"Mutha kuzindikira mbalame ndi nthenga zake komanso kuwuluka kwake." Mwambi wotchukawu umathandiza kwambiri mbalame zambiri. Tiyeni tiwonjezere apa kuti mbalame zili ndi mapiko, zili ndi miyendo ndi mulomo. Khalidwe lathu limasiyana ndi anthu ena ambiri ndi mulomo. Mapeto omaliza kapena Atlantic puffin, mtundu wa mbalame wochokera kubanja la auks of the Order Charadriiformes.
Kuchokera pachilankhulo chachilatini, dzina lake "Fratercula arctica" lingamasuliridwe kuti "arctic nun", lomwe limawonetsa mtundu wa nthenga ndi thupi lolimba. Mwa njira, thupi lonenepa ndi kusakhazikika komwe kunapangitsa kuti dzina lachingerezi la mbalameyi - "pulfin" - "munthu wonenepa".
Dzina lachi Russia "dead end" limachokera ku liwu loti "osalankhula" ndipo limalumikizidwa ndi mawonekedwe a gawo lowonekera kwambiri la mbalameyo, mulomo wake. Anthu ambiri amafunsa funso kuti: ndiyikeni mutuwo "mbalame yakufa kumapeto »kalankhulidwe? Kuti tipewe kusamvana kwina, timayankha nthawi yomweyo: kupsinjika kwa liwu loti "kufa kumapeto" kumayikidwa silika yoyamba, pa kalata U.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Mbalame ya Puffin wapakatikati, pafupi ndi bakha wamng'ono. Thupi limafika kutalika kwa masentimita 35, mapiko amatalika masentimita 50, ndipo limalemera pafupifupi theka la kilogalamu. Nthawi zambiri "anyamata" amakhala akulu kuposa "atsikana". Kujambula pamtundu wa "wakuda wakuda - woyera pansi", wopangidwa ndi zolengedwa zambiri zam'nyanja, pamwamba pamadzi ndi pansi pamadzi.
Mtundu uwu suwoneka wanzeru zokha, komanso wodzibisa kwambiri. Mwatsatanetsatane - kumbuyo, nape ndi kolala pakhosi ndi zakuda, masaya, bere, miyendo yakumtunda ndi mimba zoyera. Mawotchiwo ndi ofiira kapena a lalanje. Nthenga za achinyamata ndizofanana ndi za akulu, pamutu pawo alibe khungu lakuda, koma kapu yakuda, ndipo masaya awo ndi opepuka. Mapiko ndi milomo ndi zofiirira.
Ndipo tsopano zokongoletsa zazikulu za mbalame yokongola iyi, za mlomo wodabwitsa. Kuwoneka kuchokera pambali, imawoneka yamakona atatu, yolimba kwambiri mozungulira, ili ndi ma grooves angapo, ndipo ndikuthwa kumapeto. Mlomo uwu umasintha mtundu "nthawi yaukwati". Nthawi imeneyi, amawoneka owala kwambiri komanso owoneka bwino.
Mapeto ake amakhala ofiira, m'munsi mwake ndi imvi. Malo olowa m'malo amenewa, komanso lachiwiri, kumapeto kwa mlomo, ndi ofiira ndimu. Masaya ake ndi otuwa pang'ono. Maso amawoneka obisika komanso achinyengo chifukwa chakuchepa kwawo ndi mawonekedwe amakona atatu, omwe amapangidwa ndi malire a mawonekedwe achikopa amtundu wakuda ndi ofiyira. Izi ndizomwe zimachitika panthawi yamasewera okwatirana.
Pamapeto pa nyengo yoswana, mbalameyo imasiya kuwala kosewerera. Pafupifupi nthawi imeneyi, molt amatsata, pomwe puffin samangotulutsa nthenga, komanso amasintha zokutira pakamwa. Nsonga imakhala yakuda, m'munsi mwake muli mdima wakuda.
Nthenga zotuwa zowala pamutu ndi m'khosi nazonso zimada. Ndipo mawonekedwe osiririka amakona atatu amaso amatha. Koma mawonekedwe a milomo yakufa amakhalabe otchuka. "Zowonjezera" izi zidapangitsa ngwazi yathu kutchuka komanso kuzindikira mosavuta. Kukula kwake kumasintha ndi zaka.
