Kupeza mitundu yosayembekezereka yanyama kungakhale kosangalatsa komanso kothandiza. Osati zolengedwa zachilendo kapena zosintha zomwe timachita mantha nazo pa intaneti komanso pa TV. Ndipo ndizosowa komanso zomwe zilipo, zosadziwika kwa ife mpaka pano. Ku Crimea, pafupi ndi Simferopol, kuli Naples Scythian Historical and Archaeological Reserve.
Pomwe mzinda wakalewu unali likulu la dziko lakale la Asikuti. M'dera lovuta ili pali mapanga, manda ndi maliro. Mmodzi mwa ma crypts awa, nambala 9, pali chithunzi chojambulidwa pakhoma "Malo osakira nguluwe". Kwa zaka zambiri, anthu masauzande ambiri adayang'ana chithunzichi ndipo sanawone kuti sichinali nguluwe yakuthengo yomwe idakokedwa pamenepo.
Ili kuti mphuno yosongoka yomwe ili ndi chigamba chachikulu, makutu ogwa, mutu waukulu, miyendo yaifupi? Ambiri mwina, alendo ambiri wolungamitsa fano ngati unprofessionalism wa wojambula wakale. Komabe, adalemba mwatsatanetsatane chitseko chotambalala, ngati nkhandwe, makutu amfupi owongoka, miyendo yayitali kwambiri.
Chithunzicho chikuwoneka ngati choseketsa pang'ono kapena nthabwala za waluso. Koma zonse zimachitika ngati mutsegula dikishonale ya Vladimir Dal ndikupeza kufotokoza kwa nyamayo "babusa". Imafanana ndendende ndi chithunzi cha nguluwe kuchokera ku crypt no. 9.
Pa nthawi ya Dahl, kapena zomveka bwino, m'zaka zoyambirira za 19th century, cholengedwa chachilendochi chimakhalabe ku East India. Tsopano palibe. Koma amatha kuwona pachilumba cha Celebes (Sulawesi) ku Indonesia.
Amatchedwa nkhumba babirussa (Babyroussa babyrussa), kapena mphalapala ya nkhumba, umu ndi momwe mawu oti "babirussa" angamasuliridwe kuchokera mchilankhulo chaku Malawi. Nkhumba iyi idakhala ndi dzina lofananira chifukwa cha mawonekedwe apadera a zitini zomwe zimakula kuchokera pachibwano chapamwamba.
Komanso chifukwa cha kutha kwake komanso zokonda zake. Ku Indonesia, dzinali limalembedwa ndi chilembo chimodzi "c" (babirusa). Malinga ndi mtunduwo, cholengedwa ichi ndi cha artiodactyl non-ruminants ndipo ndi gawo la banja la nkhumba.
ZOKHUDZAmalemba ndi mawonekedwe
Kukula kwa babirussa Titha kutchedwa kuti average. Kutalika komwe kumafota ndi gawo lofala la ma tetrapods - limafikira masentimita 80, thupi limakhala pafupifupi mita imodzi. Nkhumba imalemera pafupifupi 80 kg. Ndipo zachidziwikire, monga nkhumba zonse, chachikazi ndichochepera kukula kwa champhongo.
Koyamba, imatha kulakwitsa kuti nkhumba, ngakhale itatambasula. Thupi lalikulu lolimba, chigamba pamphuno, ndipo nthawi zina amakunjenjemera. Komabe, poyang'anitsitsa, pali kusiyana kwakukulu komwe kumachitika. Mutu polumikizana ndi thupi ndi wocheperako chifukwa cha nkhumba. Makutu nawonso ndi ang'ono, kwambiri ngati makutu a mvuu.
Nsagwada ndizotambalala patsogolo, pali cholumikizira kumlomo kutsogolo, koma ndichaching'ono kwambiri kuposa momwe timazolowera nkhumba wamba. Pafupifupi tsitsi lililonse pakhungu, mwina mwa mitundu yodziwika bwino ya "Sulaway". Mitengo yocheperako yomwe imawoneka ndi yakuda.
