Crane ndi ya oimira akulu kwambiri mu dongosolo la mbalame ngati za kireni. Chiyambi chawo ndichakale kwambiri kotero kuti mizu yake imabwerera m'nthawi ya kukhalapo kwa ma dinosaurs. Zithunzi za cranes zapezeka pazithunzi za miyala yakale ya anthu akale. Werengani zambiri za mbalame zodabwitsazi pambuyo pake.
Kufotokozera za crane
Zakhala zikukhulupiriridwa kale ndi akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale kuti mbalameyi idawonekera kudera la Africa ndi North America, pambuyo pake idagawidwa pang'onopang'ono padziko lonse lapansi. Osazipeza kupatula ku South America komanso ku Antarctica.
Cranes ndi mbalame zazikuluzikulu zomwe zakhala zikusangalatsa anthu kwazaka zambiri. Ku China, mwachitsanzo, adawonedwa ngati chizindikiro cha moyo wautali komanso nzeru. Ku Igupto wakale, cranes amapembedzedwa ngati "mbalame za dzuwa" ndikupereka nsembe kwa milungu. Ku Sweden amatchedwa "Mbalame ya mwayi" chifukwa adabwerera ndi dzuwa, kutentha ndi masika. Komanso ku Japan, crane imawonedwa ngati chizindikiro chachimwemwe. Komabe, amawaonanso ngati chakudya chokoma, ndichifukwa chake amadya.
Kukula kwa crane kumayambira 1 mpaka 1.20 mita. Nthawi zambiri amasokonezeka ndi mphalapala, koma kuyerekezera kumawonetsa kuti crane ndi yayikulu kwambiri. Oimira ang'onoang'ono - belladonna, amafika kutalika pafupifupi masentimita 80-90. Ngakhale kuti kulemera kwawo sikupitilira ma kilogalamu atatu, mapiko a kanyumba kakang'ono kwambiri kameneka ndi mamita 1.3-1.6, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ziwoneke bwino komanso zowoneka bwino pouluka.
Woimira wamkulu pabanjali amadziwika kuti ndi crane waku Australia, yemwe kulemera kwake kumafika makilogalamu 6, ndikutalika kwa masentimita 145-165. Crane imvi amadziwika kuti ndi chimphona pakati pa mbalamezi, zomwe mapiko ake amakhala pafupifupi 2-2.4 mita.
Maonekedwe
Cranes, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe amthupi lawo, amawoneka okongola kwambiri. Khosi lalitali, thupi ndi miyendo zimagawika magawo atatu ofanana, ndikupanga kumverera koyenera, komwe kumamalizidwa ndi mulomo wautali wakuthwa. Mtundu wa nthenga za mbalame zimadalira mitundu yake, ngakhale kuti imakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazithunzi zofiirira zoyera m'munsi mwake. Korona wa mutu wa Crane ndi malo pomwe chilengedwe chimawonetsera malingaliro ake, malo opaka utoto wowoneka bwino ndi mithunzi ina, kutalika kapena mosinthanitsa, kuchotsa nthenga. Chojambulachi chimathandiza kusiyanitsa mbalameyi ndi ena.
Cranes ndi kuwala kodabwitsa modabwitsa kukula kwake: kulemera kwakukulu kwa mbalame kumafika makilogalamu 6-7. Thupi la crane limakhala lotuwa kwambiri, mutu ndi khosi ndizakuda ndi mzere woyera. Pamwamba pa korona pali mtunda wotsanzira - malo ofiira owala. Mlomo wake ndi wofanana mofanana ndi mutu wake. Kuwona mizere ikudutsa m'madambo nthawi zambiri kumawoneka kuti kumakhala ndi mchira wa nthenga. Koma chithunzichi ndi chonyenga, popeza kufota kotereku kumapangidwa ndi nthenga za mapiko otuluka. Ndipo nthenga za mchira, m'malo mwake, ndizochepa. Cranes zamphongo ndizazikulu pang'ono kuposa zazimayi, apo ayi zimawoneka chimodzimodzi. Thupi la nyama zazing'ono limakhala ndi mitundu yakuda-bulauni, yokhala ndi mutu wofiirira.