Mu mbalame zazing'ono, ndizocheperako. Mwa anthu okalamba, imakula, ndipo mizere yatsopano imawonekera pagawo lofiira. Kumapeto kwa chithunzi imawoneka ngati kanema wamakanema. Ndiwokongola, wowala, ali ndi "nkhope" yogwira komanso mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri pamiyendo yayifupi. Chithunzi chomalizidwa cha "avatar".
Mitundu
Banja la auks limaphatikizapo mitundu 10. Lyuriki, guillemot, auks, guillemots, fawn, amuna achikulire, Aleutian fawn, auklets, zipembere ndi ziphuphu zathu. Mbalame zonse zam'nyanja, zonse zimadya nsomba, zimakhala zakuda ndi zoyera, nthawi zina zoyandikira ndi imvi, zimajambula ndikukhala m'madzi akumpoto. Mwina chosangalatsa kwambiri ndi ma guillemots, auklets ndi ma guillemots.
- Maulendo - imaphatikizapo mitundu yolipira pang'ono komanso yolimba. Ili pafupi kukula kwa 39-48 cm ndipo imalemera pafupifupi 1 kg. Mwa banja lonse, ndiye oimira akulu atasowa auk wopanda mapiko. Mtunduwo ndi wosiyana, monga ma auk onse, mlomo nthawi zonse umakhala wakuda. Amakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja za Pacific ndi Pacific. Ku Russia, Sakhalin ndi zilumba za Kuril adasankhidwa. Mukakhala patali mutha kulakwitsa penguin, kokha ndi khosi lalitali.
- Ziwombankhanga - mamembala ang'ono kwambiri am'banja, kutalika kwa thupi mpaka masentimita 25. Pali ma auklets akuluakulu ndi ang'onoang'ono, komanso ana auklets ndi mimba yoyera. Mtunduwo sukusiyana, koma ndimayendedwe akuda. Kumbuyo kuli mdima, mimba ndi yopepuka. Amawoneka osangalatsa kwambiri munyengo yokhwima. Mlomo umakhala wowala wonyezimira kapena wofiira, tufts wakuda umawoneka pamwamba pake, ndipo nthenga zoyera za nthenga zimayenderera akachisi pambali pa maso. Poganizira kuti alinso ndi maso m'malire oyera, ngati mikanda, zonse zimawoneka zokongola limodzi. Amakhala m'madzi akumpoto kwa Pacific.
Ma Auklets amakhala ndi kukula kocheperako komanso mawonekedwe osangalatsa nthawi yakumasirana.
- Zolemba - mbalame zam'nyanja za kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi, zoperekedwa chofala chofala, pacific komanso chowoneka bwino... Avereji ya kukula kwake, mpaka masentimita 40 m'litali, mapiko otalika masentimita 60. Nthengazo ndi zakuda ngati malasha zokhala ndi mikwingwirima yoyera ndi mabala pamapiko. Kuphatikiza apo, maso amakhala osawoneka kumbuyo kwa mutu wakuda, kupatula chowotcha chowoneka bwino. Ali ndi mabwalo oyera mozungulira maso ake. Ma paw ndi ofiira kwambiri. M'nyengo yozizira, nsana umasanduka imvi pang'ono ndipo mimba imasanduka yoyera.
Ma puffins, kuwonjezera pa nthenga yathuyi, amaphatikizaponso nkhwangwa ndi Ipatka. Titha kunena kuti awa ndi abale ake apamtima kwambiri.
- Chipewa samawoneka oseketsa kuposa ngwazi yathu. Kukula kwake kuli pafupifupi 40 cm, kulemera kwa magalamu 600-800. Onse akuda, oyera okha masaya ndi kachasu. Kumbuyo kwake kuli timitengo ta nthenga za ocher. Mlomo ndi wamphamvu, wophwatalala mbali zonse, umakhala wofiira kwambiri m'nyengo yokwaikira. Ma paw ndi owala lalanje, afupiafupi. Zinyama zazing'ono zimakhala ndi miyendo imvi.
Wokhala ku Pacific, amakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku North America ndi Asia. Ndinasankha a Kuriles ndi Kamchatka kwa ife. Chimodzi mwazilumba za Kuril ridge, Toporkovy, ndi Toporkov Island kuchokera ku Gulu la Islands Islands adatchulidwa pomupatsa ulemu.
- Ipatka, kapena pacific zovuta, akuwoneka ngati mlongo wa akufa. Nthenga zomwezo, mawonekedwe a thupi, maso ang'onoang'ono amphongo atatu ndi mlomo womwewo. Kusiyana kokha kuli m'malo okhalamo, amakhala m'malire a kumpoto kwa Pacific.
