Nkhumba ndi mitundu yambiri ya bowa yomwe imapezeka pansi pa mitengo yosiyanasiyana. Hymenophore wake ndiwodziwika bwino kwambiri: masambawo amakhala ofiira akawonongeka, ndipo amakhala ngati wosanjikiza (posunthira chala chakumtunda pamwamba pa tsinde).
Kufotokozera
Chipewa chimakhala chofewa komanso cholimba, chimayang'ana masentimita 4 mpaka 15. M'chitsanzo chaching'ono, chimagwetsedwa pansi, chimamangiriridwa ndi chipinda chachikulu chotchinga, chopindika bwino. Amamasuka, osasunthika, kapena amapindika pakati pakapita nthawi. Velvety mpaka kukhudza, kolimba kapena yosalala, yomata mukanyowa komanso youma pakauma kunja, kofewa kwambiri. Mtundu kuchokera ku bulauni mpaka bulauni wachikaso, azitona kapena bulauni.
Hymenophore ndi yopapatiza, yokhotakhota, yogawika m'magawo, kutsikira pansi pa pedicle, imasokonezeka kapena imafanana ndi pores pafupi ndi pedicle. Mtundu kuyambira sinamoni wachikasu mpaka wotumbululuka kapena maolivi wotumbululuka. Amatembenuza bulauni kapena bulauni bulauni ikawonongeka.
Mwendowo ndi wa 2-8 cm, kutalika kwa 2 cm, ndikulowera kumunsi, chophimbacho kulibe, kouma, kosalala kapena kosalala bwino, kofiira ngati kapu kapena cholembera, amasintha mtundu kuchokera ku bulauni mpaka kufiira kofiirira akawonongeka.
Thupi la bowa ndilolimba, wandiweyani komanso wolimba, wachikasu, limakhala lofiirira pakamawonekera.
Kukoma ndi kowawa kapena kusalowerera ndale. Ilibe mawonekedwe, nthawi zina bowa limanunkhiza chinyezi.
Mitundu ya nkhumba
Paxillus atrotomentosus (mafuta nkhumba)
Bowa wodziwika bwino ali ndi hymenophore, koma ndi gulu la Boletales porous bowa. Wovuta komanso wosadyaAmamera pa chitsa cha conifers ndi mtengo wowola ndipo mumakhala mankhwala angapo omwe amalepheretsa tizilombo kudya.
Thupi la chipatsocho ndi squat lokhala ndi chipewa chofiirira mpaka 28 masentimita m'mimba mwake, chopindika mozungulira komanso malo opsinjika. Chipewacho chimakutidwa ndi zokutira zakuda kapena zakuda zakuda. Mitsempha ya bowa ndi yotsekemera yachikasu komanso yafoloko, tsinde lakuda ndi lofiirira ndipo limakula kutali ndi kapu ya bowa. Mnofu wa dunka ndiwosangalatsa m'maonekedwe, ndipo tizilombo sizikhala ndi zotsatira zake. Mbewuzo zimakhala zachikasu, zozungulira kapena zowulungika ndi 5-6 µm kutalika.
Bowa la saprobic limakonda kwambiri mitengo ya coniferous ku North America, Europe, Central America, kum'mawa kwa Asia, Pakistan ndi China. Mitengo ya zipatso imapsa mchilimwe ndi nthawi yophukira, ngakhale munthawi yowuma kwambiri pomwe kulibe bowa wina.
Bowa wonenepa wa nkhumba samaganiziridwa zodyedwakoma ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gwero la chakudya kumadera ena akum'mawa kwa Europe. Kuyesedwa kwa kapangidwe ka mankhwala ndi kuchuluka kwa ma amino acid aulere mu bowa kumawonetsa kuti samasiyana kwambiri ndi bowa wina wokazinga. Bowa wachichepere akuti ndiwotheka kudya, koma achikulire amakhala ndi kulawa kowawa kowawa kapena inki ndipo mwina ndi owopsa. Kukoma kwowawa akuti kumatha bowa akaphika ndikutsanulira madzi omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito. Koma si anthu onse amene amapukusa mankhwalawo ngakhale atalandira chithandizo cha kutentha. Nyuzipepala yaku Europe ya gastronomic imalemba milandu yakupha.
