Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Muskrat - Iyi ndi mbewa yakutchire yolemera pafupifupi kilogalamu imodzi ndi theka kapena kupitirirapo. Kuphatikiza pa dzina lenileni, adalandiranso dzina lamsikito. Chifukwa chake ndichinthu chapadera chomwe chimasungidwa ndimatenda ake ndi fungo lamphamvu la musk. Mwachilengedwe, amalemba malire azinthu zake ndi iwo, popeza sakonda kwenikweni kulowerera kwa abale ake mdera lomwe amakhala ndipo sangathe kukhala akunja.
Dziko lakwawo ndi kumpoto kwa America, komwe anthu amtundu woyang'anira amamuwona ngati mchimwene wake wa beaver, ndipo nthawi zina amatchedwa "kalulu wamadzi". Ndipo popanda chifukwa. Ngakhale akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo, mosiyana ndi amwenye omwe amadziwa, amati woimira zinyama izi ndi achibale ake a voles ndikuziyika m'banja la Khomyakov.
Ku Europe, komwe zolengedwa zotere sizinapezeke kale 1905, muskrat adabweretsedwa koyamba kuti apange kuswana kopangira. Chifukwa chake chinali ubweya wokongola, wandiweyani, wonyezimira, wandiweyani komanso wonyezimira, komanso, wokhala ndi malo abwino kwambiri oti avale.
Chifukwa chake, amalonda akhama aku kontrakitala adakopeka ndi chiyembekezo chokhuza migodi zikopa za muskrat, komanso kuthekera kokugwiritsa ntchito kwakukulu kwa zopangira izi popanga zovala: kusoka zovala zokongola ndi zokongola, kolala, zipewa ndi malaya aubweya.
Kuti tikwaniritse zolinga zathu, ku Czech Republic, makilomita khumi ndi anayi kuchokera ku Prague, makoswe angapo ofanana, omwe amapezedwa ku Alaska, adangotulutsidwa ndikusiya kuthengo m'madziwe, ndiye kuti, mikhalidwe yoyenera iwo.
Ndipo pamenepo, pakalibe adani achilengedwe owonekera, adakhazikika mizu, adakhazikika ndikuchulukirachulukira chifukwa chakubala kwawo. Koma izi, zochitidwa ndi asayansi, zidangokhala zoyambirira zakukhazikitsanso anthu, chifukwa ena adazitsatira. Kuphatikiza apo, nyamazo zimafalikira mwachangu kudera la Western Europe, osachita nawo anthu.
Chifukwa chake, patatha zaka makumi angapo, ma muskrats adakhala mamembala wamba azinyama ku Old World ndipo amakhala m'malo okhalamo a kontrakitala omwe ndi achilendo kwa iwo. Ndipo ku Russia, komwe nyamazo sizinabwere mwangozi, kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 40s zidawonedwa ngati zinthu zofunika kwambiri zamalonda pamodzi ndi agologolo ndi nthumwi zina za zinyama zoyambirira, zomwe zikopa zawo zimayikidwa kuti ndizofunika.
Komabe, kuwonjezera pa maubwino, "osamukira" aku America adawonongera chuma cha munthu komanso thanzi lake. Ndizokhudza moyo wazamoyozi komanso matenda omwe amafalitsa.
Kupitilira apo, nyamazo zidapitiliza ulendo wawo wakummawa ndipo posakhalitsa zidayamba mizu mdera la Mongolia, Korea ndi China, komwe akukhalabe, komanso ku Japan, komwe adabweretsedwanso ndikumasulidwa malinga ndi dongosolo lokhalamo anthu.
Tsopano tiyeni tifotokoze muskrat amawoneka bwanji... Uyu ndi wokhala theka lamadzi, wosinthidwa mwanjira zachilengedwe. Ndipo izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi tsatanetsatane wakuwonekera kwa cholengedwa ichi.
Ziwalo zonse za thupi lake, kuyambira ndi mutu wawung'ono wokhala ndi mphuno yayitali komanso khosi losavomerezeka, ndikumaliza ndi torso yayitali kwambiri (mawonekedwe osasunthika, ngati roketi), adapangidwa mwachilengedwe kuti athane bwino ndi madzi.
Makutu a nyama zopanda zipolopolo, pafupifupi zobisika kwathunthu ndi ubweya; maso amakhala ataliatali, ang'ono, kotero kuti posambira, madzi samalowa m'ziwalo zofunika izi. Mchira wautali, wolumikizana kuchokera mbali, wokhala ndi kukula kofanana ndi kukula kwa wolandirayo, umapatsidwa tsitsi lalitali lolimba pansipa, ndipo m'malo ena limakutidwa ndi tsitsi lochepa komanso masikelo ang'onoang'ono.