Khungu lenilenilo limakhala lofiirira kapena lofiirira-lofiirira mu mtundu, wamakwinya kwambiri, ndipo mosiyana ndi nkhumba zina, ndizofooka kwambiri. Agalu osaka am'deralo amaluma mwa iwo mosavuta. Miyendo ndi yayitali komanso yopyapyala. Ndipo chodabwitsa kwambiri chakunja ndikuti ali ndi mano anayi. Awiri pachibwano chakumunsi, awiri kumtunda.
Amuna amaonekera makamaka munjira imeneyi. Amakhalanso ndizitsulo zazing'ono zazikulu, ndipo zakumwambazi ndizodziwika bwino. Amadula khungu la nsagwada kumtunda mbali zonse ziwiri za mphuno ndikukula mmwamba, ndipo pamapeto pake amagwada, molunjika kumutu kwa nyama. Kuphatikiza apo, pama cleavers akale, amatha kumera pakhungu pamutu, ndikupanga mphete yotseka.
Ziphuphu zachilendozi zimafanana ndi nyanga, motero zimakankhira kupereka dzina la "nswala" kwa nyamayi. Amakula mpaka masentimita 26. Ngakhale, akunena kuti awona amuna achikulire omwe ali ndi mayini mpaka masentimita 40. Chifukwa chomwe babirussi amafunikira zida izi ndizovuta kufotokoza. Koyamba, zilibe ntchito kwenikweni kwa chinyama, chifukwa chimagwiritsa ntchito mayini ake apansi pazinthu zonse - podziteteza komanso kufunafuna chakudya chokha.
Mwina ichi ndi chikhalidwe chachiwiri chogonana, tsopano chokhumudwitsa komanso chosokoneza. Akazi "amamasulidwa" pamtolo wachilendowu. Iwo apanga kokha ma incisors apansi. Ndizovuta kufotokoza momwe amawonekera babirussa pachithunzichi... Mwina pang'ono ngati caricature ya nkhumba zakutchire, zomwe mwadzidzidzi zakula mano awiri. Koma m'malo mwake - ndi mtundu wina, ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi nyama zina zonse.
Mitundu
Nkhumba, mosiyana ndi mabanja awo, zimangotchedwa ndi dzina lokokomeza kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, ndichizolowezi kuwalekanitsa kukhala gulu lawo lapadera la taxonomic (fuko) - gawo losintha pakati pa banja ndi mtundu, komwe amakhala amodzi.
Tiyenera kuvomereza kuti sanaphunzire kwathunthu, koma mwapamwamba. Asayansi apereka mitundu iwiri yokhudza misonkho yamtunduwu - ena amati ndiomwe akuyimira mtunduwo, ena amasiyanitsa mitundu 4 yamtunduwu.
Malingaliro oterowo amachokera pakusiyana kwa kukula, kapangidwe ka chigaza ndi mano, mawonekedwe a chikhoticho komanso kusiyanasiyana kwakuthupi. Pofuna kuti tisalandire madandaulo kuchokera kwa onse awiri, timavomereza kuti babirusa ali ndi mitundu 4 ya morphological, kapena mitundu 4 (ngati tigwiritsa ntchito mawu oti anthu).
- Babyrousa celebensis - babirussa Sulaway kapena celebesskaya. Nthumwi iyi ilibe tsitsi konse ndipo amakhala pafupifupi m'chigawo chonse cha chilumba cha Celebes, kupatula kumwera.
- Babyrousa babyrussa - mawonekedwe wamba (wamba) okhala pazilumba za Buru ndi Sulla. Kukhazikika pachilumba cha Buru, ndikuphatikiza magulu ang'onoang'ono awiri - wokhala ndi khungu lowala ndi mano ang'onoang'ono a canine (amatchedwa "nkhumba zoyera"), komanso ndi khungu lakuda ndi mayini akulu amphamvu. Gulu lomalizirali lidatchulidwa ndi Aborigine "nkhumba-nswala". Tsitsi ndi lalitali komanso losalala, loyera, golide, kirimu komanso lakuda kwathunthu
- Bayous bolabatuensis - samasiyanitsidwa kwambiri padera kumwera kwa chilumba cha Celebes.
- Babyrousa togeanensis - nkhumba yochokera kuzilumba za Togo. Chovalacho ndi chachitali, chamdima chikasu, bulauni kapena chakuda.
