Black Mamba - yomwe imatha kupha. Umu ndi momwe nzika zaku Africa zimawonera. Amawopa kwambiri nyamayi, motero sawopseza kutchula dzina lake mokweza, chifukwa malinga ndi chikhulupiriro chawo, mamba adzawonekera ndikubweretsa zovuta zambiri kwa amene wawatchula. Kodi mamba yakuda ndiyowopsa komanso yowopsa? Kodi ali ndi njoka yotani? Mwinamwake zonsezi ndi nkhani zowopsa zakale zomwe zilibe chifukwa? Tiyeni tiyesetse kupeza ndi kumvetsetsa.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Black Mamba
Mamba akuda ndi nyamayi yoopsa yoopsa kuchokera kubanja la asp, ya mtundu wa mamba. Dzinalo m'Chilatini ndi "Dendroaspis", lomwe limamasuliridwa kuti "njoka yamtengo". Pansi pa dzina la sayansi ili, nyamayi idafotokozedwa koyamba ndi wasayansi waku Britain-herpetologist, waku Germany ndi dziko, Albert Gunther. Izi zidachitika kale mu 1864.
Anthu aku Africa kuno amasamala za mamba wakuda, yemwe amadziwika kuti ndi wamphamvu komanso wowopsa. Amamutcha "wobwezera choipa chochitidwa." Zikhulupiriro zonsezi zoyipa komanso zachinsinsi zokhudzana ndi zokwawa sizili zopanda maziko. Asayansi akuti mamba yakuda mosakayikira ndi yapoizoni komanso yankhanza.
Kanema: Black Mamba
Achibale apafupi kwambiri a chokwawa chowopsa ndi mamba zowonda ndi zobiriwira, ndizocheperako kuposa zakuda kukula kwake. Ndipo kukula kwake kwa mamba yakuda ndichopatsa chidwi, ili m'gulu la njoka zapoizoni m'malo mwake, pambuyo pa mamba mfumu. Kutalika kwakutali kwa thupi la njoka kumachokera pa theka ndi theka mpaka mita zitatu. Pali mphekesera zoti anthu adakumana ndi mamitala opitilira anayi, koma izi sizinatsimikizidwe mwasayansi.
Anthu ambiri amakhulupirira molakwika kuti mamba idatchedwa yakuda chifukwa cha mtundu wa khungu lake la njoka, sizili choncho. Mamba wakuda alibe khungu konse, koma pakamwa ponse pakatikati, pomwe chokwawa chimatsala pang'ono kuukira kapena kukwiya, chimatsegula pakamwa pake, chomwe chikuwoneka chowopsa komanso chowopsa. Anthu adazindikira kuti pakamwa wakuda wakutchire wa mamba amafanana ndi bokosi lamaliro. Kuphatikiza pa nembanemba yakuda yam'kamwa, ma mamba ali ndi zina zakunja ndi zizindikilo.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Njoka yakuda njoka
Makhalidwe a mamba pakamwa pake amakumbutsa kumwetulira, koopsa kokha komanso kosakoma mtima. Tazindikira kale kukula kwa chokwawa, koma kulemera kwake nthawi zambiri sikupitilira ma kilogalamu awiri. Chokwawa ndi chochepa kwambiri, chimakhala ndi mchira wokulirapo, ndipo thupi lake limapanikizika pang'ono kuchokera kumtunda ndi kumunsi. Mtundu wa mamba, ngakhale uli ndi dzina, siutali wakuda.
Njoka ikhoza kukhala ya mitundu iyi:
- azitona wolemera;
- azitona wobiriwira;
- imvi bulauni.
- wakuda.
Kuphatikiza pa kamvekedwe kake, mtundu wautoto umakhala ndi chinyezi chazitsulo. Mimba ya njoka ndi beige kapena yoyera. Pafupi ndi mchira, mawanga a mthunzi wakuda amatha kuwoneka, ndipo nthawi zina malo owala komanso amdima amasinthasintha, ndikupangitsa kuti mizere yoyenda mmbali isinthe. Mwa nyama zazing'ono, utoto wake ndi wopepuka kuposa anthu okhwima, ndi imvi yopepuka kapena maolivi opepuka.
Chosangalatsa: Ngakhale mamba yakuda ndiyotsika poyerekeza ndi mphiri yamphongo, ili ndi zibambo zapoizoni zazitali kwambiri, zomwe zimafikira kuposa masentimita awiri, omwe amayenda komanso amapinda momwe amafunikira.
Mamba wakuda ali ndi maudindo angapo nthawi imodzi, atha kutchedwa kuti:
- chokwawa choopsa kwambiri ku Africa;
- mwiniwake wa poizoni wochita zinthu mwachangu kwambiri;
- njoka yayitali kwambiri ya njoka m'dera la Africa;
- chokwawa chothamanga kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
Sizachabe kuti anthu aku Africa ambiri amawopa mamba yakuda, imawoneka ngati yankhanza komanso yowopsa, ndipo kukula kwake kumapangitsa aliyense kukhala wopusa.
