Capybara - makoswe akuluakulu amakono am'madzi amakono kwambiri. Mitundu ya capybaras imakhudza ambiri ku South America. Kumadzulo kuli kochepa ndi mapiri a Andes, kum'mwera kumakafika kuchigawo chapakati cha Argentina. Mabeseni a mitsinje ya Orinoco, La Plata ndi Amazon ndiye malo okhala capybaras.
Dzinalo la nyamayo, ndi zolakwika zina kuchokera ku Amwenye aku South America, adatengera a Chipwitikizi. M'mawu awo, zidamveka ngati capivara. Anthu aku Spain adasintha dzinali kukhala capibara. Momwemonso, dzinali limapezeka m'zilankhulo zazikulu zadziko lapansi. Maonekedwe ndi kupezeka kwake m'madzi zidapatsa capybara dzina lachiwiri - capybara.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Kwa mbewa, kukula kwake kwa nyama ndi kodabwitsa. Kutalika kuchokera pansi mpaka kufota mwa amuna akuluakulu kumafika masentimita 60. Kulemera munthawi yodyetsedwa bwino kumafika 60-63 kg. Akazi ali pafupifupi 5% okulirapo kuposa amuna. Zigawo zoterezi ndizofanana ndi ma capybaras omwe amakhala mdera la equator.
A capybara omwe agwidwa ku Brazil afika pamlingo wokulirapo. Kulemera kwake kunali 91 kg. Mwamuna wamkulu kwambiri adapezeka ku Uruguay. Adakoka 73 kg. Capybaras okhala ku Central America kapena kumalire akumwera kwamtunduwu nthawi zambiri amakhala opepuka 10-15% komanso ochepera kuposa miyezo.
Capybara — nyama wachisomo pang'ono. Mofanana, thupi limafanana ndi wachibale wake wakutali - nkhumba. Thupi lofanana ndi mbiya. Khosi lalifupi lakuthwa limathandizira mutu waukulu womwe umathera pakamwa kambiri. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono, maso ang'onoang'ono okwera, mphuno zotalikirana kwambiri ndi milomo yotukuka kwambiri - zonsezi zimapangitsa mutu kukhala wowoneka bwino.
Nsagwada zili ndi mano 20. Ma incisors ndi otakata ndikutuluka kwakunja kwakutali. Enamel pa incisors imagawidwa kuti ikhale yolimba nthawi zonse. Capybaras ndi makoswe odyetserako ziweto, chifukwa chake katundu wamkulu pakupera chakudya amagwera pamano a tsaya. Amakula munyama moyo wake wonse.
Thupi lolemera la capybara limakhala pamiyendo yochepa. Miyendo yakutsogolo ndi zala zinayi. Kumbuyo - zala zitatu zokha. Nthiti yosambira yapakati imathandizira kuti nyama iziyenda m'madzi. Thupi limatha ndi mchira waufupi. Thupi lonse limakutidwa ndi tsitsi lolondera lolimba, palibe chovala chamkati muubweya wa nyama.
Mitundu
M'zaka zapitazi, capybara mu gulu lachilengedwe adapanga banja lake. Tsopano ndi membala wa banja la Caviidae. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zizigwirizana ndi nkhumba zazinyama, zokhala ndi nyama zotchedwa kui, maras, moco ndi mbewa zina zazikulu zakunja. Capybaras amapanga gulu loyima palokha lokhala ndi dzina loti "capybara" kapena Hydrochoerus. Mtundu wa capybara umaphatikizapo mitundu iwiri ya zamoyo:
- Capybara ndi mitundu yosankha. Ili ndi dzina lasayansi la Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris. Maina ena amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri: wamba capybara, capybara wamkulu.
- Kapepala kakang'ono. Nyama iyi idadziwika ngati mtundu wina mu 1980. Izi zisanachitike, amakhulupirira kuti Hydrochoerus isthmius, monga amatchedwa asayansi, ndi subspecies ya capybara wamba.