- Osati kale kwambiri, pafupifupi zaka mazana awiri zapitazo, panali mtundu wina wa babiruss (Sus alireza). Anakumana ku East India.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Babirusa amakhala kuzilumba zingapo zaku Indonesia, makamaka Sulawesi (Celebes). Ngakhale alipo kale ocheperako kuposa kale, pomwe adakhala pachilumba chonsecho. Tsopano amatha kuwonekera kumpoto chakachilumbachi, kudera lina lomwe amakumana nalo nthawi ndi nthawi.
Komanso, anthu ochepa amapezeka pazilumba zina zapafupi. Mwa iwo, ndikofunikira kudziwa omwe amakhala pachilumba cha Buru. Amasiyana ndi wina aliyense pazokonda zake. Koma zambiri pambuyo pake. Posachedwa, kuchuluka kwa ma giltswa kwatsika kwambiri, ndikupitilizabe kuchepa.
Choyamba, izi ndichifukwa chakuphwanya malo achilengedwe a babirussa - kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, kuwononga chilengedwe. Ngakhale kuti nyamayo idaphatikizidwa kale mu IUCN Red Book ngati yosatetezeka, imasakidwabe ndi anthu aku Aborigine ndi osaka nyama. Makamaka chifukwa cha nyama yowonda ndi mano.
Babirussa amapezeka kuzilumba za Indonesia
Kupatula apo, khungu lake, monga tidanenera, ndi lofooka, ndipo silikuyimira phindu lalikulu. Malinga ndi zomwe zaposachedwa, palibe oposa 4,000 a iwo kuthengo. Pa a Celebes, akuyesera kupanga malo otetezera m'malo okhala nyamayi. Komabe, njirayi ikuyenda pang'onopang'ono chifukwa chakusowa kwa ndalama komanso kupezeka kwa malo okhala.
Mwinanso, funso lachilengedwe la babirussa wamtchire lingachitike posachedwa. Ndizongolimbikitsa pang'ono kuti amapulumuka bwino kumalo osungira nyama, ngakhale amatha kuberekana. Ngati mungachite bwino kwambiri kuswana, mutha kusintha zinthu pang'ono, ngakhale pang'ono pang'ono.
Momwe amakhalira, pokhala m'malo obadwira komanso omasuka, sizinafufuzidwe pang'ono. Ndizovuta kwambiri kufika kumalo awo. Amasankha nkhalango zonyowa ndi dothi lonyowoka ndi mabedi. Pazilumba zazing'ono, nthawi zambiri amapezeka pafupi ndi nyanja.
Nyama zochokera pachilumba cha Buru nthawi zambiri zimakonda kukwera mapiri pang'ono, pomwe pali malo amiyala, malo am'chipululu amiyala. Amagona pamiyala yosalala ndikupumula padzuwa. Amatha kupezeka m'modzi kapena m'magulu onse, koma m'magulu.
Gulu likuyimira akazi angapo ndi ana awo. Kawirikawiri chiwerengero cha anthu a m'banja ndi osapitirira 13-15 anthu. Amuna nthawi zambiri amasiyanitsidwa. Makamaka kulumidwa akale, omwe, mwachiwonekere chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chawo choyipa, nthawi zambiri amakhala okha. Mawonekedwe athunthu amatha kuwonjezeredwa powayang'ana kumalo osungira nyama.
Ngati pali mwayi wowonera osati munthu m'modzi, koma banja kapena gulu la nkhosa, mutha kumva momwe "amalankhulira" nthawi zonse, kusinthana mawu osiyanasiyana. "Chilankhulo" cha babirussa ndi chofanana kwambiri ndi "chilankhulo" cha nkhumba zina - amathanso kulira, kudandaula, purr, ndi zina zambiri.
Chinanso chomwe zamoyozi zimasiyana kwambiri ndi nkhumba ndi momwe amasambira. Amakonda kusambira. Koma sakonda matope akuda, ngati nkhumba zapakhomo. Amakonda madzi oyera, oyera. M'nthawi yotentha ya tsiku, iwo mokhulupirika amamiza mmenemo ndi kugona mmenemo.