Moyo, machitidwe
Miyoyo ya mbalameyi imakhala yakubadwa nthawi zambiri. Pokhapokha kusamukira komwe nyimbo zawo za tsiku ndi tsiku zimasokera. Crane amagona tulo dzuwa litangolowa. Usiku, amagona, akusonkhana m'magulu (nthawi zambiri amafikira anthu masauzande ambiri) atayimirira mwendo umodzi pakati pamadzi osaya a posungira. Mtunda uwu kuchokera kunyanja umalola kuti nyama ziziteteze ku ziwopsezo zomwe zimadya paliponse. Mwachitsanzo, nguruwe zakutchire, agalu amphaka, mbira, ndi nkhandwe zimawononga zisa za crane. Chiwombankhanga ndi khwangwala amathanso kukhala m'gulu la adani a mbalameyi.
Kuyanjana kwa ma cranes achimuna azimayi kuti apange awiriawiri kumagwa mwezi wa February. Makamaka, njira yoswana imachitikira kumadera akutali. Awiriwa amamanga chisa kuchokera kuzinyalala zanthaka zomwe amatola m'nthaka, ndikukhala paphiri.
Cranes amakhala ochezeka. Amakonda kukhala m'magulu akulu, amagawana gawo lomwelo kugona, kudya ndikukhala. Ngakhale nthawi yakusamukira kumadera otentha, amakhalabe limodzi.
Crane ndi nyama yochenjera ndipo munthu wakunja akafika pafupi ndi mita 300, mbalameyo imathawa. Amathanso kuzindikira kusintha kwa malo okhala, chifukwa nthawi zambiri amakhala muzisa zomwezo zamoyo wonse. Cranes amasamukira kumalo awo ozizira kudzera m'njira ziwiri: mbalame zochokera ku Finland ndi kumadzulo kwa Russia zimawulukira kumpoto kwa Africa kudzera ku Hungary. Cranes ochokera ku Scandinavia ndi Central Europe amasamukira ku France ndi Spain, nthawi zina ngakhale kumpoto kwa Africa. M'nyengo yozizira, yotentha, oimira ena amakhalabe ku Germany. M'gulu lakusamukira kumeneku, amatha kusiyanitsidwa ndimapangidwe awo amphako komanso kulira kwawo. Nthawi zina pakauluka, nyengo imalola mbalamezo kuima kwa milungu 2-3 kuti zipumule komanso kuti zisunge chakudya.
M'chilimwe, kwa milungu iwiri, ma cranes sangathe kuuluka, popeza panthawiyi nthenga zawo zimapangidwanso.
Kodi kireni imakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji
Crane wamba amakhala ndi moyo pafupifupi zaka 20. Mbalameyi imadziwika ndi kulengedwa kwa awiriwa moyo wonse. Nthawi yomweyo, pali umboni kuti crane wogwidwa m'malo opangira adakhala zaka 42. Mwachilengedwe, mwina sangafike msinkhu wokalamba chotere: ofufuza akuti mbalameyi imakhala zaka 25-30.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Kwenikweni, amuna ndi akazi mu cranes amasiyana kukula. Amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala akulu kuposa akazi, koma izi sizimawonekera m'mitundu yonse. Makanema amuna ndi akazi amtundu wa Siberia Crane samadziwika pakati pawo.
Mitundu yama cranes
Lero pali pafupifupi 340 zikwi zikwi. Koma ku Europe ma peyala 45,000 okha amaberekana, ndipo ku Germany ndi pafupifupi 3,000 zikwi. Pali mitundu pafupifupi 15 ya cranes. Amagawidwa pamagulu anayi. Komanso, ma cranes amagawika molingana ndi kukula kwake, pali atatu okha.
Gulu loyamba - lalikulu kwambiri limaphatikizapo Indian, Japan, American, Australia, komanso crane. Gulu No. 2 limagwirizanitsa nyama zapakatikati, pakati pawo: Canada Cranes, Siberia Cranes, Gray, Daurian, ndi Black-necked Cranes. Lachitatu limapangidwa ndi mbalame zazing'ono, lidagundidwa ndi paradiso, crane wakuda, ndi belladonna. Gulu lachitatu limaphatikizanso korona wovekedwa korona komanso wakum'mawa.
Crane waku Australia ndiye woimira wamtali kwambiri wa kireni. Ndi za mbalame zam'mimba, pomwe ambiri amakonda kudya zipatso za mbewu zina.
Achibale a Crane yaku Europe ndi Crane Crown, Crane-naped Crane ndi Crane Crown-Crane. Crane waku Canada amakhala ku North America ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Siberia, ndipo kaba wamawangayo amakhala ku Africa.