Mamba wakuda amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Mamba wakuda wakupha
Mamba wakuda ndiwachilendo wokhala kumadera otentha aku Africa. Malo okhala chokwawa chimaphatikizapo madera angapo otentha osadalirana. Kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Africa, njokayo idakhazikika ku Democratic Republic of the Congo, kumwera kwa Ethiopia, Somalia, South Sudan, Kenya, Eritrea, kum'mawa kwa Uganda, Burundi, Tanzania, Rwanda.
Kummwera kwa kumtunda, mamba wakuda adalembetsedwa mdera la Mozambique, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Swaziland, Zambia, Botswana, kumwera kwa Angola, Namibia, m'chigawo cha South Africa chotchedwa KwaZulu-Natal. Pakati pa zaka zapitazi, zidanenedwa kuti mamba yakuda idakumana pafupi ndi likulu la Senegal, Dakar, ndipo ili kale ndilo gawo lakumadzulo kwa Africa, ngakhale pambuyo pake palibe chomwe chidatchulidwa pamisonkhano yotere.
Mosiyana ndi ma mamba ena, ma mamba akuda samasinthidwa kukwera mitengo, chifukwa chake, amakhala ndi moyo wapadziko lapansi m'nkhalango. Pofuna kutentha padzuwa, chokwawa chikhoza kukwera mumtengo kapena pachitsamba chachikulu, chotsalira padziko lapansi kwanthawi yonseyi.
Chokwawa chimakhazikika m'magawo:
- chipululu;
- zigwa za mitsinje;
- nkhalango;
- malo otsetsereka amiyala.
Tsopano maiko ochulukirachulukira, momwe mamba yakuda imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse, imadutsa munthu, motero zokwawa zimayenera kukhala pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu, zomwe zimawopsa kwambiri nzika zakomweko. Mamba nthawi zambiri amasangalala ndi nkhalango zamabango, momwe ziwombankhanga zimachitika mwadzidzidzi pa reptile ya munthu.
Nthawi zina njokayo imakhala pamiyulu yakale yongodya chiswe, mitengo yovunda, ming'alu yamiyala yomwe siyitali kwambiri. Kukhazikika kwa ma mamba akuda ndikuti, nthawi zambiri, amakhala nthawi yayitali m'malo obisika omwewo. Njokayo imalondera nyumba yake mwachangu komanso mwamphamvu kwambiri.
Kodi mamba wakuda amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Black Mamba
Kusaka nyama yayikulu ya mamba sikudalira nthawi yamasana, njokayo imatha, usana ndi usiku, kutsata nyama yomwe ingagwire, chifukwa imakhazikika m'kuunika komanso mumdima. Menyu ya njoka imatha kutchedwa osiyanasiyana, imakhala ndi agologolo, cape hyraxes, mitundu yonse ya makoswe, milalang'amba, mbalame, ndi mileme. Pomwe kusaka sikukuyenda bwino, mamba amatha kudya nyama zina zokwawa, ngakhale kuti sizichita kawirikawiri. Nyama zazing'ono nthawi zambiri zimadya achule.
Mamba akuda amakonda kusaka mobisalira. Wovulalayo akapezeka, nyamayi imathamangira ndi liwiro la mphezi, zomwe zimaluma kwambiri. Pambuyo pake, njokayo imakwawa kupita mbali, kudikirira poizoni. Ngati wolumiridwayo akupitirizabe kuthawa, mamba amayitsatira, kumaluma mpaka kumapeto, mpaka wosaukayo afa. Chodabwitsa ndichakuti mamba yakuda imathamanga kwambiri ikamathamangitsa nkhomaliro.
Chosangalatsa: Mu 1906, mbiri idalembedwa yokhudza kuthamanga kwa mamba yakuda, yomwe imafika makilomita 11 pa ola limodzi pagawo lamamita 43.
Njoka zomwe zimakhala mu terrarium zimadyetsedwa katatu pamlungu. Ichi ndi chifukwa cha nthawi yogaya chakudya, sichitali kwenikweni poyerekeza ndi zokwawa zina, ndipo chimayambira maola 8 mpaka 10 mpaka tsiku limodzi. Mu ukapolo, chakudyacho chimakhala ndi nkhuku ndi makoswe ang'onoang'ono. Simuyenera kugulitsa mamba, apo ayi ibwezeretsanso chakudya chochuluka. Poyerekeza ndi nsato, mamba sikugwa mthupi mwa kudya nditakoma.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Njoka yakuda njoka
Mamba akuda ndi okongoletsa kwambiri, okhwima komanso ofulumira. Monga tanenera kale, imayenda mwachangu, ndikupanga liwiro lalikulu panthawi yothamanga nyama. Idalowetsedwanso mu Guinness Book of Records pazifukwa izi, ngakhale ziwerengerozo zidakwezedwa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mbiri yolembedwa mu 1906.
