Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Anthu ambiri sakonda tizilombo ndipo amawachitira manyazi. Inde, poyerekeza ndi ife, anthu otukuka kwambiri padziko lapansi, poyang'ana koyamba amawoneka achikale, osasangalatsa, nthawi zambiri amakhumudwitsa, nthawi zina ngakhale onyansa moona mtima. Komabe, dziko la tizilombo ndi chilengedwe chonse cholengedwa chodabwitsa choyenera cholembera wolemba zopeka zasayansi.
Kupatula apo, chilichonse mwazinthuzi chimakhala ndi luso lapadera. Mwachitsanzo, ngwazi yankhani yathu - wokwera tizilombo wopatsidwa chilengedwe ndi malo osangalatsa kuti asinthe mtundu wawo, ndiye kuti, oyimira gulu la tizilombo ndi zida zina, kukhala Zombies zenizeni. Momwe izi zimachitikira komanso chifukwa chomwe okwera amafunikira, tiyenera kudziwa.
Zamoyo zoterezi zimatha kukhala zazing'ono kwambiri, zosawoneka kwenikweni, zosakwana 1 mm kukula kwake. Koma poyerekeza ndi makanda, palinso mitundu yayikulu kwambiri, mpaka kutalika mpaka masentimita 5. Mwamaonekedwe, okwerawo ndi osiyana kwambiri. Mwachidule pa oimira mitundu ina, munthu akhoza kuwalakwitsa kafadala wamba.
M'malo mwake, ali ngati mavu, ndipo ngakhale ofanana nawo kunja, koma m'malo moluma kumbuyo ali ndi ovipositor, wowonekera kumapeto, nthawi zambiri amafanana, ndipo nthawi zina amakhala opambana (mwapadera, nthawi 7.5 ) tizilombo tokha, koma nthawi zina timakhala tating'onoting'ono kwambiri.
Mothandizidwa ndi chiwalo ichi, zolengedwa izi zimayika mazira m'matupi mwa omwe amazunzidwa, ndipo mwanjira imeneyi amatha kukhalapo, kukula ndikupitiliza mtundu wawo. Pamapeto pake, zochitika pamoyo za okwera zimakhala zothandiza kwambiri kwa anthu.
Ngakhale alidi ma parasites owopsa a arthropods, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amatchedwa mavu a parasitic. Malinga ndi kapangidwe kazinthu zamoyo, iwo ndi am'mimba. Dongosololi limaphatikizapo mavu omwewo, komanso ma bumblebees, njuchi, nyerere. Ndipo chifukwa chake izi ndi izi ndiye abale apamtima kwambiri okwera.
Thupi lazinthu zomwe zafotokozedwazo ndizotalika komanso limapuma pa miyendo isanu ndi umodzi yopyapyala. Tizilombo timeneti tili ndi mutu wopanda pake, wokhala ndi tinyanga totalika tolumikizidwa patsogolo ngati tinyanga.
Zipangizozi zimawathandiza kuzindikira malo owazungulira. Oyendetsa – kutchery, ndipo chifukwa chake oimira mitundu yambiri amakhala ndi mapiko am'mimbamo, opingasa, owoneka bwino okhala ndi bulauni kapena imvi, yolimba ndi mitsempha. Koma palinso mitundu yopanda mapiko, iyi ili ngati nyerere.
Anthu ena okwera pamahatchi, chifukwa chakuchuluka kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe amakhala nayo, nthawi zambiri amasokonezeka ndi njuchi zofananira, komanso tizilombo tina tambiri. Oyendetsa ndi ofiira owala, lalanje, owoneka bwino, amizere. Koma mtundu wofala kwambiri wakuda umakhala wakuda kwambiri, wophatikizidwa ndi kusintha kosiyanasiyana kosiyanasiyana.