Ipatka ili ndi nthenga zofanana ndi puffin
- Achibale awo apamtima amawaganiziranso chipembere, koma adasankhidwa mwa mtundu wina wapadera, womupatsa dzina. Dzinalo limatsimikizika ndikukula kwakuthwa pamlomo, komwe kumachitika nthawi yokomerana. Nthengazo zakuda kumbuyo, zofiirira-imvi m'mbali, mapiko ndi pakhosi, ndi ngale yokhala ndi imvi pamimba.
Mlomo ndi wautali ndi wandiweyani, wachikuda-bulauni wachikaso, wokhala ndi utoto wofiira. Anakhazikika kunyanja zakumpoto kwa Pacific Ocean. Ku Russia, amatha kuwona pazilumba zina za m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Pacific.
Mwachindunji mitundu ya malekezero akufa zikuyimiridwa ndi mitundu itatu, yomwe imasiyana mosiyana ndi kukula ndi dera:
- Fratecula arctica arctica - 15-17.5 masentimita kukula, mulomo wa mulomo ndi 4-5 cm masentimita, m'lifupi mwake ndi 3.5-4 cm.
- Fratecula arctica grabae - amakhala pazilumba za Faroe, thupi limangokhala 400 g, mapiko ake ndi pafupifupi 15.8 cm.
- Fratecula arctica naumanni... - atakhazikika kumpoto kwa Iceland, zolemera pafupifupi 650 g, mapiko a 17-18.5 cm masentimita, mulomo wa mulomo wa 5-5.5 cm, m'lifupi mwake m'munsi mwa 4-4.5 cm
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Mbalame ya Puffin imakhala m'nyanja ya Arctic komanso ku North Atlantic Ocean. Itha kutchedwa kuti mbalame yakunyanja yakumpoto. Madzi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Europe, North America ndi Arctic amagwera m'malo ake. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti iye sakonda m'mphepete mwa kumtunda, amasankha zilumba momasuka.
M'nyengo yozizira, nthawi zina imapezeka kumayiko akumwera, koma sikuti ndi mbalame zosamuka. Amakhala ngati mbalame yam'madzi. Ponena za kuchuluka kwa anthu, lalikulu kwambiri ku Western Hemisphere lalembedwa mu Witless Bay Ecological Reserve ku North America.
Puffins amawuluka bwino, amafunikira kuthekera kotere kuti athe kupeza chakudya
"Diaspara" iyi ili pafupifupi ma 250 zikwi ziwiri. Ndipo gulu lambiri kwambiri la mbalamezi padziko lapansi limakhala pagombe la Iceland. Pali owerengedwa pafupifupi 2/3 mwa malekezero onse okufa padziko lapansi. Titha kutchulanso magombe a Norway, Greenland ndi Newfoundland. Komanso magulu azilumba - Faroe, Shetland ndi Orkney.
Madera ang'onoang'ono amapezeka ku British Isles, Svalbard, Nova Scotia ndi Labrador peninsulas. Ku Russia, dera lalikulu kwambiri lili pazilumba za Ainovskiye pafupi ndi Murmansk. Kuphatikiza apo, amakhala ku Novaya Zemlya komanso kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Kola Peninsula ndi zilumba zoyandikana nazo.
Amakhala m'makumba omwe amakumba okha m'nyengo yoswana. Zimabisala m'nyanja ya Arctic, nthawi zina zimawoneka pamwamba pa Arctic Circle. Makamaka, amathera nthawi yawo yonse, kuwonjezera pa nyengo yokwanira, m'madzi akumpoto kwa nyanja.
Kuphatikiza apo, amakonda kukhala m'nyengo yozizira okha, nthawi zina amangosonkhana m'magulu. Pakadali pano, amatuluka molt. Amataya nthenga zonse nthawi imodzi, ngakhale nthenga, zotsalira kwa miyezi 1-2 osawuluka. Molting imagwa mu Januware-Marichi.
Awiri a puffin amatha kukhala limodzi kwa zaka zambiri
Pamtunda amakhala ovuta, ndipo amayenda mozungulira ngati amalinyero ang'onoang'ono. Ngakhale amayenda mokwanira, amathanso kuthamanga. Mphindi yosangalatsa ya kuthawa kwawo pamadzi. Zikuwoneka kuti mbalameyi siziuluka, koma imangoyenda molunjika pamwamba panyanja. Pochita izi, amagwiritsa ntchito mapiko ndi miyendo.