Crane yaku Japan ndi amodzi mwamitundu yosowa kwambiri, yolemera mpaka 9 kilogalamu. Ichi ndi chiwindi chachitali, chomwe chimatha kukhala m'ndende mpaka zaka 60. Crane yaku India sichitsalira m'mbuyo kukula kwake, mpaka kufika mpaka kulemera kwa 9 mpaka 12 kilogalamu.
Crane yaku America ndiye mbalame yosowa kwambiri pakati pa mitundu yonse 15, imakonda kukhazikika m'malo otseguka ndipo amatetezedwa mwamalamulo.
Chosiyanitsa ndi crane wamkulu wa tchalitchi ndi njira zake ziwiri zazitali zachikopa zomwe zimapezeka m'khosi. Ndiwo mabanja amtunduwu omwe amadziwika kwambiri chifukwa chokwatirana okha.
Chiwerengero chachiwiri chachikulu ndi crane imvi. Crane yoyera, kapena Siberia Siberia Crane, ndi nzika zaku India. Imasiyana ndi anzawo m'mapiko ake oyera ndi milomo yofiyira, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake okongola amthupi amawoneka okongola kwambiri.
Crane ya Daurian, yomwe imakhala kum'mawa kwa Asia, ikuwonekeranso kuti imadziwika. Thupi lake lotuwa limakongoletsedwa ndipo nthawi yomweyo limamalizidwa ndi mzere woyera womwe umayambira kumutu mpaka kumapiko, komanso kuzungulira kofiira kuzungulira maso. Miyendo ya mbalameyi ndi yaitali, yokutidwa ndi khungu la pinki.
Crane yaku Canada ndi yotchuka chifukwa cha thupi lake lalikulu, crane yamakosi akuda imadziwika ndi mtundu wake. Belladonna ndiye woyimira kakang'ono kwambiri ka cranes.
Crane ya paradiso ndimtundu wapakatikati. Ngakhale izi, ali ndi mutu komanso khosi lalikulu.
Crane korona ndiye wokongola kwambiri mwa mitundu yonse yodziwika. Mutu wake ndi wokongoletsedwa ndi chisoti chonyezimira cha nthenga. Kireti yovekedwa korona wakummawa imawoneka ngati iyo. Kusiyana kwawo makamaka kumayendedwe amakono.
Crane wakuda - makamaka amakhala mdera la Russia, mawonekedwe ake ndi korona wadazi pamutu pake.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Crane yaku Europe ndi ya kuchuluka kwa mbalame zosamuka, nthawi yophukira m'malo ena (Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Brandenburg) mpaka anthu masauzande ambiri amathawira kumalo ozizira, akusonkhana pakati pa Okutobala ku France, Spain kapena Africa. Cranes akasunthira kumwera, kulira kwawo kumamveka gulu lankhosa lisanawonekere kumwamba.
M'mbuyomu, mitundu ya cranes idagawidwa m'malo ambiri aku Europe. Pakadali pano, amapezeka ku Northern and Eastern Europe, komanso ku Russia ndi Eastern Siberia. Kumadzulo ndi kumwera kwa Europe, adasowa chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19. Zinyama zochepa zimapezekabe kum'mawa ndi kumpoto kwa Germany, apo ayi zimawonekera paulendo wopita ku Spain, kumwera kwa France ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa. M'chaka ndi nthawi yophukira, pafupifupi cranes 40,000 - 50,000 pano ndikuwonekeranso kumwamba ku Central Europe. Iwo omwe ali ndi mwayi amatha kuwawona m'malo opumulirako ndege kumpoto kwa Germany.
Cranes amafunika malo otseguka okhala ndi madambo ndi malo okhala kuti azitha kupeza chakudya. M'madera ozizira, amayang'ana malo okhala ndi minda ndi mitengo. Cranes amapezeka osati m'malo otsika okha, komanso m'mapiri - nthawi zina ngakhale kutalika kwamamita oposa 2 zikwi.
Zakudya za Crane
Cranes amatha kudya chakudya cha zomera ndi nyama. Maudzu akumunda, mbande, masamba ndi mizu ndi zakulawa kwawo. Cranes amadyanso nyemba, zipatso ndi chimanga. Pakati pa ana akukula, kufunika kwa mphutsi, nkhono ndi tizilombo tambiri kumawonjezeka.
