Nyama yamtundu umodzi yamtundu wa canine. Nkhandwe a mtundu wovutikira, nyama zam'magulu. Kutengera maphunziro a zotsalira zakale zomwe zidapezeka, zidadziwika kuti ndi za mitundu ina ya oimira mayini akulu aku South America, omwe adazimiririka kumapeto kwa nthawi ya Pleistocene (zaka zoposa 12,000 zapitazo). Amatchedwanso aguarachay kapena guara.
Kufotokozera
Ku South America, chilombochi ndiye chachikulu kwambiri pamitundu yonse ya canine. Ikamafota, nkhandwe yamamuna imatha kutalika kwa masentimita 75-87. Thupi limakhala lowonda, lalitali masentimita 115-127, lokutidwa ndi tsitsi lofiira. Pamimba, tsitsi limayererako chikasu. Kuyambira pansi pa chigaza mpaka pakati kumbuyo, utoto wake ndi wakuda, khosi ndi kumapeto kwa mchira ndi zoyera.
Chikhalidwe cha kapangidwe kake ndi miyendo yayitali yayitali, yomwe thupi likuwoneka kuti lifupikitsidwa. Miyendo yopanda malire pansipa mpaka pakati pamtundu wakuda komanso pafupifupi wopanda tsitsi. Chosemphacho chili chopindika ndi mphuno yakuda ndi makutu akulu omwe amayenda m'mwamba. Kunja, makutuwo ndi ofiira, ndipo mkati mwake amakhala okutidwa ndi tsitsi lalifupi loyera. Pakamwa pachepa ndi lilime lalitali. Mano ake ndi akuthwa, kunsagwada zakumunsi kuli ma canine mbali. Monga ma canines ambiri, pali mano 42 pakamwa.
Mchira ndiwofewa, wonyezimira wonyezimira komanso wamtali wa masentimita 28 mpaka 40. Kulemera kwapakati poyerekeza ndi kutalika ndikochepa, makilogalamu 20-23 okha. Maonekedwe nkhandwe yamphongo pachithunzichi amafanana ndi nkhandwe wamba, koma palibe ubale wapabanja pakati pawo.
Mawonekedwe:
Kutsogolo kwa chilombochi ndi kofupikirapo kuposa kwakubwala, chifukwa chake ndikosavuta kuyendetsa phiri kuposa kutsika. Ngakhale ili ndi miyendo yayitali yolimba, imathamanga kwambiri, ndipo imayenda mtunda wautali pokhapokha ngati pachitika zoopsa, posankha kudikirira nyama yomwe ikabisalire. Kukula kwakukulu kumalola chilombocho kuthengo kuti chimupangitse wovulalayo patali. Mmbulu wamamuna umamva bwino, kumva kununkhiza komanso kuwona kwamaso.
Khungu la chilombo lilibe chovala mkati. Tsitsi kuyambira korona mpaka pakatikati pamtali ndilitali kuposa thupi (11-13 cm), ndipo chinyama chikamva kuti chili pachiwopsezo kapena chikakwiyitsa, tsitsi la nape limayima kumapeto, lomwe limapangitsa kuti lizioneka lowopsa ndikuwonjezera kukula kwa thupi. Amuna nthawi zonse amakhala akulu komanso olimbikira kuposa akazi.
Amafuulanso m'njira zosiyanasiyana - amuna motsika, ndipo akazi amamveka mokweza. Amatha kung'ung'udza, kukuwa moopsa ngakhalenso kukuwa. Mphamvu yamapapo ya nkhandwe yaying'ono ndiyochepa, mtima ndi wocheperako, motero sumapirira kwambiri, ndipo umayesa kuyendetsa mafuko mwachangu kwambiri.
Ngati mlenje amamuthamangitsa pa kavalo, posachedwa agwira chilombocho. Komabe, pokasaka, amatha kuthamanga pafupifupi 20-25 km usiku umodzi.
Mitundu
Banja la canine limaphatikizapo mitundu itatu yamabanja - mayini, nkhandwe ndi nkhandwe zazikulu. Nkhandwe yapadera siili m'gulu lililonse la zilombazi. Ili ndi mawonekedwe osiyana amtundu uliwonse.
