Zisindikizo zopukutidwa Kodi nyama zazing'ono zazing'ono zochokera kumtundu wamba wazisindikizo. Ndimazitcha kuti zisindikizo zolumikizidwa kapena akibs. Iwo ali nalo dzina lawo chifukwa cha mawonekedwe osangalatsa kumbuyo, owoneka ngati mphete. Chifukwa cha mafuta awo ochepetsetsa, zisindikizozi zimatha kupirira kutentha, komwe kumawathandiza kukhala m'malo a Arctic ndi madera akutali. Ku Svalbard, zisindikizo zokhala ndi mapiritsi zimakhalira pamwamba pa ayezi m'mapiri onse.
Kuphatikiza pa anthu okhala kunyanja zakumpoto, zimawonetsedwanso zazing'ono zamadzi, zomwe zimapezeka m'madzi a Ladoga ndi Saimaa.
Kufotokozera
Akiba ndi imvi zazing'ono zazing'ono mpaka zotsekera zofiirira. Mimba yawo nthawi zambiri imakhala imvi, ndipo misana yawo imakhala yakuda ndipo imakhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino a mphete zing'onozing'ono, chifukwa chake amatchulidwanso.
Thupi ndilolimba, lalifupi, lokutidwa ndi ubweya wambiri. Mutu ndi waung'ono, khosi silitali. Ali ndi zikhadabo zazikulu zopitilira 2.5 cm, chifukwa chake amadula mabowo mu ayezi. Monga mukudziwa, ma burrows otere amatha kufikira kuya mpaka mita ziwiri.
Zinyama zazikulu zimatenga kutalika kuchokera ku 1.1 mpaka 1.6 m ndikulemera makilogalamu 50-100. Monga zisindikizo zonse zakumpoto, thupi lawo limasiyana mosiyanasiyana ndi nyengo. Zisindikizo zolumikizidwa ndizochulukitsitsa nthawi yophukira komanso zowonda kwambiri kumapeto kwa nthawi yachilimwe - koyambirira kwa chilimwe, nyengo yobereketsa itatha. Amuna amakhala okulirapo pang'ono kuposa akazi, ndipo amuna amawoneka akuda kwambiri masika kuposa akazi chifukwa chobisalirana kwamafuta m'mphuno. Nthawi zina pachaka, zimakhala zovuta kusiyanitsa. Pakubadwa, ana amakhala pafupifupi masentimita 60 ndipo amalemera pafupifupi 4.5 kg. Amakutidwa ndi ubweya wotuwa, owala pamimba komanso wakuda kumbuyo. Mitundu yaubweya imakula ndikakalamba.
Chifukwa cha khungu lawo labwino, kununkhiza komanso kumva, zisindikizo ndizasaka zabwino kwambiri.
Malo ndi zizolowezi
Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, malo okhala anyani okongola awa ndi Arctic ndi Subarctic. Pazambiri zawo, amagwiritsa ntchito madzi oundana am'nyanja makamaka monga malo oberekera, malo opumulirako komanso malo opumira. Amayenda pamtunda pafupipafupi komanso monyinyirika.
Amakhala moyo wawokha. Kawirikawiri samasonkhana m'magulu, makamaka m'nyengo yokwatira, m'nyengo yotentha. Kenako, m'chigawo cha m'mphepete mwa nyanja mungapeze malo okhala ndi zisindikizo zokhazokha, mpaka anthu 50.
Kutha kwawo kupanga ndi kusunga mabowo opumira mu ayezi kumawalola kuti azikhala ngakhale m'malo omwe nyama zina, zomwe zimasinthidwa kutentha pang'ono, sizingakhale.
Ngakhale kuti zisindikizo zawo zimasinthasintha chifukwa cha chisanu, nthawi zina zimakumana ndi zovuta za nyengo yozizira. Pofuna kubisala kuzizira, zimapanga malo okhala m'chipale chofewa pamwamba pa madzi oundana. Maenje awa ndiofunikira makamaka pakupulumuka kwaukhanda.
Zisindikizo zolumikizidwa ndizosiyanasiyana bwino. Amatha kuyenda pamadzi opitilira 500 m, ngakhale m'malo akudya kwambiri kuya sikupitilira izi.
Zakudya zabwino
Kupatula nyengo yoswana ndi kuswana, kugawa zisindikizo zolimbitsidwa kumakonzedwa ndikupezeka kwa chakudya. Pakhala pali kafukufuku wambiri wazakudya zawo, ndipo, ngakhale pali kusiyana kwakukulu m'deralo, akuwonetsa zomwe anthu amachita.