Mukayang'anitsitsa, pa miyendo yakumbuyo, mutha kuwona zotupa zosambira pamodzi ndi zikhadabo. Kapangidwe kabwino kaubweya wake kamapangitsa kuti madzi asamalowe. M'nyengo yozizira, imakhala ndi mdima wakuda: wakuda, mabokosi kapena abulauni, koma nthawi yotentha, mthunzi wake umawonekera bwino, umatha kukhala wowala pang'ono kapena wofanana.
Magazi a zolengedwa zamoyozi amafalikira mthupi lonse mwanjira yapadera, yomwe imathandizira kuti iziyenda kumchira ndi miyendo, chifukwa zimayenera kutentha nthawi zonse, pokhudzana ndi madzi.
Kuphatikiza apo, imadzaza ndi hemoglobin yopitilira muyeso wabwinobwino, ndipo izi zimathandiza nyamazo kwa nthawi yayitali osavulaza thanzi munyanja yosungira yopanda mpweya.
Amwenye anali olondola, ma muskrats alidi ofanana ndi beavers pamakhalidwe awo komanso munthawi zambiri zakunja. Ndipo imodzi mwazinthuzi ndi kapangidwe kazitsulo zomwe zimatuluka pakamwa, titero, zidagawika pakati.
Ndipo zimathandiza zamoyozi osatsegula pakamwa, kutanthauza kuti zimatafuna m'nkhalango zam'madzi osazitsamwa. Makhalidwe azikhalidwe za mawonekedwe achilengedwe awa amatha kuwoneka poyang'ana muskrat pachithunzichi.
Mitundu
Kwa nthawi yoyamba, nyamayi, yotchedwa mbewa yayikulu yam'madzi yayikulu, idafotokozedwa kale ku 1612. Izi zinachitika, ku America, chifukwa ku Ulaya nyama zoterezi m'masiku otere sizinapezeke ndipo sizinali kudziwika.
Ndipo wasayansi K. Smis adazichita m'buku lake "Map of Virginia". Pambuyo pake, zamoyozi zidaperekedwa ku banjali la ma voles, ndipo amawerengedwabe kuti ndi oyimira akulu kwambiri, chifukwa nthawi zina kukula kwake kumafika masentimita 36, ngakhale kuli kocheperako.
Kamodzi adayesa kugawa mtunduwo kukhala mitundu itatu, komanso ma subspecies angapo. Komabe, oimira magulu omwe sanasankhidwe sanatchule mawonekedwe ake. Ndipo popeza sanapeze kusiyana kwakukulu, pamapeto pake adapatsidwa mitundu yokhayo, yomwe, monga mtunduwo, idalandira dzina loti: muskrats.
Komanso, nyamazi, kunja kwake ndizofanana kwambiri ndi otters ndi nutria, kotero kuti ndizosavuta kuti amateur azisokoneze. Kuphatikiza apo, oimira onse atatuwa omwe atchulidwa pazinyama zapadziko lapansi amakhala pafupi ndi matupi amadzi ndipo amakhala gawo lalikulu la moyo wawo.
Koma nutria ndi yayikulupo, ndipo otter samakulanso kuposa ma muskrats, komanso okoma, amakhala ndi khosi lalitali ndipo samawoneka ngati makoswe, koma amphaka amadzi opanda makutu okhala ndi miyendo yayifupi.
Ku North America, ndiye kuti, m'maiko a makolo awo, nyama muskrat kufalikira pafupifupi kulikonse. Zolengedwa zotere sizongobereka zokha, komanso ndizodzichepetsa kwambiri komanso zimasinthasintha mwachangu mphezi pakusintha kwadziko lapansi.
Chifukwa chake, kutha kwa mtundu wachilengedwewu sikuwopsezedwa konse. Zowona, asayansi awona kuti kuchuluka kwa zinthu zamoyozi kumatha kubwereza kubwereza, kuchepa kwakukulu komanso kwakuthwa.
Amatha kuchitika kamodzi pakatha zaka khumi kapena kupitilira apo. Koma posakhalitsa kukula kwatsopano kumayamba ndipo kuchuluka kwa nyama zomwe zili pano zikupezanso bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, zifukwa zakusinthasintha kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu sizinafotokozeredwebe.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Malo osungira m'mbali mwa magombe omwe muskrat amakhala Zitha kukhala zamitundu yosiyana kwambiri: mitsinje yamadzi amchere, yonse yokhala ndi madzi akuya kwambiri kapena aulesi, nyanja, ngakhale maiwe osasunthika ndi madambo, nthawi zambiri amakhala abwino, koma oyenera nyama komanso amchere pang'ono.