Mtundu wa capybara, wotsimikizira komwe adachokera, umaphatikizapo mtundu womwe udasowa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri zapitazo - Hydrochoerus gaylordi. Mu 1991, zotsalira za nyama iyi zidapezeka ku Grenada. Mbiri yakale ya capybara idakhala kumapeto kwa Cenozoic. Izi zidapangidwa ndi gulu la akatswiri aku paleontologist aku America omwe adapeza, kufotokozera ndikusintha zomwe zapezazo.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Capybaras ndi nyama zoweta. Amapanga magulu, omwe amaphatikizapo amuna 3-5, akazi 4-7 ndi nyama zazing'ono. Ubale wamagulu ndi wovuta. Amuna amalamulira, pomwe mtsogoleri wowonekera amadziwika. Chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa mtsogoleri m'modzi, amuna samatsutsana pang'ono. Wamwamuna, yemwe amatenga gawo lalikulu, koma osakhoza kupambana kapena kuteteza, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi moyo wosakhalitsa ndipo amakhala mosiyana ndi gulu.
Zomveka zimakhala ngati njira yolumikizirana ndi kuwongolera. Koma palibe ambiri mwa iwo mu nkhokwe ya makoswe. Chizindikiro chachikulu chili ngati galu akuwa. Zimathandizira kuwopseza adani ndikukhazika mtima pansi anthu amtundu wina opulupudza. Fungo ndilofunika kwambiri. Zomwe zili mmauthenga amfungo mwa amuna ndizofunsira kukhala ndi gawo lawo. Mkazi amalankhula zakufunitsitsa kwake kupitiliza mpikisanowu mothandizidwa ndi fungo.
Ziphuphu zomwe zimakhala pamphuno ndi pansi pa mchira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zonunkhira. Zilonda za mchira (kumatako) zimazunguliridwa ndi tsitsi lomwe limagwa mosavuta likakhudza. Amuna amasiya tsitsi ili paudzu ndi tchire, amatulutsa fungo kwa nthawi yayitali, tanthauzo lake limadziwika ndi ma capybaras ena.
Capybara amakhala m'maiko onse aku South America kupatula Chile. Magulu a capybaras ndi nyama zokhazokha zimadya m'nkhalango zowirira pafupi ndi matupi amadzi. Capybaras ngati madambo, nyanja zotsika ndi mitsinje. M'nyengo yamvula, ma capybaras amakula m'malo amadzi osefukira. Capybara pachithunzichi nthawi zambiri amadziyimira ataimirira m'madzi.
Nthawi zambiri banja la capybara limakhala ndi mahekitala 10 kapena kupitilira apo. M'nyengo yamvula, ndikamakolola kwambiri udzu, malo amalo amatha kuchepa. Ndi kuyamba kwa chilala, mitsinje imakhala yosaya, izi zimawakakamiza kuti asamukire m'malo owuma amadzi. Mpikisano wamadzi ndi chakudya ukukulira. Koma capybaras samenya nkhondo, koma imapanga gulu lalikulu (mitu 100-200), yomwe imayang'aniridwa ndi gulu la amuna.
Mabanja a capybaras pofunafuna chakudya, madzi ndi chitetezo nthawi zambiri amayendayenda m'minda, m'madoko ndipo amakhala mosangalala pafupi ndi malo odyetserako ziweto. Capybaras adapeza malo okhala ku Florida ndi California. Komwe ziweto zakale, koma nyama zopulumuka zidayamba kupanga anthu aku North America.
Gulu ndi capybaras zokhazokha zimakhala m'malo omwe nyama zolusa zimachuluka. M'nkhalango, ma capybaras amatha kutenga kambuku kuti adye nkhomaliro, m'madzi awo, ng'ona kapena anaconda amatha kulimbana ndi capybara, ndipo ziwombankhanga ndi akabawi zimaukira ana ang'ono ndi nyama zazikulu zakumwamba. Atapanikizika kwambiri ndi olusa, ma capybaras amatha kusintha moyo wawo: amatha kupumula masana masana, amadyetsa usiku.