Ali ndi kumva kwakukuru komanso kumva fungo labwino, ngati galu. Kapangidwe ka thupi, kudzikongoletsa komanso zizolowezi zowononga, monga nkhandwe. Mutu umawoneka ngati nkhope ya nkhandwe, wochenjera, wanzeru komanso wokhoza kudikirira kwanthawi yayitali pomubisalira nkhandweyo.
Ku South America, kuwonjezera pa nkhandwe, mitundu 11 yamabanja a canine amakhala. Komabe, malinga ndi chidziwitso chakunja, kufanana kwakukulu ndi guara kuli nkhandwe yofiira... Ndizosakaniza nkhandwe, nkhandwe ndi nkhandwe.
Amavalanso malaya ofiira ofiira, kummero kwa chilombochi, ngati nkhandwe, komanso muzakudya zake nyama ndi chakudya. Apa ndipomwe kufanana pakati pazinyama izi kumathera. Nkhandwe yofiyira imakhala ndi mawaya amfupi, thupi limakhala lopindika, mchira wake wakuda kumapeto.
Kulpeo (kapena nkhandwe ya Andes) amafanana ndi nkhandwe. Ali ndi tsitsi lofiira lokhala ndi imvi, makutu akulu owongoka komanso mphuno yolimba. Komabe, ndi yaying'ono kukula kuposa nkhandwe, ndipo imakonda kukhazikika kumapiri kapena kunkhalango zowirira. Dingo, coyote ndi Asiatic wolf amathanso kutumizidwa ku mitundu yofananira.
Koma mitundu yonse ya ma canid iyi imakhala ndi moyo wosiyana, njira zawo zosaka, zizolowezi ndi zizolowezi. Chifukwa chake, nkhandwe yamunthuyo imadziwika kuti ndi nthumwi yapadera ya banja lake ndipo akatswiri azanyama zam'madzi amasankhidwa kukhala mtundu wina.
Moyo
Kumtchire, nyama izi sizimalowa m'magulu. Amasungidwa okha kapena ndi okwatirana mdera lomwe limafikira mpaka 30-50 sq. km pa banja. Kuti awonetsetse anzawo kuti malowa akukhalamo, amalemba malire a malo awo ndi ndowe ndi mkodzo, kuyesa kusiya zipsera pamakutu a chiswe. Pakapita kanthawi, kuwoloka kumabwerezedwa, ndipo zizindikirazo zimasinthidwa.
Komabe, okwatirana amakhala olumikizana kwambiri nthawi yokolola, nthawi yonse yomwe okwatiranawo amakhala patali. Amuna ndi akazi amasaka, kudya ndi kugona mosiyana. Otsalira, omwe sanapezebe bwenzi ndikukhala ndi malo, amakhala m'malire, akuyesera kuti asawonekere kwa bambo wamwamuna, yemwe amayang'anira katundu wake.
Ngati mlendo amadzinenera kuti ndi wokwatirana naye, amuna amayamba kukweza tsitsi lawo ndikuyenda mozungulira, ndikumveka kulira kwakukulu. Pambuyo pake, amamenya nkhondo mpaka wotsutsana naye atathawa. Usiku, mimbulu yolusa imalira, ikuchenjeza anzawo kuti malowo atengedwa.
Ntchito zolusa akuyamba ndi kuyamba kwa mdima wandiweyani ndipo kumatenga mpaka mbandakucha. Masana, amagona m'nkhalango zowirira ndikugona mpaka madzulo. Nkhandwe yamphongo imatha kupanga masana masana nthawi zina - munthawi ya njala komanso malo akutali, opanda chipululu. M'chilengedwe, amuna satenga nawo mbali polera ana, koma amayi okha ndi omwe amakhala agalu.
Mu ukapolo, machitidwe a nyama amasintha. Okwatirana amakhala mwamtendere mu khola limodzi, kugona ndi kudya limodzi, ndipo amuna amatchera khutu ana awo. Ngati amuna angapo aikidwa mndende imodzi, amasankha imodzi yayikulu mothandizidwa ndi ndewu, pambuyo pake paketi ya mimbulu yamamuna Adzakhala pamodzi popanda kukangana.