Kukhalapo kwa zomera zolemera mozungulira, zonse m'madzi ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ndikofunikira, kupereka pogona ndi chakudya chodalirika. Oimira nyamazi sakhala ndi nkhawa kwambiri ndi kutentha pang'ono, chifukwa ma muskrats amakhazikika ngakhale ku Alaska, koma chinthu chachikulu ndichakuti madzi opulumutsa samazizira nthawi yozizira.
Mofanana ndi beaver, nyama zimenezi zimaonedwa kuti ndi zomangamanga mwakhama. Zowona, zilibe luso kwambiri, chifukwa ma muskrats samanga madamu, komabe, amamanga nyumba zapansi pazomera: ma sedges, mabango, mabango ndi zitsamba zina zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi silt.
Kunja, ili ndizoyenda, nthawi zina zipinda ziwiri zosanja, mwapadera zomwe zimafikira m'mimba mwake mita zitatu ndikukwera mpaka kutalika kwa munthu wocheperako. Nyumba zosakhalitsa nthawi zambiri zimamangidwa, zimakhala zochepa.
Ndiponso nyama izi zimakumba m'mbali mwa phompho ndi ngalande zokongoletsa zokongola, nthawi zonse zokhala ndi khomo lakuya pansi pamadzi. Nthawi zina zimalumikizidwa ndi zomangira, koma nthawi zina zimakhala zosiyana kwambiri.
Zolengedwa zomwe zafotokozedwa, zomwe zimasambira bwino kwambiri, zili pamtunda zili zopanda thandizo komanso zosasunthika, zimakhala zolimbikira m'moyo wawo, ndipo zimakhala zolimba makamaka m'mawa komanso madzulo. Amakhala m'magulu akulu ofanana, momwe kumangirira nyumba ndikukhala ndi mkazi m'modzi.
Mabanja otere amakhala m'dera linalake (gawo lokwanira pafupifupi 150 m kutalika) ndikuwasamalira mosamala, mwachangu chachikulu. Moyo wa zamoyozi uli wokonzeka kwambiri kotero kuti amakonza matebulo apadera odyera omwe amapumira. Ndipo pakudya, amagwiritsa ntchito mafoni, monga manja a anthu, zikhomo zakumaso zala zazitali zazitali.
Kusaka muskrat imachitika osati ndi anthu okha, chifukwa zolengedwa zamoyozi, chifukwa cha kubereka kwawo, zimakhala zofunikira pakadyedwe ka ziweto zambiri. Zosasunthika pamtunda, zosasunthika komanso chifukwa chakupezeka kwa miyendo yayifupi ndi mchira waukulu womwe umasokoneza kuyenda, ma muskrats amakhala nyama yosavuta ya zimbalangondo, nguluwe zakutchire, mimbulu, agalu osochera ndi ena.
Ndipo kuchokera kumwamba amatha kuwukiridwa ndi mphamba, harrier ndi mbalame zina zokhetsa magazi. Koma m'madzi nyama zotere zimakhala zopindika ndipo sizowopsa. Komabe, ngakhale pakupulumutsa kumeneku, minks, otters, pikes zazikulu ndi alligator zimawadikirabe.
Zakudya zabwino
Chakudya chomwe nyama izi zimadya makamaka ndizoyambira masamba, ndipo nyama ndizosankha mbale. Makamaka, zonsezi zimatengera malo okhala. Mtsinje muskrat imadya masamba am'madzi ndi am'mbali mwa nyanja ndi zipatso zake ndi mizu yake mosangalala.
Chakudya chamaluwa, maluwa, mahatchi, bango, elodea, centurion, wotchi imakhala chakudya chokoma kwambiri. M'chaka, komanso nthawi yophukira, kusankha kwa mbeu kumakhala kosiyanasiyana komanso kolemera. Mwa njira, nyama zoterezi zimalemekeza masamba, ngati, atha kupezeka pafupi ndi malo okhala. Ndipo kumapeto kwa masika, mbale zazikulu nthawi zambiri zimakhala mabango, ma sedges, mphukira zatsopano za zitsamba.
Koma m'nyengo yozizira, nthawi yovuta modabwitsa imabwera. Anthu am'madzi awa samabisala, koma sadziwa chisoni, amasamalira chakudya pasadakhale. Malo osungira oterewa nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo am'madzi osavomerezeka kwambiri okhala anthu. Kuphatikiza apo, ma muskrats amayang'ana pansi mizu yazomera zam'madzi.
Chakudya chazomera chikatha, chakudya cha nyama chimagwiritsidwa ntchito: zovunda zam'mitsinje, nsomba zakufa, ma crustaceans, nkhono zam'madzi, nkhono. Koma ngati chakudyacho chakhazikika, muskrat amadya chiyani munyengo zakusuzga? Ndiye, poyamba, nyamazo zimayamba kukukuta makoma a nyumba zawo zopangidwa ndi zomangira.