Kutenga okwera mavu, anthu nthawi zambiri amachita mantha ndi ovipositor yawo yayikulu, akukhulupirira kuti iyi ndi mbola yoopsa, yapoizoni kwa anthu. Koma malingaliro awa ndi olakwika. Mwa njira, ndi akazi okha omwe ali ndi chiwalo chowopsya ichi, ndipo theka lachimuna limachotsedwa mwachilengedwe, komanso amatha kuyikira mazira.
Mitundu
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tiziromboti ndi yayikulu kwambiri. Pali mabanja opitilira khumi ndi awiri omwe amalumikizana. Chiwerengero chawo mitundu ya okwera nambala mazana mazana. Ndizosatheka kufotokoza zonsezi, motero ndibwino kuyankhula mwapafupifupi zamagulu ofala kapena odziwika bwino a tizilombo.
Oimira banja lalikulu la chalcid ndi ochepa kwambiri, nthawi zina amakhala ochepa kwambiri. Mitundu ina ndi yocheperako kotero kuti ndizosatheka kuziwona ndi maso. Ndipo sizosadabwitsa, chifukwa kutalika kwake makamaka kwakung'ono sikupitilira 0.2 mm.
Mtundu wawo ndi wosiyana. Koma mitundu yonse (imaganiziridwa kuti pali pafupifupi theka la miliyoni mwachilengedwe, ngakhale 22,000 okha mwa iwo amafotokozedwadi ndi akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo) ali ndi chinthu chimodzi chofanana: kapangidwe ka mapiko, omwe ali ndi mitsempha iwiri yokha. Malinga ndi malingaliro asayansi, zolengedwa izi ndizosangalatsa chifukwa zimawononga osati nyama zochepa zokha, komanso zomera.
Chalcid wapamwamba kwambiri, nawonso, agawika m'mabanja, ena mwa iwo alembedwa pansipa. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti iwonso ali ndi mitundu yambiri.
- Leucospids wonyezimira, wakuda ndi mikwingwirima yachikasu ndi mawanga, ndi mawonekedwe a thupi lokhalitsa, mimba yotsekeka ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi mavu, omwe, mwa njira, amawotcha. Tinyanga tawo ndi tatifupi, koma timayika pamutu waukulu. Zamoyo zoterezi zimawoneka bwino pamaso, pafupifupi 7 mm. Kuwononga njuchi, okwera awa amawononga malo owetera njuchi.
- Koma ma Aphelinids amakhala othandiza kwambiri, chifukwa amawononga nsabwe za m'masamba komanso tizilombo tating'onoting'ono. Nthawi zambiri samadutsa 5 mm kukula. Zamoyozi zili ndi nsagwada zamphamvu, mutu wogwedezeka, mapiko ang'onoang'ono opingasa.
- Agonids amafanana kukula kwa gulu lapitalo. Amuna amitundu ina, mapiko osatukuka komanso imodzi yamiyendo itatu imawonekera. Amabzala tiziromboti tomwe timaikira mazira awo nkhuyu.
- Trichogrammatids ndi makanda a millimeter kutalika. Gululi ndilothandiza kwambiri, chifukwa limawononga tizirombo taulimi, makamaka njenjete ndi kabichi, kuwonjezera - nsikidzi, agulugufe, agulugufe, kafadala.
- Aphelinasi. Ili ndilo dzina la oimira akulu kwambiri ochokera kubanja la aphelinid. Nyama izi ndizakuda nthawi zina ndimtundu wachikaso. Kukula kwapakati pa okwera otere ndi sentimita. Poganizira zabwino zawo zokolola zamaluwa, tizilombo timeneti tinabweretsa mwadala ku Europe kuchokera ku America. Amawononga nsabwe za m'magazi ndi tizirombo tina. Dzira lokhalo lomwe amayikira mwa wovulalayo, akamakula, amasanduka mayi wouma.
- Mbeu ya maula ndi pafupifupi 3 mm kukula. Thupi lake ndi lobiriwira, tinyanga ndi miyendo ndizopakidwa zachikaso. Dzinalo lokha likusonyeza kuti nyama zotere ndizovulaza m'munda. Kuphatikiza pa maula, zimakhudzanso mbewu za mitengo ya apulo ndi peyala.