Nkhumba yocheperako (Paxillus involutus)
Bowa wa Basidiomycete Squid wafalikira ku Northern Hemisphere. Idadziwitsidwa mosazindikira ku Australia, New Zealand, South Africa ndi South America, mwina yotengedwa m'nthaka ndi mitengo yaku Europe. Mtunduwo ndi wa mitundumitundu ya bulauni, thupi la zipatso limakula mpaka 6 masentimita kutalika kwake ndipo lili ndi kapu yoboola pakati mpaka kumapeto kwa masentimita 12 yokhala ndi mkombero wokhotakhota ndi mitsempha yolunjika, yomwe ili pafupi ndi tsinde. Mafangayi ali ndi mitsempha, koma akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo amawaika ngati osakanikirana komanso osakhala ofanana ndi hymenophore.
Nkhumba yocheperako imafalikira m'nkhalango zowirira komanso zokhwima, m'malo audzu. Nthawi yakucha ndi kumapeto kwa chirimwe ndi nthawi yophukira. Chiyanjano ndi mitundu yambiri yamitengo chimathandiza mitundu yonse iwiri. Mafangayi amawononga ndikusunga zitsulo zolemera ndikuwonjezera kulimbana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda monga Fusarium oxysporum.
Poyamba, nkhumba yopyapyala inkayesedwa ngati yodyedwa ndipo ankadyedwa kwambiri ku Eastern ndi Central Europe. Koma imfa ya Mycologist waku Germany Julius Schaeffer mu 1944 adakakamizika kuganiziranso za mtunduwu wa bowa. Amapezeka kuti ali ndi poyizoni woopsa ndipo amayambitsa kudzimbidwa mukamadya yaiwisi. Kafukufuku waposachedwa akuwonetsa kuti nkhumba yocheperako imayambitsa hemolysis yoopsa yokhayokha ngakhale kwa omwe adadya bowa kwazaka zambiri popanda zovuta zina zilizonse. Antigen ya bowa imapangitsa chitetezo chamthupi kuthana ndi maselo ofiira. Zovuta zazikulu komanso zakupha ndizo:
- pachimake aimpso kulephera;
- kugwedezeka;
- pachimake kupuma kulephera;
- kufalikira kwamitsempha yamagazi.
Nkhumba zooneka ngati panus kapena zooneka ngati khutu (Tapinella panuoides)
Bowa la saprobic limakula lokha kapena masango pamitengo yakufa ya coniferous, nthawi zina pamitengo yamatabwa. Kubala zipatso kuyambira kumapeto kwa chilimwe mpaka nyengo yoyamba yozizira, komanso nyengo yozizira nyengo yotentha.
Kapu yofiirira / lalanje, yopangidwa ndi chipolopolo kapena yoboola fodya (2-12 cm) mu nkhumba yaying'ono yooneka ngati panus ndi yolimba, imakhala yolimba, koma ikakalamba imakhala yosalala, yotayirira, mphuno za lalanje zimakhala zopindika kapena malata m'munsi. Bowa umachita mdima pang'ono ukadulidwa. Bowa lilibe tsinde, koma kanthawi kochepa chabe kamene kamamangiriza kapu kumtengo.
Osavuta kununkhira kwa utomoni, osati kulawa kwapadera. Fungo labwino la bowa limakopa munthu, monganso mawonekedwe akunja amafanana ndi bowa wa oyisitara, koma nkhumba yooneka ngati khutu siyodyedwa.
Ma Hymenophores okhala ndi mapiri osalala, otalikirana kwambiri, ochepa. Yambirani pomwe mumalumikizidwa ndi basal, muwoneke makwinya mukawonedwa kuchokera pamwamba, makamaka mu bowa wakale. Nthawi zina ming'aluyo imagundana ndipo imawoneka yolakwika mu bowa wokhwima, osasunthika mosavuta pamutu. Mtundu wa hymenophore ndi kirimu wonyezimira wa lalanje, apurikoti wofunda wachikasu-bulauni, wosasintha mukawonongeka.