Kuphatikiza apo, babirussi amasambira bwino ndipo amatha kusambira kuwoloka osati mitsinje yayikulu yokha, koma ngakhale magombe ang'onoang'ono am'nyanja. Amasambiranso "nkhumba" wamba, koma osati matope, koma malo osambira mchenga. Mabedi a babirussa alibe zida zofewa zamasamba ndi udzu, amakonda kugona pansi.
Amasintha msanga ali mu ukapolo, amatha kuwerako. Amamva bwino, amangofunika kudyetsedwa makamaka zakudya zamasamba, osati chakudya wamba cha nkhumba. Ubwino wawo kuposa nkhumba zina:
- ali ndi chitetezo chamatenda ambiri owopsa nkhumba,
- kulekerera kutentha bwino,
- modekha anachita mkulu chinyezi.
Chifukwa cha mikhalidwe imeneyi, Aaborijini nthawi zambiri amawasunga m'nyumba. Komabe, sizofala kwambiri, popeza ali ndi mwana wocheperako.
Chiwerengero cha babiruss chikuchepa mwachangu chifukwa cha kupha nyama mosaloledwa komanso kusokonezedwa ndi malo okhala nyama
Zakudya zabwino
Babirusa nyama herbivore kumlingo wokulirapo. Titha kunena kuti imadya chimodzimodzi monga nswala. Ichi ndi china mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri komanso kusiyana pakati pa nkhumba wamba. Kupatula apo, amadziwika kuti nkhumba zoweta sizimatha kudyetsa udzu ndi masamba, zomwe zimakhala ndi ulusi. Sangathe kumangoyamwa.
Njira yodyera ya babirussa ili pafupi ndi yowotchera ndipo imagwiritsa ntchito fiber mosavuta. Samakumba pansi kuti akumbe mizu, koma amangotola zomwe zili pamtunda, komwe kumatchedwa msipu. Izi ndichifukwa choti alibe fupa pamphuno, mphuno ndiyofewa, ndipo ali ndi nthaka yokhayokha yokha.
Mwatsatanetsatane, mndandanda wazakudya zake umaphatikizapo mtedza, mizu, zitsamba, zipatso zilizonse. Imadyanso masamba achangu m'mitengo, ndipo imakonda mitundu ina yake. Komabe, amatha kudya zakudya zamapuloteni: nyongolotsi, tizilombo, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono. Koma ndizowonjezera "zosangalatsa" pazakudya zopangidwa ndi mbewu.
Nkhumba zokhazokha zomwe zimakhala pachilumba cha Buru nthawi zambiri zimabwera kunyanja pamafunde ochepa ndikunyamula zolengedwa zam'nyanja zomwe zatsala pamchenga. Nkhumba za pachilumbachi nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi chakudya chambiri komanso chotsika. Mukapuma madzi ambiri, mafunde sawapatsa mwayi wofunafuna chakudya m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Mafunde otsika amabwera - nthawi yakudya imayamba.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Amayamba kukhwima pakadutsa miyezi 10. Mkazi amatha kutalikirako masiku awiri kapena atatu pachaka, choncho yamphongo imayenera kufulumira kwambiri ndikamakwatirana. Ana amtsogolo amanyamulidwa ndi amayi kuyambira masiku 155 mpaka 158. Nkhumba izi zimakhala ndi zotupa ziwiri zokha, motero zimabereka ana awiri.
Kaŵirikaŵiri pali ana atatu, ndipo ngakhale apo mmodzi wa iwo nthawi zambiri samakhala ndi moyo. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, mu zinyalala imodzi, ana amakhala ogonana nthawi zonse. Nkhumba zazing'ono zilibe mikwingwirima mthupi, monga nkhumba zina. Nkhumba yaing'ono iliyonse imalemera pafupifupi 800 g ndipo ili pafupifupi masentimita 20 kukula.
Nkhumba zakutchire babirussa panthawi yodyetsa ana "amathamangira", amakhala wankhanza ndipo amakwiya kuteteza ana ake ku ngozi zomwe zingachitike. Amang'ung'udza moopsa ndikudina mano ngati galu. Kuiwala za kusamala, amatha kumenya ngakhale munthu ngati akuwoneka wowopsa kwa iye.
Kholo limadyetsa ana amkaka mkaka kwa mwezi umodzi, pambuyo pake amayamba kufunafuna chakudya paokha. Babirussa amatha kukhala zaka 24, koma izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala mu ukapolo; kuthengo, nthawi zambiri amatha kukhala ndi moyo wopitilira 10-12.