Anapiye achichepere, kwenikweni, kuyambira tsiku loyamba la moyo, amadzifunira okha chakudya. Nthawi yomweyo, amalandiranso chakudya kuchokera kwa makolo awo. Zakudya za mwana crane zimakhala ndi ziwalo zobzala, chimanga, mbatata, nyongolotsi, tizilombo, nyama zazing'ono (monga mbewa) ndi nthanga zazing'ono.
Kubereka ndi ana
Masika, Crane wamwamuna amapikisana pakumvina kuti asangalatse mayi wosankhidwa. Amagwada, amatambasula thupi lake ndi khosi lake molunjika, amamenya mapiko ake kapena amalumpha. Kuvina kumatsagana ndi kuyimba kwapadera. Phokoso lofanana ndi lipenga la ma cranes limasiyanitsidwa mosadabwitsa ndipo ndi lovuta kusokoneza ndi kulira kwina kulikonse. Kulira moni kumamveka ngati "groovy, groovy." Koma nthawi yomweyo, ma cranes amathabe kulira ndi kulira. Kuimba kwa mbalameyi kumamveka nthawi zina.
Chakumapeto kwa Epulo kapena koyambirira kwa Meyi, yaikazi imayika mazira atatu azitona, ofiira ofiira kapena otuwa. Mtundu, kukula ndi mawonekedwe zimadalira mtundu wa kireni. Nthawi zambiri, pamakhala mazira awiri okha, koma mitundu ina imakhala mpaka mazira 9 nthawi imodzi. Chisa nthawi zambiri chimamangidwa pazilumba zazing'ono zazitali, madambo kapena madambo, ndipo zimakhala ndi mbewu.
Makolo onse awiri amasinthana kuswa mazira. Pambuyo pa masabata a 3-4, ana obiriwira ofiira, obiriwira amabadwa. Nthawi ya makulitsidwe imadaliranso mtundu wa kireni.
Anapiyewo amatha kuchoka pachisa pasanathe tsiku limodzi kuchokera pamene anabadwa. Poyamba, amalandira chakudya kuchokera kwa makolo awo, kenako amapita kukafufuza, limodzi nawo. Nthawi zambiri mayi amatsagana ndi mwana wankhuku mmodzi, ndipo bambo wachiwiri. Pambuyo pa masabata khumi, ma cranes akuluakulu amasiya nyumba zawo za makolo, ndipo adzakhala okonzekera kupanga ana okhaokha patadutsa zaka 7.
Adani achilengedwe
Makanema akuluakulu ali ndi adani ochepa achilengedwe. Komabe, nkhandwe, nguluwe zakutchire, chiwombankhanga, akhwangwala ndi chithaphwi zitha kukhala zowopsa kwa nyama zazing'ono komanso kuyikira mazira.
Ma cranes ambiri sawopsezedwa mwachindunji ndi anthu, koma ndi moyo wawo. Kupatula apo, munthu amachita nawo ntchito yolimbikitsa magombe amitsinje, kuumitsa ndikunyowetsa madambo, mitsinje ndipo, motero, akuwononga moyo wa cranes, kuwononga malo ogona komanso malo oswana.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Mwa anthu omwe amasamukira m'dzinja, pali ana ochepa komanso ocheperako. Akatswiri ali ndi nkhawa ndi izi. Izi zili choncho chifukwa chamadzi osefukira, chifukwa zokolola m'minda yopanda zipatso zimasiyitsa mitundu ina ya zikondamoyo zopanda chakudya. Kuphatikiza apo, zisa zambiri zokhala ndi ndata kapena makanda obadwa kumene zimawonongedwa ndi zolusa.
Pakadali pano, mitundu 7 mwa mitundu 15 ili pangozi ndipo yatetezedwa ndi malamulo amchigawo chomwe akukhalamo. Mitundu ina 2 ili pafupi kutsiriza mndandandawu. Chifukwa chachikulu cha izi ndikuumitsa madambo ndi madzi ena, omwe amawoneka ngati malo achilengedwe a cranes. Mbalamezi ndizoletsedwa kusaka, ngakhale izi sizosangalatsa alimi ambiri azolimo, omwe mbewu zawo zimadya crane.
Magulu odzifunira amapangidwa padziko lonse lapansi kuti athandize oyang'anira nazale kukonzekera chakudya, komanso kugwira ntchito zapakhomo.