- Maulawo adakhuthala ndi kachilombo kakuda kokhala ndi miyendo yachikaso, pafupifupi 5 mm kukula kwake. Imaikira mazira mu maula, ma apricots, yamatcheri, yamatcheri, nthawi zambiri mumtengo wa chitumbuwa ndi amondi, zomwe zimawawononga. Mapiko a zamoyozi alibe ngakhale awiri, koma mtsempha umodzi.
Tsopano tiwuza mamembala ena a mabanja ena apamwamba. Mosakayikira ndi ochulukirapo komanso osiyanasiyana monga tizilombo tonse. Ambiri mwa okwerawa ndi othandiza. Amathandiza zomera zambiri komanso amasula chilengedwe ku tizirombo.
- Rissa ndi wokwera wakuda, koma wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yachikasu pamimba, ali ndi ovipositor yayikulu. Iyi ndi nkhalango mwadongosolo yomwe imapatsira tizirombo ta nkhuni: michira ya nyanga, kafadala, kachilomboka kakang'ono ndi ena. Imazindikira ozunzidwa ndi fungo, ndipo mphutsi zimadya ndi ziwalo zawo zamkati.
- Panisk amawoneka ngati udzudzu wakuda wakuda wokhala ndi miyendo yofiira. Kuteteza mbewu monga chimanga ndi kuwononga tizilombo tawo. Kuphatikiza apo, imapatsira mbozi za njenjete ndi mazira ake.
- Ephialtes Emperor ndi wokwera wamkulu, inde poyerekeza ndi abale ang'onoang'ono. Thupi lake limafika kukula kwa 3 cm, koma kukula kwa ovipositor ndikokulirapo. Iyenso ali ndi mimba yayitali yakuda, thupi lakuda ndi miyendo yofiira. Amawononga tizirombo tamatabwa.
Ndikotheka kukonza okwera osati mitundu ndi mabanja okha. Monga tiziromboti, amagawidwa m'magulu malinga ndi momwe amapatsira omwe akuwadwala. Apa ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti si achikulire omwe ndiowopsa kwa ozunzidwa.
Oukirawo satenga nawo mbali mwachindunji kuwonongekako, koma mazira awo okha, omwe amakula mkati ndi kunja kwa omwe akutchedwa makamu ndikudya. Chifukwa chake, magulu osiyana a okwera amatha kusiyanitsidwa, popanda kusiyanasiyana, mitundu yonse yomwe ndi tiziromboti:
- ma ectoparasites amalumikiza ndodo zawo kunja kwa thupi la wovulalayo kapena amangowasiya pafupi ndi mazira ake, ndipo amapatsira tizirombo tomwe timabisala mkati mwa mitengo ndi zipatso;
- ma endoparasites amalumikizana ndi mnofu wamkati mwa nyamayo, mphutsi zawo zimakula nthawi yayitali kuposa gulu lakale, koma akamakula, nthawi zambiri amasiya oliyang'anira okhawo akunja, ozungulira, chipolopolo, zamkati zonse zimadyedwa.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Cholembedwacho sichinalandire mwangozi dzina loti "wokwera". Kuika mazira awo, tizilombo timeneti, titero kunena kwake, amamangirira amphongo awo, ndikuima pamwamba pawo. Moyo wonse wamunthu wachikulire umayikidwa pansi pa chikhumbo chofuna kupitiliza mtundu wake, chifukwa chake ndikosaka kosatha kwa onyamula oyenera (makamu), kulera ndi kudyetsa ana awo, ngakhale sizili mwa kufuna kwawo.
Akuluakulu makamaka amachita zolimba usiku. M'miyezi yotentha, amakonda kukhala m'malo opanda anthu pafupi ndi matupi amadzi, nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo audzu wamaluwa, pali tizirombo tambiri oyenera - omwe angakhale ozunzidwa. Komabe, malo okwera okwera amadalira makamaka malo omwe amafalitsa omwe mitundu iyi imadukapo.
