Ankhandwe, kapena, monga amatchedwanso nkhandwe, ndi a mitundu ya nyama, banja la canine. Chodabwitsa ndichakuti, pali mitundu pafupifupi 23 ya banjali. Ngakhale kunja kwa nkhandwe zonse ndizofanana, komabe zili ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana komanso zosiyana.
Makhalidwe ambiri a nkhandwe
Nkhandwe ndi nyama yodya nyama yokhala ndi mphuno yowongoka, yaying'ono, yotsitsa mutu, makutu akulu owongoka ndi mchira wautali wokhala ndi tsitsi lalitali. Nkhandwe ndi nyama yopanda ulemu, imazika mizu m'malo achilengedwe, imamva bwino m'makontinenti onse okhala padziko lapansi.
Zimatsogolera makamaka usiku. Pofuna pogona ndi kuswana, amagwiritsa ntchito mabowo kapena zodikirira pansi, ming'alu yapakati pa miyala. Chakudya chimadalira malo okhala, makoswe ang'onoang'ono, mbalame, mazira, nsomba, tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, zipatso ndi zipatso zimadyedwa.
Nthambi zosiyana za nkhandwe
Asayansi amasiyanitsa pakati pa nthambi zitatu zosiyana za nkhandwe:
- Urucyon, kapena nkhandwe zotuwa;
- Vulpes, kapena nkhandwe wamba;
- Dusicyon, kapena nkhandwe zaku South America.
Mitundu ya Fox ya nthambi ya Vulpes
Nthambi ya ankhandwe wamba ali ndi zaka 4.5 miliyoni, imaphatikizapo mitundu yayikulu kwambiri yazamoyo - 12, imapezeka m'makontinenti onse okhala padziko lapansi. Chikhalidwe cha oimira onse panthambi iyi ndi makutu akuthwa, amakona atatu, chopanikizana chopapatiza, mutu wolimba, mchira wautali komanso wonyezimira. Pali mlatho waung'ono pakatikati pa mphuno, kumapeto kwa mchira kumasiyana ndi mtundu wa mitundu yonse.
Nthambi ya Vulpes ili ndi mitundu iyi:
Nkhandwe Yofiira (Vulpes vulpes)
Mitundu yofala kwambiri, m'masiku athu ano pali mitundu yoposa 47 ya subspecies. Nkhandwe wamba ndizofala m'makontinenti onse; adabweretsedwa ku Australia kuchokera ku Europe, komwe adazika mizu ndikuizolowera.
Gawo lakumtunda la nkhandwe ili lowala lalanje, dzimbiri, siliva kapena imvi, gawo lotsikiralo la thupi ndi loyera ndi timizere tating'onoting'ono pamphuno ndi paws, burashi ya mchira ndi yoyera. Thupi ndilotalika 70-80 cm, mchira ndi 60-85 cm, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi 8-10 kg.
Bengal kapena Indian nkhandwe (Vulpes bengalensis)
Ankhandwe a m'gulu lino amakhala m'dera lalikulu la Pakistan, India, Nepal. Masamba, zipululu zokhalamo ndi nkhalango zimasankhidwa kwa moyo wonse. Chovalacho ndi chachifupi, chofiira-mchenga wamtundu, miyendo ndi yofiirira, nsonga ya mchira ndi yakuda. Kutalika kwake kumakhala 55-60 cm, mchira ndi wocheperako - ndi 25-30 cm yokha, kulemera - 2-3 kg.
Nkhandwe yaku South Africa (Vulpes chama)
Amakhala ku kontinenti ya Africa ku Zimbabwe ndi Angola, kumapiri ndi zipululu. Imasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wofiirira wofiira kumtunda kwa thupi wokhala ndi mzere wonyezimira wonyezimira m'mphepete mwa msana, mimba ndi miyendo ndi zoyera, mchira umatha ndi ngayaye yakuda, palibe chigoba chakuda pamphuno. Kutalika - 40-50 cm, mchira - 30-40 masentimita, kulemera - 3-4.5 makilogalamu.
Korsak
Okhala ku steppes kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Russia, Central Asia, Mongolia, Afghanistan, Manchuria. Kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala masentimita 60, kulemera kwake ndi 2-4 kg, mchirawo umakhala mpaka masentimita 35. Mtunduwo ndi wamchenga wofiira pamwambapa ndipo woyera kapena wamchenga wopepuka pansipa, umasiyana ndi nkhandwe wamba m'masaya ambiri.
Nkhandwe yaku Tibet
Amakhala m'mapiri, kumapiri a Nepal ndi Tibet. Makhalidwe ake ndi kolala yayikulu komanso yayikulu ya ubweya wandiweyani komanso wamfupi, mphuno ndiyotakata komanso yayitali. Chovalacho ndi choyera pambali, chofiira kumbuyo, mchira ndi burashi yoyera. Kutalika kwake kumafika 60-70 cm, kulemera - mpaka 5.5 kg, mchira - 30-32 cm.