Spores: 4-6 x 3-4 µm, yotakata kwambiri ellipsoidal, yosalala, yokhala ndi makoma owonda. Kusindikiza kwa spore kuchokera kofiirira mpaka bulauni wachikaso bulauni.
Nkhumba ya Alder (Paxillus filamentosus)
Mtundu wowopsa kwambiri chifukwa cha kawopsedwe kake. Chojambula, chimodzimodzi ndi makapu a safironi, koma ndi utoto wofiirira kapena wachikasu, wokhala wofewa, ndipo hymenophore yonse imagwa panthawi yamagetsi.
Pansi pa chipewacho mumakhala wandiweyani, wofewa kukakhudza komanso ma milomo wandiweyani, nthawi zina amakhala opindika pang'ono kapena opindika ndipo amapatuka mwamphamvu pa tsinde, koma samapanga ma pores kapena mawonekedwe amaso, achikaso kapena achikaso, ofiira pakuwonekera.
Minolta dsc
Basidia imakulitsidwa kapena kutambasulidwa pang'ono, kutha ndi ma peduncles anayi, m'miyendo yake yomwe imapanga ma spores ofiira achikaso kapena bulauni, omwe amasokoneza mitundu yokhwima ya bowa. Spores ndi ellipsoidal, womangidwa kumapeto onse awiri, ndi makoma yosalala, ndi vacuole wandiweyani.
Chipewa chosalala chomwe chimagwera mu ulusi wa nkhumba zakale za alder, makamaka kumapeto kwa utoto wonyezimira kapena wachikasu. Pogwiritsidwa ntchito, kapu imasanduka bulauni.
Pamaso pa peduncle ndi yosalala, yofiirira, imasandulanso bulauni powonekera, ndipo imakhala ndi pinki ya pinki ya mycelium.
Nkhumba ya alder imakhala m'nkhalango yowirira, ikubisala pakati pa alder, popula ndi misondodzi. Bowa ndi owopsa kwambiri, ndikupha poyizoni wakupha.
Kumene kumakula
Bowa wa mycorrhizal amakhala pakati pamitengo yambiri yazipatso zokhala ngati mitengo yambiri. Palinso ngati saprob pamtengo. Amapezeka osati m'nkhalango zokha, komanso m'mizinda. Chimakula chokha, chochuluka kapena pagulu lalikulu nthawi yotentha komanso yophukira.
Nkhumba imapezeka ku Northern Hemisphere, Europe ndi Asia, India, China, Japan, Iran, kum'mawa kwa Turkey, kumpoto kwa North America mpaka ku Alaska. Bowa amapezeka kwambiri m'nkhalango za coniferous, deciduous and birch, momwe zimakonda malo achinyezi kapena madambo ndipo zimapewa dothi la calcareous (chalky).
Kodi nkhumba imakula kuti?
Nkhumba imakhalabe m'malo odetsedwa momwe bowa wina sangakhale ndi moyo. Mitengo yazipatso imapezeka pa kapinga ndi malo odyetsera akale, pazinthu zowuma mozungulira zitsa mu nthawi yophukira komanso kumapeto kwa chilimwe. Mitundu ingapo ya ntchentche ndi kachilomboka imagwiritsa ntchito matupi a zipatso popangira mphutsi. Bowa amatha kutenga kachilombo ka Hypomyces chrysospermus, mtundu wa nkhungu. Matendawa amabweretsa chikwangwani choyera chomwe chimayamba kuwonekera pores kenako chimafalikira pamwamba pa bowa, kutembenuka kuchoka pagolide wachikaso mpaka kufiira kofiirira akakula.