Ngati oimira amtundu uliwonse ali ndi kukula kwakukulu kapena mawonekedwe ovuta kwambiri a ovipositor, ndiye kuti izi sizangochitika mwangozi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti chida choterocho ndichofunikira kuti, mwachitsanzo, kuboola khungwa lamtengo, pomwe kachilombo ka kachilomboka kamayikidwa m'maso kwambiri. Poterepa, chiwalo cha wokwerayo chimasandulika chida chowomberamo chomwe chimakhala ndi kuboola kwakuthwa. Mbola imeneyi imayendetsedwa ndi wosankhidwa.
Okwera pamahatchi amalimbana ndi zamoyo zokhala pansi popanda zovuta zambiri, sangathe kulimbana nazo. Koma ndi zina zimakhala zovuta kwambiri, chifukwa nthawi zina ngakhale akangaude ndi zinkhanira zazikulu zimakhala zowawa. Okwera pamavuto ngati awa amayenera kugwiritsa ntchito kulimba mtima kwawo, luso lawo komanso nthawi zina ngakhale luntha.
Komabe, pazochitika zotere, chilengedwe chapatsa tizilomboto ndi luso lapadera. Nthawi zina, gawo lalikulu la poizoni wakufa ziwalo zimangobayidwa kuti zikhazikike. Nthawi zina, okwera pamahatchi amawapusitsa anzawo ndikuwongolera ndikuwongolera zochita zawo.
Pakudyetsa mbozi za njenjete, mitundu ina ya mavu amaika mazira awo mkatikati mwawo. Kupitilira apo, mphutsi zimayamba pamenepo, kudya zakumwa zopatsa thanzi, ndipo zikakula, zimatuluka ndikutengedwa ndi khungu.
Ndizodabwitsa kuti tiziromboti, poyesera kuti tizilomboto, tisiye thupi la wolandirayo ndikupotoza chikoko chawo, ndikuchimangirira ku nthambi kapena masamba, mbozi ya zombie siyikukwa mwachimwemwe, koma imakhalabe ndi owazunza kuti itetezedwe ku zolanda za adani.
Amakhala woteteza mwakhama, ndikuyika moyo wake pachiswe, amathamangira ku kafadala ka nsikidzi ndi tizilombo tina tangozi. Chifukwa chomwe mbozi zimachita izi, komanso momwe okwera pamavomerezera zofuna zawo, sizimamveka bwino.
Koma makamaka chifukwa cha ozunzidwa ndi zombie omwe okwerawo amatha kupulumuka ndikufalikira. Kulikonse ayi wokwerayo amakhala ndi moyo, tizilombo tomwe timakhalapo padziko lonse lapansi, timazika mizu m'malo ambiri ndikupeza zonyamula paliponse, chifukwa zimabereka.
Zakudya zabwino
Njira zowopsa zodyetsera mphutsi za zolengedwa izi zawonekera kale. Pofika nthawi yomwe amaswa mazira ndikuyamba kukula, makolo awo amakhala atatsimikizira kale kuti ali ndi chakudya chokwanira. Kupatula apo, zamoyo zomwe zimawapatsira sizivutika nthawi yomweyo. Iwo samangokhala amoyo, koma amakula, amakula ndikudya, poyamba osazindikira pang'ono kuti tiziromboti tikukula mkati mwawo. Koma m'kupita kwa nthawi, tsoka lowopsa likuyembekezera iwo.