Mofulumira zala ndi zikhomo zake, imayenda kuchokera pamafunde kupita kwina. Kuchokera panja, zikuwoneka ngati nsomba yomwe ikusambira mwatheka, theka ikuuluka. Pakadali pano, mlomo, ngati uta wa ngalawa, umadula pamadzi. Puffin amathira pansi osachita chilichonse, malinga ndi zomwe awona, amatha kukhala pansi pamadzi kwa mphindi zitatu, mpaka kufika 70 mita kuya.
Asananyamuke m'madzi, zimawoneka kuti zimamwaza mafunde, ndikusunthira mwendo wawo pamtunda kwa masekondi angapo. Ndipo amakhala pansi mwamanyazi - kapena amagundagunda pamimba, kapena agwera pagulu lanyanja. Koma izi sizimawasokoneza, amakhalabe pamadzi, ndipo ngakhale m'maloto sasiya kuyenda ndi zikopa zawo. Kuthamanga kwawo kutha kwambiri - mpaka 80 km / h.
Amakhala m'magawo omwe ali m'mphepete mwa nyanja, omwe amatchedwa "madera mbalame". Kawirikawiri m'malo amenewa mumakhala chete, nthawi zina kumamveka kulira, kofanana ndi kuyasamula kwa munthu wogona. Ndipo akapsa mtima, amang'ung'udza ngati galu. Ndikumveka kumeneku, imatha kusiyananso ndi mbalame zina.
Amasamala kwambiri za nthenga zawo, amagawa mosabisa chinsinsi cha coccygeal gland. Izi zimathandizira kukhalabe ndi minyewa yoteteza madzi. Kupanda kutero, zikadakhala zovuta kwa iwo m'madzi oundana. Pakati pa Epulo, chisanu chikasungunuka, amabwerera ku "dziko lawo", kugombe komwe adabadwira
Zakudya zabwino
Chakudya chachikulu ndi nsomba. Hering'i, capelin, gerbils, nsomba zazing'ono zilizonse zitha kugwera m'matumbo. Amatsikira pambuyo pake, amaigwira m'madzi ndikudya pamenepo, osatulukanso. Nthawi zina nkhono zazing'ono ndi shrimp zimadyedwa. Amatha kugwira ngakhale nsomba yayikulu, koma amanyamula imeneyo kupita nayo pamwamba, pamenepo amamudula ndi mlomo wawo wamphamvu ndikudya modekha.
Makolo amagwiritsanso nsomba zing'onozing'ono pofuna anapiye. Amawakanikiza pachibwano chapamwamba ndi lilime lawo, kuwakankhira pamphepete mwakuthwa. Panthawi imodzi, zimatha kubweretsa nsomba zazing'ono 20 pachisa, modzipereka kulimbana ndi mafunde.
Nthawi zambiri mbalame yam'madzi ya puffin amatha kugwira nsomba zingapo nthawi imodzi m'madzi amodzi, ndikuzimata ndi mlomo wawo. Amayamwa mpaka zidutswa 40 patsiku. Kulemera konse kwa chakudya chomwe chimadyedwa patsiku ndi pafupifupi 200-300 g, pafupifupi theka la kulemera kwa mbalameyo.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Atabwerera kuchokera kuzizira, samayamba nthawi yomweyo kumanga zisa, koma kwakanthawi amasambira pafupi ndi gombe, kudikirira kuti nthaka isungunuke. Ndipo pokhapokha atayamba kumanga. Ngakhale samakonda kumanga, koma amakhala m'mabowo a chaka chatha, pomwe adabereka ana ndi omwewo.
Mapeto onse amayesera kufika msanga kuti athe kukhala pampando wabwino, makamaka chidwi chofuna kunyamuka. Ayenera kukhala ndi mwayi wosavuta kutsamba loyambitsa. Kuphatikiza apo, chitetezo chiyenera kuperekedwa motsutsana ndi omwe amasaka mazira, ma gulls ndi ma skuas.
Ntchito yomanga burrow yatsopano kapena kukonza yakale imachitika motere - mbalame imodzi imayang'anira, yachiwiri imagwira ntchito yokumba, kenako yoyamba imatenga dothi lofukulidwalo. Zogwirizana bwino komanso zogwira mtima. Pamodzi amapeza ndikusonkhanitsa zinthu kuchokera kuudzu mpaka mu mzere.