Mosiyana ndi komwe adachokera, olandawo sakhala achiwawa. Ali mu ukapolo, ndi ochezeka ndipo amatha kuyamikira kudzichitira chifundo. Nkhuku kapena kalulu amatha kuzunzidwa mwachilengedwe.
Zidachitika kuti gulu la mimbulu yolusa idagundana pagulu la nkhosa kapena mbalame. Komabe, panalibe cholembedwa chilichonse poukira munthu. M'malo mwake, nyama zosamala nthawi zonse zimapewa anthu.
Chikhalidwe
Mmbulu wamamoyo uli ndi moyo makamaka Kumwera kwa America. Nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'derali lomwe limayambira kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Brazil ndipo limayambira kum'mawa kwa Bolivia. Pakatikati mwa Brazil, adawonedwa kudera lomwe kudulidwa mitengo. Chilombo chosowa chiwonetseranso ku Paraguay ndi dziko la Brazil la Rio Grande do Sul.
M'mampampu aku Argentina, idasungidwa pang'ono. Kwa moyo wonse, mmbulu wamamuna amasankha zigwa zokutidwa ndi udzu wamtali ndi tchire. Amamva bwino m'nkhalango zowonekera, pomwe amakhala m'miyala kapena m'mphepete mwa nkhalango.
Imatha kukhala pachithaphwi, koma imakhala pafupi m'mphepete mwake, pomwe pali zomera zambiri, tizilombo ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono. Sakonda kutentha ndi nyengo yamvula, nyengo yabwino kwambiri kwa iye ndiyabwino. Sakhazikika pamapiri, pamiyala, m'miyulu ya mchenga komanso m'nkhalango zowirira.
Zakudya zabwino
Iye ndi wodzichepetsa mu chakudya, amadya nyama ndi kubzala chakudya. Kapangidwe ka mano ndi nsagwada zofooka sizimalola kuti nkhandwe yolusa idule nyama yayikulu; imameza nyama yonse, pafupifupi osatafuna.
Chifukwa chake amasankha nyama zazing'ono - makoswe osiyanasiyana, akalulu, zokwawa. Nyama yolusa imatha kulumpha mmwamba ndikugwira mbalame yomwe ikungoduka, komanso kukoka mazira atayikidwa pachisa.
Samazengereza nkhono ndi tizilombo, ngati kuli kotheka, adzakumba dzenje kuti akafikire okhalamo. Amakumba nthaka osati ndi mawoko ake, koma ndi mano ake, zomwe sizofanana ndi mitundu ina ya banja lake. Samathamangira nyama, koma amangobisalira.
Makutu akulu ndikumva kununkhiza bwino kumamuthandiza kuwerengetsa yemwe waphedwayo. Akamumva, amenya pansi ndi phazi lake kuti apezeke, kenako ndikulumpha mwamphamvu akuukira nyamayo. Chakudya chomwe amakonda "amoyo" ndi nkhumba zakutchire.
Popanda chisangalalo, nkhandwe imadya zipatso (imakonda nthochi), nzimbe ndi mizu yonse. Pakati pa nyengo, amadya zipatso zosiyanasiyana. Pakati pawo pali wapadera - umakula makamaka ku Brazil ndipo amatchedwa lobeira. Imakoma ngati phwetekere wobiriwira ndipo imanunkhiza ngati apulo.
M'miyezi youma, olusa amatha kudyetsa kokha kwa nthawi yayitali, chifukwa chake amatchedwa "mabulosi a nkhandwe". Mimbulu yoluka nthawi zambiri imavutika ndi nyongolotsi yomwe imakhala mu impso za nyama ndipo imadziwika kuti mulu waukulu.
Kutalika kwake kumatha kupitilira mita imodzi, kumawopseza chilombocho. Kudya lobeira ndi mizu ya zomera zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ngati mankhwala ndipo zimathandiza chilombocho kuchotsa tizirombo toyambitsa matenda. Zimasiyana ndi ena mwa omwe samadya nyama yakufa. M'miyezi yanjala, imatha kudya zakudya zazomera kwa nthawi yayitali.