Idyani kapena ayi
Bowa wa Dunka adagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya ku Central ndi Eastern Europe mpaka pakati pa zaka za 20th ndipo sizinayambitse chakudya kapena poyizoni. Bowa adadyedwa atathira mchere. Mu mawonekedwe ake opyapyala, adakwiyitsa m'mimba, koma sanali owopsa.
Palinso akatswiri odziwa zophikira omwe akufuna kuti azinyamula dunki, kukhetsa madzi, kuwira ndikuthandizira. Amanenanso za maphikidwe osiyanasiyana, omwe, mwachiwonekere, adatengedwa m'mabuku azaka za zana la 20 ndikusinthidwa kukhala zakudya zamakono.
Ngati mukuganiza kuti chiopsezo ndichifukwa chabwino, ndiye kuti musanyalanyaze zomwe asayansi ndi imfa zimatsimikizira nkhumba ndi bowa wakuphazomwe zimayambitsa poyizoni. Pali mitundu yambiri ya bowa yomwe imatulukanso m'nkhalango, koma ilibe vuto lililonse kwa anthu.
Zizindikiro zapoizoni
Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, dokotala Rene Flammer wochokera ku Switzerland adapeza antigen mkati mwa bowa yomwe imapangitsa kuti thupi lizitha kuyankha lokha lomwe limapangitsa kuti chitetezo chamthupi cha mthupi liziwona maselo awo ofiira ngati achilendo ndikuwamenya.
Matenda ochepetsa chitetezo cha mthupi amapezeka pambuyo powawa mobwerezabwereza bowa. Izi zimachitika nthawi zambiri munthu akamadya bowa kwa nthawi yayitali, nthawi zina kwazaka zambiri, ndipo adayamba kukhala ndi matenda am'mimba.
Kutengera kwa hypersensitivity, osati poizoni, chifukwa sikumayambitsidwa ndi chinthu chakupha kwenikweni, koma ndi antigen mu bowa. The antigen ili ndi mawonekedwe osadziwika, koma imayambitsa mapangidwe a ma antibodies a IgG mu seramu yamagazi. Chakudya chotsatira, maofesi amapangidwa omwe amalumikizana ndi mawonekedwe am'magazi ndipo pamapeto pake amawonongeka.
Zizindikiro zakupha poizoni zimawoneka mwachangu, poyamba kuphatikiza kusanza, kutsegula m'mimba, kupweteka m'mimba, ndi kutsika kokhudzana ndi magazi. Zizindikiro zoyambirirazi zitayamba, hemolysis imayamba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa mkodzo, hemoglobin yamikodzo, kapena kusowa kwa mkodzo komanso kuchepa kwa magazi m'thupi. Hemolysis imabweretsa zovuta zambiri kuphatikiza kulephera kwa impso, kudandaula, kupuma kwamphamvu, komanso kufalikira kwamitsempha yamagazi.
Palibe mankhwala a poizoni. Chithandizo chothandizira chimaphatikizapo:
- kusanthula magazi kwathunthu;
- kutsatira ntchito ya impso;
- muyeso ndi kukonza kwa kuthamanga kwa magazi;
- kupanga madzi amadzimadzi ndi ma electrolyte.
Dunka imakhalanso ndi othandizira omwe amawoneka kuti awononga ma chromosomes. Sizikudziwika ngati ali ndi khansa kapena mutagenic.
Pindulani
Asayansi apeza chilengedwe cha phenolic pawiri Atromentin mu bowa wamtunduwu. Amagwiritsa ntchito ngati anticoagulant, antibacterial agent. Zimayambitsa kufa kwa ma leukemic cell m'magazi amunthu komanso khansa ya m'mafupa.
Zotsutsana
Palibe gulu lenileni la anthu lomwe bowa wa nkhumba angatsutsidwe. Ngakhale anthu athanzi omwe samadandaula ndi zilonda amatha kugwidwa ndi mycelium iyi. Bowa sizovuta kupukusa kokha, zimakulitsa mikhalidwe ya anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a impso ndi magazi koyambirira, ndipo sizipulumutsa iwo omwe amadziona ngati athanzi.