Mwachitsanzo, mphutsi zochokera kubanja la ma braconids, omwe amadziwika bwino ndi mbozi, kumapeto kwa mapangidwe awo zimangosiya khungu lawo, ndikumadya zonse zamkati mwa omwe akuwayang'anira. Poyamba, majeremusi omwe akutukukawo amadya mafuta okhaokha, osawononga pang'ono alendo, koma ziwalo zofunika pamoyo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Mwanjira ina iliyonse, mitundu yonse ya okwera imadzuka. Koma ndizosangalatsa kuti nthawi zina akulu samadya kalikonse. Komabe, ena amafunikirabe chakudya. Pamenepa wokwera akudya kapena katulutsidwe ka tizilombo tina, kapena timadzi tokoma kapena mungu wochokera ku zomera.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Atakula, okwera samakhala moyo wautali, nthawi zambiri osapitirira miyezi itatu. Ndipo pokha pokha pamene, panthawi yakumaliza mapangidwe awo, amakumana ndi nyengo yozizira, amapita kukakhala nyengo yozizira, ndipo mchaka amaliza moyo wawo ndikufa. Poterepa, moyo wawo ukhoza kukhala mpaka miyezi khumi. Mtundu uliwonse umayandikira kubereka m'njira yakeyake.
Pambuyo pa kukwatira, mavu achikazi a Ephialt amayenera kufunafuna mphutsi yabwino mu khungwa la mtengo. Kuti achite izi, amathamangira thunthu ndikudina paliponse ndi tinyanga tawo. Kuchokera pamawu awa, apeza chinthucho.
Kenako, amabowola nkhuni ndi ovipositor, atayimirira ndi miyendo yake yakumbuyo, ndikuizunguliza ngati chapamwamba. Ntchitoyi imatenga pafupifupi maola awiri. Mukafika ku mphutsi yobisika mu thunthu, tiziromboti timaika dzira limodzi mmenemo.
Chiwerengero cha mazira amitundu yaying'ono kuchokera kubanja la Braconid chimafika zidutswa 20. Malasankhuli, omwe ndi omwe amawanyamula kwambiri, amapunduka ndi chiphe. Pasanathe tsiku limodzi chiwonongeko, mphutsi zikuwonekera.
Amaliza magawo onse am'maphunziro m'masiku asanu, ndipo mwana amatha masiku ena anayi. Koma kukula msanga, zolengedwa zotere zimakhala zochepa kwambiri: amuna - osapitirira masiku 10, ndipo theka la akazi - mwezi umodzi wokha.
Opha nyama zazikulu mopitirira muyeso amatha kupatsira mbalame zazimayi poyika dzira mkati. Poterepa, kukula kwa nkhope kumachedwa pang'onopang'ono, nthawi zina kuposa milungu itatu. Amadyetsa ziwalo zolumikizana ndi zonenepa za ng'ombe.
Ndipo panthawi inayake amasiya thupi, koma osati wovulalayo. Poterepa, mphutsi zimaluma mwamphamvu pamitsempha yamagalimoto ndipo zimaumitsa ng'ombe. Kuphatikiza apo, cocoko amamangirira pansi pake. Chifukwa chake, pafupifupi sabata limadutsa pagawo la pupa, kenako womuzunzayo amapita kwachikulire.
Pindulani ndi kuvulaza
Wokwera akujambulidwa Zikuwoneka zachilendo komanso zokonda kudziwa, nthawi yomweyo pamakhala kufunitsitsa kuti muwone zambiri. Ngakhale kuwononga kwakukulu kumene zolengedwa izi zimabweretsa ku ma arthropods othandiza ndi mbewu zina zolimidwa, gawo lawo labwino kuzinthu zachilengedwe limawonekeratu. Wina angonena kuti magulu ambiri a zolengedwawa amawononga mpaka 80% ya tizirombo.
Ndipo chifukwa chake, mitundu ina imatengedwa ngakhale pansi pa chitetezo chaumunthu, komanso, imagawidwa mwadala. Izi ndi zabwino chifukwa oyang'anira mabizinesi sayenera kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi mankhwala owopsa kuti akope tizilombo toyambitsa matenda - omwe amawanyamula. Nthawi yomweyo, zachilengedwe komanso zokolola zimasungidwa. Ndipo phindu lotere limabweretsedwanso ndi tizilombo, komwe poyang'ana koyamba sikungathe kudzimvera chisoni pang'ono.