Oimira nyamazi amakhalanso ndi ziwonetsero za kudya anzawo, chifukwa ndiwokwiya komanso olimba mtima kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri, ankhondo ang'onoang'ono amapanga ziwombankhanga m'madzi, osazengereza kugwiritsa ntchito zida zawo zachilengedwe: mano akulu ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa.
Kubereka ndi chiyembekezo cha moyo
Ukali wa nyama izi umatchulidwa makamaka pankhani yakubala. Amuna amakhala oyambitsa komanso otenga nawo gawo pamikangano yamagazi ndi otsutsana nawo. Chifukwa chake, amayesa kugawa akazi ndi gawo lomwe akutsutsana.
Kawiri pachaka m'malo okhala ndi nyengo yovuta, komanso m'malo ofunda mpaka kanayi pachaka, makolo angapo amakhala ndi timagulu tating'onoting'ono tating'ono. Mmodzi wa iwo, chiwerengero cha ana akhoza kukhala asanu ndi awiri.
Ana amangolemera pafupifupi g 25. Alibe tsitsi ndipo amadya mkaka wa mayi kwa mwezi wopitilira. Zimatengera mwezi umodzi kuti zikule, pafupifupi kwathunthu ndikupeza mphamvu.
Komabe, samachoka pakhomo pa makolo awo nthawi yomweyo. Izi zimachitika pokhapokha atayamba nyengo yozizira mchilimwe. Zinyama zimakula mpaka miyezi 7, nthawi zina zikafika chaka chimodzi.
Ndizovuta kuti achinyamata apulumuke ndipo ayenera kumenyera moyo wabwino. Kuphatikiza apo, pambuyo pa zonse, ndikofunikira kuyitanitsa chiwembu chanu, kukonza ndikuyamba banja. Ndipo nyama zoterezi zimakhala ndi adani ambiri, kuphatikizapo abale awo omenyana nawo. Mmodzi mwa adani akuluakulu a zolengedwa izi ndi munthu.
Ndipo ma bipedals amakopeka osati ndi ubweya wa nyama zokha, chifukwa nyama yawo ilinso ndi phindu. Kodi muskrat idya? Zachidziwikire, m'maiko ambiri, akatswiri azakudya amawona kuti ndiwo zopangidwa ndi zakudya zokoma. Ali ndi nyama yofewa komanso yofewa, ngati ndiyophika moyenera. Mwa njira, imakonda pang'ono ngati kalulu, ndichifukwa chake Amwenye adapatsa nyama izi dzina "akalulu amadzi".
Zotsatira zake, zaka zawo sizingatchulidwe motalika; mwachilengedwe, monga ulamuliro, sizikhala zaka zoposa zitatu. Komabe, nyama zobweretsa ubweya zotere, zomwe zimakhala zosangalatsa kuziwona, nthawi zambiri zimasungidwa ndi obereketsa, ndikuzikhazika m'makola ndi m'malo osungira, ndikuzikulitsa m'minda. Izi ndi za zikopa ndi nyama. Koma okonda zachilengedwe amangochita izi kuti azingosangalala. Ndipo mndende, ziweto zopanda pakezi zimatha kukhala zaka khumi kapena kupitilira apo.
Kusaka muskrat
Kalekale, ubweya wa nyama zoterezi unali loto lenileni la mafashoni. Zotsatira zake, malonda aubweya pa iwo adakhala ankhanza kwambiri. Koma popita nthawi, chidwi chidayamba kuchepa, ndipo kutulutsa kwa zikopa zotereku kudakhala kopanda ndalama.
Za nyama ya muskrat Anatulutsa mphodza, yomwe imawonedwanso nthawi ina ngati chakudya chotchuka kwambiri, chopatsa thanzi komanso chovomerezeka pamatenda ambiri. Komabe, chidwi cha mankhwalawa chinazimiririka. Ndipo chifukwa chake zilakolako zosaka mozungulira zinthu zosakirazi zatha.
Koma okonda masewerawa amapitilizabe miyambo yawo yosaka makamaka kuti asangalale. Njira yofala kwambiri yolanda nyamazi ndi msampha. Sikovuta kuchita izi bwinobwino.
Muskrats amagwera mosavuta mumisampha, chifukwa mwachilengedwe amakhala ndi chidwi chambiri. Maukonde apadera amathandiziranso kugwira nyama. Nthawi zambiri amatumizidwa kwa iwo ndi zida zosiyanasiyana zamfuti, kuyambira mfuti zopangidwa kunyumba mpaka ku pneumatic, ngakhale pano njirayi akuti ndi yosaloledwa.