Inde, nthaka siyenera kukhala yolimba, ngati peat. Kupatula apo, amakumba ndimikono yawo ndi milomo. Mavesi nthawi zambiri amakhala amtundu wa arcs, osawongoka nthawi zambiri, mpaka 3 mita kutalika. Nthawi zina ngalande zokumbidwa ndi mabanja osiyanasiyana zimalumikizana.
Atamanga dzenje, amayamba kuyang'anira nthenga mobwerezabwereza, nthawi zina amakangana ndi anzawo. Zomenyera izi sizikhala zaukali, koma m'malo mwaudindo. Udindo wawo kwa iwo si mawu opanda pake. Ndikofunikira kuti gawo lanu likhale lotetezedwa bwino. M'makangano, palibe amene amavutika, salandira kuwonongeka kwakukulu, ma peck angapo ndipo ndi zomwezo. Ngati mwambowo udasungidwa.
Puffins amapanga zisa za burrow
Mbalamezi zimakhala zokhazokha, zimayesa kubwerera kumtunda womwewo komanso ndi banja lomwelo kwa zaka zingapo. Akapeza awiri - m'nyengo yozizira kapena kale kukhazikikako, sakudziwika. Akakhala pachibwenzi, amayenda, akugwedezeka, moyandikana, ndiyeno mwambo waukulu wachikondi umayamba.
Amagwiranagwirana mwachikondi ndi milomo yawo yokongola. Mnyamatayo amadyetsa bwenzi lake ndi nsomba zazing'ono, pofuna kuti amukonde. Nthawi yomweyo, amatsimikizira ndi izi kuti atha kukhala wopezera banja zofunika mtsogolo. Kawirikawiri, pamakhala dzira limodzi chisa chotalika masentimita 6 * 4, lolemera magalamu 60-70. Ndi loyera, loyera mopyapyala.
Onse awiri amakhala kwa masabata pafupifupi 5. Anapiye amawoneka, atakutidwa ndi chakuda pansi, amalemera pafupifupi 42 g, koma mofulumira amayamba kulemera, 10 g patsiku. Makolo amachita zonse izi, amauluka kuti apeze chakudya mpaka 10 patsiku. Makolowo onse amafanana ndi mwana wankhuku.
Iwo ali okonzeka kukhala ndi chakudya chochepa okha, koma kudyetsa anawo kuti akwaniritse. Pa masiku 10-11, anapiye onse okhala munyanjayi amakhala ndi nthenga zawo zoyambirira kuzizira. Amatuluka m'chisa ali ndi zaka 5-6 milungu pansi pa chivundikiro cha usiku, pakakhala nyama zolusa zochepa.
Zonse zaphimbidwa ndi nthenga ndipo zimauluka bwino. Kutalika kwa mbalame yoseketsayi ndikodabwitsa, malinga ndi chidziwitso choyambirira, amakhala zaka pafupifupi 30. Masiku ano, chisokonezo cha Atlantic chidalembedwa mu IUCN Red List kukhala pachiwopsezo.
Zosangalatsa
- Ndizosangalatsa kuti ngati nthenga imodzi kuchokera kumapeto kwa china chake ikuwopsedwa ndikuchoka mwachangu, pambuyo pake gulu lonselo limamveka mlengalenga. Amasanthula mozungulira kwakanthawi, kenako ndikubwerera kumalo.
- Ma puffins amawoneka bwino kwambiri kotero kuti nthawi zambiri amawonetsedwa pamasitampu, pamalogo a ofalitsa mabuku, zilumba zina amatchulidwa pambuyo pake, komanso chizindikilo chovomerezeka cha zigawo za Canada ku Newfoundland ndi Labrador.
- Kuti inyamuke, iyenera kukwera phompho ndi kugwa kuchokera pamenepo. Ndiye, atakhala kale mlengalenga, amawombera mapiko awo mwamphamvu, ndikukula. Ndizoseketsa kuwona mbalamezi zikufika pamalo okwera kwambiri.
- Mbalame zazing'onozi zimatha kupanga maulendo angapo osayima. Kugonjetsa mtunda wa 200-300 km ndi chinthu chofala kwa iwo.
- Kukhulupirika kwa makolo onsewa kwa ana awo ndizodabwitsa; ngakhale abambo nthawi zonse amasamalira ana, ngati mayi amwalira mosayembekezereka.