Nthawi zambiri, okwera pamawere amasungidwa mosungira nkhokwe, ndikuwononga tizirombo tambiri. Nthawi zina, amatha kupatsira chakudya ndi mazira awo, omwe, amabweretsa zotayika, koma ndizochepa.
Zosangalatsa
Ngati wokwerayo atenga zamoyo zazikulu, ndiye kuti wovutikayo mwa anthu anayi, ngakhale amawonongeka kwambiri, amakhalabe ndi moyo. Nthawi zina tizilomboto timasankha tizilomboto tomwe timanyamula. Ili ndi kachilombo koyambitsa kachilombo ka HIV.
Palinso lachitatu ndi lachinayi.Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda otchedwa parasitism timatchedwa superparasites. China chake chosangalatsa ndi tizilombo ngati ichi, kuphatikiza pazomwe zanenedwa, chikuyenera kuwonjezeredwa.
Oyendetsa ma hibernate, akukwera mosazama m'nthaka kapena pamakungwa a mitengo. Pali ambiri a iwo nthawi yophukira ndi milu ya masamba akugwa. Anthu amawawotcha, ngati khungwa lakale la mitengo, amakumba nthaka, osaganizira zamagulu azomera omwe akuwononga. Ndipo pakubwera kutentha kwa chilimwe, amadabwa kuti tizirombo tambiri ta minda ndi malo olimapo afalikira.
Amayi a Plastigaster ndi akatswiri pakati pa okwera potengera kuchuluka kwa mazira omwe amapangidwa m'moyo wonse. Chiwerengero chawo, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimayikidwa mu mphutsi ndi mazira a ntchentche ya Hessian, chitha kufikira zikwi zitatu. Ichi ndi chisonyezero cholongosola momwe okwera pamaulendo nthawi zina amakhalira.
Ageniaspis ana sikuti ndi ochulukirapo, komanso amakula mwanzeru kwambiri. Dzira la zolengedwa izi, lomwe limasochera pa njenjete za apulo, kulowa mu mbozi yaying'ono, limazizira mu chitukuko, kuyembekezera nthawi yomwe wolandirayo akula mokwanira. Koma nthawi yabwino yokha imabwera, dzira, lomwe likuwoneka kuti ndi lokhalo, limaphulika, ndikutulutsa tizirombo tating'ono mazana awiri kulowa m'kuwala.
Oyendetsa nyerere (ndiye kuti, ofanana ndi nyerere zooneka) amadyetsa karakurt ndi tarantulas, zomwe zimathandizira kwambiri pakuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zida zowopsa, zoopsa kwambiri. Ndipo zimachitika chonchi. Akangaude amakutira mazira awo mumkhaka ndikudikirira ana.
Pakadali pano, wokwera wina wolimba mtima amabisala mnyumba ya nyama yakupha ya miyendo eyiti iyi, akubowola cocoko ndikudzaza mazira ake, omwe posachedwa amawononga zonse zamkati mwake. Chipolopolo chokhacho chokhacho chimakhalabe chosasunthika, chifukwa chake kangaude, poyang'ana osaganizira zotayika, pakadali pano akupitilizabe kudikirira kubwezeredwa kwa banjali.
Chithunzi chowopsa! Koma wokwerayo ndi woopsa kapena ayi kwa ife anthu? Tiye tinene mosapita m'mbali - ayi. Munthu wa tiziromboti alibe chidwi. Sagwiritsa ntchito "mbola" yawo podzitchinjiriza ndi kuwukira mwankhanza, koma pongogwirizira zomwe sizikukula mwa zinyama. Chifukwa chake, mukawona kachilombo kachilendo, makamaka ngati kakulidwe kake kokhala ndi chibakera chachikulu chobaya ngati chotupa, simuyenera kuchita mantha konse.