Zinyalala babirusa ndizochepa kwambiri, chinyama chimabweretsa mwana mmodzi kapena awiri
Zowopsa kwa anthu
Maonekedwe awo amatha kubweretsa lingaliro la kuwopsa kwa anthu. Inde, ngati simukudziwa mtundu wanji wa nyama, mutha kuyitenga ngati chilombo chowopsa chosadziwika, chomwe ndi chizolowezi chowopseza anthu. Komabe, zenizeni, zonse ndizosiyana. Ndi munthu yemwe ali wowopsa kwambiri kwa iwo. Nawonso amayesetsa kupewa kukumana naye.
Mwachilengedwe, pakhala pali ziwopsezo za nkhumba zakutchire pa anthu, koma sizowona kuti awa anali ma babirusas. Nkhumba izi zimatha kukhala pachiwopsezo china panthawi yodyetsa ndi kulera ana.
Kusaka Babirussa
Mukapita kuzilumba za Indonesia, mutha kupatsidwa nyama ya nkhumba ngati chinthu chachilendo m'misika yam'deralo. Ndipo si nkhumba zoweta zokha. Tsoka ilo, aborigine akupitilizabe kuwasaka ngakhale pano, ngakhale kuli kovuta. Sakuyimitsidwa ndikuchepa kwakukulu kwa ziweto zachilendozi.
Kusaka Babirusa amakonzekereratu, amayika maukonde ndi misampha panjira zomwe nkhumba zitha kuthamanga. Kenako, mothandizidwa ndi agalu, nkhumbazo zimawakweza mu zida zomwe zidakonzedweratu. Palinso misampha ikuluikulu, monga misampha ya dzenje, yomwe imakhazikika kwakanthawi. Njira zilizonse zosakira sizingatchulidwe zaumunthu, ndipo ngati nyama yatsala pang'ono kutha, kuyisaka ikufanana ndi mlandu.
Zosangalatsa
- Aborigines pachilumba cha Celebes ali ndi nthano zosiyana zokhudzana ndi babirussa. Mwachitsanzo, m'modzi mwa iwo akuyesera kufotokoza chifukwa chomwe nyama iyi imafunikira zida zachilendo. Monga ngati amamatira ku nthambizo, zimapachika, ndipo chimapumula mu limbo. Ndipotu palibe amene anaonapo nkhumbayi ikulendewera pamtengo.
- Pali lingaliro loti mwana wamwamuna wa babirusa amakhala kokha mpaka mano akumubaya pamutu, ndipo kuti achedwetse mphindi ino, amawongolera ndikuwaphwanya pamalo olimba.
- Pachilumba cha Buru, pazifukwa zina, alenje akumaloko ali otsimikiza kuti nkhumbayi iyenera kugwidwa ikamatsikira kuphiri. Monga kuti amangothamanga mwachangu, sangatsike, chifukwa ndimalo omwe thupi limakhala, ziwalo zamkati zimapindika m'mapapu ake ndipo sizimulola kuti apume.
- Chinanso chosangalatsa ndichakuti ndandanda wa tsiku la nkhumba iyi zimatengera magawo amwezi. Koma pankhaniyi, mwina, titha kungolankhula za nyama kuchokera ku Chilumba cha Buru. Ndiwo omwe amachitapo kanthu kukokoloka kwa nyanja, komwe, monga mukudziwa, kumalumikizidwa ndi Mwezi. Kupatula apo, chakudya chawo chimadalira, chomwe amapeza pagombe madzi atachoka.
- Owerenga mwachidwi komanso okonda ntchito za Jules Verne mwina adazindikira kutchulidwa kwa nyama iyi mu buku la "Makumi Awiri Makumi Pansi Panyanja." Pulofesa Pierre Aronax anali kusunga babirusa ndipo anali ndi nkhawa zakumusamalira atakhala kuti sanakhaleko kwanthawi yayitali.
- Ku Indonesia, mawonekedwe achilendo a babiruss amalimbikitsa anthu kuti apange zigoba za ziwanda, ndipo chinyama chomwecho chitha kukhala mphatso kwa alendo.