Nkhandwe ya ku Africa (Vulpes pallida)
Amakhala m'zipululu zakumpoto kwa Africa. Miyendo ya nkhandweyo ndi yopyapyala komanso yayitali, chifukwa chake, imasinthidwa bwino kuyenda pamchenga. Thupi ndilopyapyala, 40-45 cm, yokutidwa ndi tsitsi lalifupi lofiira, mutu ndi wochepa ndi makutu akulu, osongoka. Mchira - mpaka 30 cm wokhala ndi ngayaye yakuda, ilibe mdima pamphuno.
Nkhandwe zamchenga (Vulpes rueppellii)
Nkhandwe iyi imapezeka ku Morocco, Somalia, Egypt, Afghanistan, Cameroon, Nigeria, Chad, Congo, Sudan. Kusankha zipululu monga malo okhala. Utoto waubweya ndi wopepuka - wofiyira wofiyira, mchenga wowala, zipsera zakuda kuzungulira maso ngati mawonekedwe amizere. Ili ndi miyendo yayitali ndi makutu akulu, chifukwa chake imayendetsa njira zosinthira kutentha mthupi. Kutalika kwake kumafikira 45-53 cm, kulemera - mpaka 2 kg, mchira - 30-35 cm.
American Corsac (Vulpes velox)
Wokhala m'mapiri ndi madera akumwera kwa North America. Mtundu wa malayawo ndi wolemera modabwitsa: uli ndi utoto wofiyira, miyendo ndi yakuda, mchira ndi 25-30 cm, wonyezimira kwambiri ndi nsonga yakuda. Kutalika kwake kumafikira 40-50 cm, kulemera - 2-3 kg.
Nkhandwe ya ku Afghanistan (Vulpes cana)
Amakhala kumapiri aku Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Iran, Israel. Kukula kwa thupi ndikochepa - mpaka 50 cm m'litali, kulemera - mpaka 3 kg. Mtundu wa malayawo ndi ofiira ndi mdima wakuda, m'nyengo yozizira imakhala yolimba - yokhala ndi bulauni. Zolemba m'mafoda zilibe tsitsi, chifukwa chake chinyama chimasunthira pamapiri ndi malo otsetsereka.
Fox Fenech (Vulpes zerda)
Wokhala m'zipululu zokhala ndi mapanga a kumpoto kwa Africa. Imasiyana ndi mitundu ina ndi thunzi tating'onoting'ono komanso mphuno yochepa. Ndiye mwini wa makutu akulu omwe adayikidwa pambali. Mtunduwo ndi wonyezimira wachikasu, ngayaye kumchira ndi mdima, mphukira ndi yopepuka. Nyama yotentha kwambiri, pamazizira osakwana madigiri 20, imayamba kuzizira. Kulemera - mpaka 1.5 makilogalamu, kutalika - mpaka 40 cm, mchira - mpaka 30 cm.
Nkhandwe ya Arctic kapena nkhandwe yotentha (Vulpes (Alopex) lagopus)
Asayansi ena amati mitundu iyi ndi mtundu wa ankhandwe. Amakhala m'zigawo za tundra ndi polar. Mtundu wa nkhandwe za Arctic uli ndi mitundu iwiri: "buluu", yomwe kwenikweni imakhala yoyera yoyera, yomwe imasintha kukhala yofiirira nthawi yotentha, ndi "yoyera", yomwe imasanduka bulauni nthawi yotentha. Kutalika kwake, chinyama chimafika masentimita 55, kulemera - mpaka 6 kg, ubweya wokhala ndi wandiweyani pansi, wandiweyani kwambiri.
Mitundu ya nkhandwe za nthambi Urocyon, kapena Grey foxes
Nthambi ya ankhandwe otuwa akhala padziko lapansi kwazaka zopitilira 6 miliyoni, kunja kwake ali ofanana kwambiri ndi nkhandwe wamba, ngakhale kulibe ubale wabwinobwino pakati pawo.
Nthambiyi ili ndi mitundu iyi:
Nkhandwe yakuda (Urocyon cinereoargenteus)
Amakhala ku North America ndi madera ena akumwera. Chovalacho chili ndi utoto wofiirira wokhala ndi zipsera zazing'ono za utoto wofiyira, mawoko ndi ofiira ofiira. Mchirawo umakhala mpaka masentimita 45, ofiira komanso osalala, m'mphepete mwake muli mzere waubweya wakuda. Kutalika kwa nkhandweyo kumafika masentimita 70. Kulemera kwake ndi 3-7 kg.
Chilumba cha nkhandwe (Urocyon littoralis)
Habitat - Zilumba za Canal pafupi ndi California. Amadziwika kuti ndi mitundu yaying'ono kwambiri ya nkhandwe, kutalika kwa thupi sikupitilira 50 cm ndikulemera 1.2-2.6 kg. Maonekedwewo ndi ofanana ndi nkhandwe imvi, kusiyana kokha ndikuti tizilombo tokha timakhala chakudya cha mtundu uwu.
