kapena kupitilira apo. Mitundu yoposa 32.8 zikwi za nsomba imadziwika padziko lapansi, kukula kwake kumasiyana 7.9 mm mpaka 20 m.
Asayansi amasiyanitsa magulu amtundu wa nsomba, kutengera mawonekedwe a malo awo:
- pelagic - m'mbali yamadzi (nsombazi, pike, hering'i, tuna, walleye, trout);
- kuphompho - khalani mozama kupitirira 200 m (akuda akuda, anglers);
- zamatsenga - kumadera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja (gobies, singano za m'nyanja, agalu ophatikizana, ma skate);
- pansi - khalani pansi (zofunda, kunyezimira, nsomba zam'madzi).
Mphamvu yama hydrosphere pamachitidwe amoyo a nsomba
Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri kuti nsomba zizikhala ndi moyo ndi kuwala. Kuunikira bwino kumawathandiza kuti aziyenda bwino m'madzi. Pamene nsomba zimakhala mozama, kuwala kochepa kumalowamo, ndipo mitundu yomwe imakhala mozama kwambiri kapena pansi imakhala yakhungu kapena yowona kuwala kofooka ndi maso owonera patali.
Popeza kutentha kwa thupi kwa nsomba kumadalira kutentha kwa malo ozungulira, chifukwa chake, madzi ofunda ndi ozizira amakhudza mayendedwe amoyo wawo m'njira zosiyanasiyana. M'madzi ofunda, ntchito za nsomba, kukula kwawo, kudyetsa, kubereka ndi kusamuka zimawonedwa. Nsomba zina zimazolowera kutentha kotero kuti zimakhala m'mitsinje yotentha, pomwe zina zimatha kupirira madzi otsika a Antarctica ndi Arctic.
Mpweya wa nsomba umapezeka m'madzi, ndipo ngati mkhalidwewo ukuipiraipira, umatha kubweretsa pang'onopang'ono, matenda, ngakhale kufa kwa anthu onse. Zowopsa za nsomba ndizodetsa zosiyanasiyana za hydrosphere, makamaka kutaya mafuta. Pogwiritsa ntchito kudyetsa, nsomba ndizodya, zamtendere komanso zopatsa chidwi. Amakhala ndiubwenzi pakati pa anthu amtundu umodzi komanso wosiyanasiyana, komanso oyimira magulu ena azinyama.
Chifukwa chake nsomba ndizinyama zamadzi zamtengo wapatali kwambiri zomwe zimakhala m'mitsinje yamitundu yonse, sizimangokhala m'mitsinje, nyanja, nyanja, nyanja, komanso ndende - m'madzi. Ali ndi kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pawo, ndipo sayansi yamakono iyenerabe kuphunzira zambiri za iwo.