Zakudya zabwino
Zomera zam'madzi ndi chakudya chachikulu cha capybaras. Amadya magawo okoma a zomera: tubers, masamba, mababu. Capybaras imathira pamadzi makamaka masamba obiriwira. Amatha kukhala mphindi zisanu pansi pamadzi.
Capybaras amakonda kusankha pazakudya zawo. Pakakhala chakudya chamadzimadzi chamtundu uliwonse, ena samanyalanyazidwa. Ngakhale kusankha zakudya zokoma kwambiri ngati chakudya, ndizovuta kugaya. Kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya am'mimba omwe amawononga fiber, ma capybaras amadya ndowe zawo.
Njira yobwezeretsanso zomera zam'mimba, zomwe zimathandiza kugaya zobiriwira, zimatchedwa autocoprophagia. Kuphatikiza apo, ma capybaras nthawi zambiri amakhala ngati zoweta. Amabwezeretsanso chakudya chomwe chamezedwa kale n'kumatafunanso. Njira ziwirizi zimakupatsani mwayi wopeza kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni ndi mavitamini kuchokera amadyera.
Monga zitsamba zilizonse, capybaras imawononga kubzala nzimbe, chimanga, ndi chimanga china, ndipo imatha kuwononga kubzala kwa mavwende. Alimi sakonda izi kwambiri, ndipo ma capybaras, monga tizirombo, nthawi zambiri amaponyedwa. Kuphatikiza pa anthu, pafupifupi zilombo zilizonse zitha kuukira capybara.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Kubereka kwa capybaras sikungokhala munthawi ina iliyonse. Mkazi amakhala wokonzeka nthawi iliyonse pachaka. Koma pali nsonga za kubadwa kwa ana a nkhumba. Kum'mwera kwa mapiri, ku Venezuela, ana ambiri a nkhumba amapezeka masika. Ku equatorial Brazil, nthawi yogwira yobereka imachitika mu Okutobala-Novembala.
Wachikazi amafotokoza zakukonzekera kutenga pakati, ndikusiya kununkhiza. Kuphatikiza apo, machitidwe ake akusintha. Amayamba kupanga mawu apadera - kuimba mluzu ndi mphuno. Yaimuna yamphongo nthawi yomweyo imazungulira yaikazi ndikuyang'ana ndikuyesera kuti amuna ena asayandikire. Palibe masewera olimbana mwankhanza, nkhondo zamagazi zakufunika kokhala nazo. Mwina chifukwa mkaziyo ali ndi ufulu wosankha.
Kugonana kwa Capybaras m'madzi. Kukhala padziwe, ndikosavuta kuti mkazi apewe chibwenzi cha mnzake yemwe sakufuna kumulandira. Amamira kwathunthu, kumira, kapena kutuluka m'madzi. Zochita zina za njondayo sizingatheke. Wamphongo wamkulu kwambiri atha kubwereranso kuchokera ku capybara, koma kupambana kwa amuna ena si zero.
Amuna ang'onoang'ono ang'onoang'ono amaphimba akazi ochulukirapo kuposa m'modzi wamkulu. Kuphatikiza apo, ma capybara amphaka amphongo amakhala nthawi yayitali, yayitali kuposa mbewa ina iliyonse. Izi ziwirizi zimafananitsa mwayi wokhala kholo pakati pa amuna akuluakulu komanso ocheperako.
Mimba ya capybara imatenga masiku 130-150. Pobereka ana, nyumba sizimangidwa, mabowo samakumba. Ana a nkhumba amabadwira muudzu, patali ndi gulu lalikulu. Ana amapangidwa mokwanira, okutidwa ndi ubweya wa ana, ndipo amatha kuyenda mosadalira.