Kubereka
Kutha msinkhu kumachitika mu guaras kapena mimbulu yolusa mchaka chachiwiri, koma ana amawonekera azaka 3-4. Nyama izi ndi zibwenzi zokhulupirika - mkazi amapatsidwa umuna ndi mwamuna m'modzi. Mwachilengedwe, nyengo yokhwima imayamba kuyambira Epulo mpaka Juni, zigawo zakumpoto kuyambira Okutobala mpaka Okutobala. Mkazi amakhala ndi kutentha kamodzi pachaka ndipo amakhala masiku 4-5.
Nthawi yobereka ana amphongo ndi masiku 62-66. Kwa zinyalala imodzi, mkazi amabweretsa ana agalu 2-4, nthawi zambiri ana 6-7 amabadwa mwakamodzi. Anawo amalemera magalamu 320-450 g. Amayi nthawi zambiri amakonzera ana akhanda m'mapiri ang'onoang'ono m'nkhalango zowirira kapena m'tchire m'mphepete mwa dambo. Kuthengo, wamwamuna samakumba pobisalira; ndi wamkazi yekha amene amayang'anira anawo.
Oyambirira masiku 7-8 makanda ali akhungu, ogontha komanso osowa chochita, amangodya mkaka wa amayi okha. Anawo amakula msanga. Pa tsiku la 9, maso awo amatseguka, ndipo pambuyo pa masabata 3.5-4, makutu otsitsidwa amakhala otambalala. Pakatha mwezi umodzi, amayamba kudya zomwe amayi amawasungira. Kuyamwitsa mkaka kumatenga milungu 13-15, pambuyo pake amasamukira ku chakudya chotafuna.
Poyamba, ana agalu amabadwa ndi tsitsi lalifupi lakuda. Kokha nsonga ya mchira ndi tsitsi mkati mwa makutu ndi zoyera. Ali ndi miyezi 2.5, tsitsi limayamba kukhala lofiira.
Masabata oyamba a makoko a makanda amakhalabe ochepa, pamwezi wachitatu wamoyo, miyendo imatalikitsa, ndipo mwendo wam'munsi ndi metatarsus zimakulitsidwa kwambiri. Chilombocho chikakhala chaka chimodzi guara kapena nkhandwe - kale mbala wamkulu, wokonzeka moyo wodziimira.
Utali wamoyo
M'madera otetezedwa ndi malo osungira nyama, nkhandwe yamwamuna imakhala zaka 12-15, m'malo ake achilengedwe mpaka zaka 17, koma kumeneko sichikhala mpaka pano. Nyama zimafera m'manja mwa anthu opha nyama mopanda chilolezo, zimagwera pansi pa mawilo a magalimoto, ndipo zimafa ndi matenda a parvovirus (distemper). Madera ochulukirapo a maboma apatsidwa zosowa zaulimi, kulanda nyama malo awo achilengedwe. Pakusamuka mokakamizidwa, sianthu onse omwe amapulumuka.
Mimbulu yolusa sapha nyama kapena kubisala. Alimi amawombera chifukwa amawawona ngati chiwopsezo ku ziweto ndi nkhuku. Alenje amasangalala ndi kuthamangitsa masewerawa.
Ndipo gawo lina la anthu akumaloko amakhulupirira nthano yakale, yomwe imati maso a chilombo chosowa, mchira wake ndi mafupa ake ali ndi mphamvu zamatsenga. Chifukwa chake, nyama imagwidwa kuti ipange zithumwa pambuyo pake.
Kuthengo, mimbulu yolusa ilibe mdani wowonekera. Adani awo akulu ndi anthu komanso matenda. Zowononga zimatha kutenga matenda ndi kuwukiridwa, okhawo omwe ali olimba kwambiri amatha kuthana ndi matendawa, ofooka sakhala ndi moyo. Masiku ano, padziko lapansi pali anthu opitilira 13 zikwi, omwe pafupifupi 2 000 achifwamba osowa amakhalabe ku Brazil.
Ku Uruguay ndi Peru, nyama zosawerengeka zasowa. Nkhandwe yamphongo mu Red Book adalembedwa kuti "ali pangozi". Ku Argentina ndi Brazil, ndizotetezedwa ndi malamulo, ndipo kusaka ndikoletsedwa.
Mu 1978, World Wildlife Fund idayamba kuphunzira mwatsatanetsatane za nyama yapaderayi pofuna kupewa kutha kwa nyama zamtengo wapatali ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwake padziko lapansi.