Nkhandwe yayikulu (Otocyon megalotis)
Amapezeka m'mapiri a Zambia, Ethiopia, Tanzania, South Africa. Mtundu wa malayawo umasambira mpaka kusuta. Ziphuphu, makutu ndi mzere kumbuyo kwake ndi wakuda. Miyendo ndi yopyapyala komanso yayitali, yosinthidwa kuti izithamanga kwambiri. Amadya tizilombo ndi makoswe ang'onoang'ono. Mbali yake yapadera ndi nsagwada ofooka, kuchuluka kwa mano mkamwa ndi 46-50.
Mitundu ya nkhandwe ya Dusicyon (Ankhandwe aku South America)
Nthambi yaku South America imayimilidwa ndi nthumwi zomwe zimakhala mdera la South ndi Latin America - ili ndiye nthambi yaying'ono kwambiri, zaka zake sizipitilira zaka 3 miliyoni, ndipo oimira ndi abale apafupi a mimbulu. Habitat - South America. Mtundu wa malayawo umakhala wamvi nthawi zambiri. Mutu ndi wopapatiza, mphuno ndi wautali, makutu ndi akulu, mchira ndiwofewa.
Mitundu ya nthambi ya Dusicyon
Nkhandwe ya Andes (Dusicyon (Pseudalopex) culpaeus)
Ndi nzika ya Andes. Itha kukhala mpaka 115 cm ndikulemera mpaka 11 kg. Mbali yakumtunda ya thupi ndi yakuda-yakuda, yokhala ndi zotuwa, mame ndi mimba ndizofiira. Pali ngayaye yakuda kumapeto kwa mchira.
Nkhandwe yaku South America (Dusicyon (Pseudalopex) griseus)
Amakhala mumapampu a Rio Negro, Paraguay, Chile, Argentina. Ifika masentimita 65, imalemera mpaka 6.5 kg. Kunja, imafanana ndi nkhandwe yaying'ono: chovalacho ndichimvi, mawoko ake ndi mchenga wopepuka, mphuno imaloza, mchira ndi waufupi, wosasunthika kwambiri, ndipo umatsitsidwa poyenda.
Nkhandwe ya Sekuran (Dusicyon (Pseudalopex) sechurae)
Malo ake ndi zipululu za Peru ndi Ecuador. Chovalacho ndi chotuwa ndi nsonga zakuda kumapeto kwake, mchira umasefukira ndi nsonga yakuda. Imafikira 60-65 masentimita m'litali, imalemera 5-6.5 makilogalamu, mchira kutalika - 23-25 cm.
Nkhandwe ku Brazil (Dusicyon vetulus)
Mtundu wa wokhala ku Brazil ndiwodabwitsa kwambiri: gawo lakumtunda ndi lakuda kwambiri, mimba ndi chifuwa ndizopanda utsi, kumtunda kwa mchira kuli mzere wakuda womwe umathera ndi nsonga yakuda. Chovalacho ndi chachidule komanso chokulirapo. Mphuno ndi yaifupi, mutu ndi wochepa.
Nkhandwe ya Darwin (Dusicyon fulvipes)
Amapezeka ku Chile ndi Chiloe Island. Ndi nyama yomwe ili pangozi ndipo motero imatetezedwa ku Nauelbuta National Park. Mtundu wa chovalacho kumbuyo ndi imvi, mbali yakumunsi ya thupi ili yamkaka. Mchira ndi 26 cm, fluffy ndi burashi wakuda, miyendo ndi yaifupi. Kutalika kwake kumafika masentimita 60, kulemera - 1.5-2 makilogalamu.
Fox Maikong (Zovuta kwambiri)
M'nyumba zokhalamo ndi nkhalango ku South America, zimakhala ngati mmbulu. Chovala chake ndi chofiirira-mtundu, nsonga ya mchira ndi yoyera. Mutu ndi waung'ono, mphuno ndi waufupi, makutu amaloza. Imafikira 65-70 masentimita m'litali ndipo imalemera 5-7 kg.
Nkhandwe yaying'ono (Dusicyon (Atelocynus)
Kwa moyo wonse amasankha nkhalango zotentha m'mitsinje ya Amazon ndi Orinoco. Mtundu wa nkhandwe iyi ndiwofiirira, wokhala ndi mthunzi wopepuka kumunsi kwa thupi. Mbali yapadera ndi makutu amfupi, omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira. Miyendo ndi yaifupi, yosinthidwa kuyenda pakati pa zomera zazitali, chifukwa cha izi, mayendedwe ake amawoneka ngati feline. Pakamwa ndi kakang'ono ndi mano ang'onoang'ono komanso akuthwa.