Capybara imatulutsa nkhumba 1 mpaka 8. Nthawi zambiri ana anayi amabadwa. Ana olimba kwambiri komanso akulu kwambiri amabadwa kuti akule msinkhu, odziwa zambiri, koma osati akazi okalamba. Kuphatikiza apo, kupezeka komanso chakudya chamagulu azimayi omwe ali ndi pakati kumakhudza mtundu wa ana.
Ana a nkhumba atabadwa ndi kunyambita mayi awo mofulumira amayimirira. Pakatha pafupifupi ola limodzi, mayi yemwe wabereka, limodzi ndi anawo, alowa nawo gulu lalikulu. Tinyama tating'ono ta mibadwo yosiyana timapanga gulu limodzi, gulu lakutali lomwe limatetezedwa ndi mamembala onse.
Ali ndi zaka zitatu zakubadwa, zakudya zobiriwira zimawonjezeredwa mkaka wa mayi. Masabata 16 atabadwa, mkazi amayesa nyama zomwe zakula kuchokera mkaka wake. Popanda kuyembekezera kutha kudyetsa ana, capybara imatha kuyambitsa njira yatsopano yoberekera. Kwa chaka, wamkulu wamkazi amatha kubweretsa 2, ndipo nthawi zina 3 litters.
Capybara ku zoo kapena kukhala pakhomo zaka 11, nthawi zina zaka 12. M'chilengedwe, zikope za mbewa zam'madzi ndizocheperako zaka 2-3. Koma ngakhale izi sizikhala zazitali kwambiri sizimachitika kwenikweni. Ndi ochepa okha omwe amapulumuka mpaka kukalamba. Poganizira zochita za zolusa, moyo wautali ndi zaka 3-4.
Zolemba kunyumba
M'mayiko ena ku Brazil, nyama ya capybara imadziwika kuti ndi yodyedwa, kuwonjezera apo, Tchalitchi cha Katolika sichitsutsa kugwiritsa ntchito mnofu wa capybara nthawi yopuma komanso ngakhale Sabata Lopatulika. Izi zidapangitsa kuti capybara amasungidwa ngati ziweto.
Kuswana kwawo m'mafamu kumasiyana pang'ono ndi kusamalira zinyama zina. Capybaras safuna mawonekedwe apadera kapena zochitika zapadera. Ndikokwanira kumanga kakhola ka malo okwanira m'malo athaphwi. Cholembera chikamakulirakulira, pamafunika masamba obiriwira ochepera kunja.
Capybaras, nthawi zambiri, amayandikira malo okhala mwa iwo okha. M'malo mwake, adakhala nyama zofananira. Amakhazikitsidwa ndi mabanja athunthu kumapaki ndi madera akumidzi. Kuti capybara ndi munthu khalani moyo pafupi. Capybaras samapewa chidwi cha anthu, m'malo mwake, amayesa kupempha chakudya.
Maonekedwe achilendo, mawonekedwe odekha adatsogolera capybara kunyumba ya anthu. Kumbali yofewa polumikizana, kufunitsitsa kulumikizana ndi anthu, ma capybaras ali patsogolo pa ziweto zambiri. Kukula, kulemera, njala yabwino imachepetsa kuthekera kosunga makoswe m'nyumba yanyumba.
Eni nyumba zazing'ono zokhala ndi chiwembu chachikulu pafupi ndi nyumbayi apeza capybara. Nyama sizifunikira malo okhala okha, zimafunikira madzi - madzi osadziwika kapena opangira madzi. Capybaras amatha kukhala okha, koma amayamba kutopa, chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuti musakhale nayo, koma nyama zingapo nthawi imodzi.
Kuti mukhale ndi moyo wabwino wa capybara, m'pofunika kumanga mlengalenga. Mukamakhala munjira yapakatikati, momwe kumazizira, kuzizira kwakutali, chipinda chofunda chiyenera kumangidwa mnyumba ya ndege. Nyumba yachisanu ya capybaras iyenera kukhala ndi dziwe lotenthedwa.