Chakudya chachikulu cha nyama izi ndi nsomba, zomwe zimafanana ndi dera linalake. Monga lamulo, osapitilira 10-15 omwe ali ndi mitundu 2-4 yayikulu amapezeka mumunda wowonera chisindikizo. Amatenga chakudya chochepa - mpaka 15 cm kutalika mpaka 6 cm mulifupi.
Amadya nsomba nthawi zambiri kuposa nyama zosawerengeka, koma kusankha nthawi zambiri kumadalira nyengo ndi mphamvu zamagwiridwewo. Zakudya zodziwika bwino za zisindikizo zophatikizika zimaphatikizaponso cod, nsomba, hering'i ndi capelin, zomwe zimapezeka m'madzi akumpoto. Kugwiritsa ntchito zamoyo zopanda mafupa, mwachiwonekere, kumakhala kofunika nthawi yachilimwe, ndipo kumawonjezera zakudya za ziweto zazing'ono.
Kubereka
Zisindikizo zazimayi zokhala ndi akazi zimakhwima pazaka 4, pomwe amuna okha ndi zaka 7. Akazi amakumba mapanga ang'onoang'ono mu ayezi wakuda pa ayezi kapena gombe. Mwana amabadwa atakhala ndi pakati pa miyezi isanu ndi inayi mu Marichi kapena Epulo. Monga lamulo, mwana wamwamuna mmodzi amabadwa. Kuletsa kuyamwa mkaka kumatenga kupitirira mwezi umodzi. Munthawi imeneyi, mwana wakhanda amapeza makilogalamu 20 olemera. Pakangotha milungu ingapo, amatha kukhala m'madzi kwa mphindi 10.
Chisindikizo Chotsatira
Ana atabadwa, zazikazi zimakhalanso zokonzeka kukwatira, makamaka kumapeto kwa Epulo. Pambuyo pa umuna, abambo nthawi zambiri amasiya mayi woyembekezera kukafunafuna chinthu chatsopano choti agwirizane.
Kutalika kwa zisindikizo zolimba kuthengo, malinga ndi magwero osiyanasiyana, ndi zaka 25-30.
Nambala
Zambiri zomwe zilipo zakupezeka kwa chidindo cha ringed zidasonkhanitsidwa ndikuwunikiridwa mu 2016 IUCN Red List yama subspecies asanu odziwika. Chiyerekezo cha manambala okhwima komanso kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu m'mayikowa anali motere:
- Zomata za Arctic 1,450,000, zomwe sizikudziwika;
- Chisindikizo cha Okhotsk - 44,000, chosadziwika;
- Chisindikizo cha Baltic - 11,500, kuchuluka kwa anthu;
- Ladoga - 3000-4500, chizolowezi chowonjezeka;
- Saimaa - 135 - 190, kuchuluka kwa subspecies.
Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa malo, kumakhala kovuta kupeza kuchuluka kwa subspecies ku Arctic ndi Okhotsk. Potchulapo zinthu zambiri, monga malo okhala mitundu yambiri, kukhazikika kosagwirizana m'malo omwe adafunsidwapo, komanso ubale wosadziwika pakati pa anthu owonerera ndi omwe sanawoneke, zimalepheretsa ofufuza kupeza nambala yeniyeni.
Komabe, ziwerengero zomwe zatchulidwazi zikuwonetsa kuti anthu okhwima ndiopitilira 1.5 miliyoni, ndipo anthu onse apitilira 3 miliyoni.
Chitetezo
Kuphatikiza pa zimbalangondo zakumpoto, zomwe zimawopsa kwambiri pazisindikizo, nyama izi nthawi zambiri zimakodwa ndi ma walrus, mimbulu, mimbulu, nkhandwe, ngakhale makungubwi akulu ndi mimbulu yomwe imasaka ana.
Komabe, sanali malamulo achilengedwe a kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amachititsa kuti zisindikizo zolumikizidwa ziziphatikizidwa mu Red Book, koma chifukwa chaumunthu. Chowonadi ndichakuti, ngakhale pali njira zonse zodzitetezera, anthu ambiri akumpoto akupitilizabe kusaka zisindikizo mpaka pano ngati gwero la nyama ndi zikopa zofunikira.
Mwambiri, ngakhale panali mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana, palibe malo amodzi omwe apangidwa mgodi, momwe zisindikizo zolumikizidwa zimatha kuchulukitsa anthu.