Pali mavuto ochepa pazakudya zanyama. Zamasamba ndi zipatso zimaphatikizidwa ndi tirigu ndi udzu - chisakanizo chimapezeka chomwe chimadyedwa mosangalala ndi capybaras. Muyenera kuyesa kuchuluka kwama chakudya. Chilichonse chomwe chimaperekedwa kwa chinyama chiyenera kuyamwa masana. Gawo lomwe silidye limachotsedwa, zakudya zimachepetsedwa.
Mtengo
Makoswe akuluakuluwa amagulidwa ndi eni nyumba zazing'ono zomwe akufuna kukhala ndi nyama yachilendo, kapena eni malo osungira nyama. Sizachilendo pa intaneti kutsatsa zomwe zikugulitsidwa alireza, mtengo itha kufikira 100 zikwi za ruble kapena kupitilira apo.
Musanagule chiweto, onetsetsani kuti pali veterinarian wodziwa zambiri ndi makoswe achilendo omwe angafikire. Capybaras imatha kubweretsa chisangalalo, komanso kugawana matenda kapena tiziromboti ndi munthu.
Kuphatikiza pa mtengo wazithandizo zanyama, muyenera kuwerengera ndalama zomangira mpandawo ndi dziwe. Pakumanga, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti capybara kwawo Ndi chinyama cha thermophilic. Mavuto ang'onoang'ono azachuma adzayamba pokonza zakudya za capybara - zakudya zake ndizosavuta komanso zotsika mtengo.
Zosangalatsa
M'zaka za zana la 16 (malinga ndi zomwe zinalembedwa m'zaka za zana la 17) atsogoleri achipembedzo aku Venezuela adatumiza kalata ku Vatican. Mmenemo, adafotokoza kuti nyamayo imagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayitali m'madzi. Adafunsa kuti afotokozere ngati nyama ya munthu wokhala m'madzi amatha kudyedwa masiku ofulumira.
M'kalata yoyankha, utsogoleri wa tchalitchi, mosangalatsa anthu okhala ku Venezuela, adalola nyama ya capybara kudyedwa chaka chonse, kuphatikiza nthawi zosala, nsomba zikaloledwa. Kuphatikiza pa capybara, mndandanda wazinyama zomwe zitha kuonedwa ngati nsomba zikuphatikiza ma beavers, akamba am'madzi, iguana ndi ma muskrats.
Capybaras amadzisiyanitsa okha osati mwachipembedzo, komanso kuchipatala. Mwinanso, posachedwa adzathandizira kulimbana ndi matenda a chotupa. Zonsezi zinayamba ndi chododometsa, chomwe chimangotengera lingaliro losavuta.
Kukula kwa chinyama, kumachulukanso maselo mthupi lake. Aliyense akhoza kuyamba kugawana mosalamulirika, ndiko kuti, khansa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kuthekera kwa chotupa m'thupi lalikulu lomwe lili ndimaselo ambiri ndikokwera kuposa thupi laling'ono.
Mwakuchita, ubalewu suwonedwa. Njovu sizingathe kudwala khansa kuposa mbewa, ndipo anamgumi samadwala kuposa anthu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pali kuwongolera ma cell omwe ali ndi DNA yolakwika. Chodabwitsachi chimatchedwa Peto paradox, pambuyo pa dokotala wachingerezi yemwe adayambitsa kutsutsana.
Njira yapadera yamajini yapezeka pakadali pano mu capybaras. Makanda capybara ali ndi chitetezo cha mthupi chomwe chimazindikira ndikuwononga maselo omwe akuyesera kukhala ndi khansa ndipo ayamba kugawanika mosalamulirika. Capybaras, makamaka ukalamba, amadwala khansa. Koma nthawi zambiri, matendawa amatha nthawi yoyamba.