Chokwawa chimagwira ntchito kwambiri masana, zomwe zimayambitsa kusaka kwake koopsa. Mkwiyo wa Mamba sakhala wodekha, nthawi zambiri amakhala wankhanza. Kwa anthu, reptile ndi ngozi yayikulu, sizachabe kuti anthu aku Africa amaopa kwambiri. Komabe, mamba singaukire yoyamba popanda chifukwa. Powona mdaniyo, amayesa kuzizira poganiza kuti asazindikiridwe, kenako nkuzemba. Kuyenda kulikonse kosasamala komanso kwakuthwa kwa munthu kumatha kulakwitsa ndi mamba ngati yolimbana naye ndipo, podziteteza, imamupangitsa kuti azimenya mwachangu.
Poona ngati chiwopsezo, nyamayi imangoyima pamalopo, kutsamira mchira wake, kugunditsa pang'ono thupi lake lakumtunda ngati chimbudzi, kutsegula pakamwa pake pakuda, ndikupereka chenjezo lomaliza. Chithunzichi ndichowopsa, chifukwa chake anthu am'derali amawopa ngakhale kutchula dzina la reptile mofuula. Ngati, pambuyo pa machenjezo onse, mamba ikumvabe kuti ili pachiwopsezo, ndiye kuti imawombera mwachangu, ikuchita zoponya zingapo, momwe imaluma wolakwayo, ndikubaya poizoni wake wakupha. Nthawi zambiri njokayo imayesera kulowa molunjika kumutu.
Chosangalatsa: Mlingo wa poyizoni wakuda wakuda wa mamba, 15 ml kukula kwake, umatsogolera kuimfa yakulumidwa, ngati mankhwalawo sanaperekedwe.
Poizoni wa Mamba amachita mwachangu kwambiri. Zitha kutenga moyo pakadutsa mphindi 20 mpaka maola angapo (pafupifupi atatu), zimatengera dera lomwe kulumako kunachitika. Wodwalayo akamalumidwa kumaso kapena kumutu, amatha kufa pasanathe mphindi 20. The poizoni ndi owopsa pamtima; imayambitsa kutsamwa, kuyiyimitsa. Poizoni wowopsa amalemetsa minofu. Chodziwikiratu ndichakuti, ngati simutulutsa seramu yapadera, ndiye kuti miyezo yakufa ndi zana limodzi. Ngakhale omwe adalumidwa, omwe mankhwalawa adadziwitsidwa, magawo khumi ndi asanu atha kumwalirabe.
Chosangalatsa: Chaka chilichonse kumtunda kwa Africa kuchokera kulumidwa koopsa kwa mamba yakuda, anthu 8 mpaka 10,000 amafa.
Tsopano mukudziwa zonse za kuluma koopsa kwa mamba wakuda. Tsopano tiwone momwe zokwawa izi zimaswana.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Black Mamba ku Africa
Nthawi yaukwati ya ma mamba akuda imagwa kumapeto kwa Meyi - koyambirira kwa Juni. Amuna amathamangira kukapeza mayi wawo wamtima, ndipo akazi amawatsimikizira kuti ali okonzeka kugonana, akumatulutsa enzyme yapadera. Nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti okwera pamahatchi angapo amafunsira munthu m'modzi wamkazi wamkazi wa njoka nthawi imodzi, kotero kumachitika nkhondo pakati pawo. Ataluka mchikuta cholimbirana, olimbiranawo anamenya mitu yawo ndikuyesera kuwakweza mmwamba momwe angathere kuti asonyeze kupambana kwawo. Amuna ogonjetsedwa abwerera kuchokera kunkhondo.
Wopambana amalandira mphotho yosiririka - kukhala ndi mnzake. Zitakwatirana, njoka zimayenda mwa njira zawo, ndipo mayi woyembekezera amayamba kukonzekera kuikira mazira. Mkazi amamanga chisa pamalo ena odalirika, ndikuwapatsa nthambi ndi masamba, omwe amabweretsa ndi thupi lake lopindika, chifukwa alibe miyendo.
Ma mamba akuda ndi oviparous, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mazira pafupifupi 17 mu clutch, pomwe patatha miyezi itatu njoka zimawoneka. Nthawi yonseyi, wamkazi amatopa mwakhama, nthawi zina amasokonezedwa kuti athetse ludzu lake. Asanadumphe, amapita kokasaka kuti adye chakudya, apo ayi atha kudya okha ana ake. Kudya pakati pa ma mamba akuda kumachitika.
Chosangalatsa: Maola angapo atabadwa, ma mamba akuda amakhala okonzeka kale kusaka.
Njoka za khanda lobadwa kumene zimafikira kutalika kwa theka la mita (pafupifupi masentimita 60). Pafupifupi kuyambira pomwe adabadwa, ali ndi ufulu wodziyimira pawokha ndipo ali okonzeka kuyamba kugwiritsa ntchito zida zawo zapoizoni posaka nyama. Atatsala pang'ono kufika chaka chimodzi, ma mambas achichepere amakhala kutalika kwamamita awiri, pang'onopang'ono amapeza zokumana nazo pamoyo wawo.
Adani achilengedwe a mamba yakuda
Chithunzi: Black Mamba
Sindingakhulupirire kuti munthu wowopsa komanso wowopsa ngati mamba wakuda ali ndi adani mwachilengedwe omwe ali okonzeka kudya chokwawa chachikulu ichi. Inde, mwa nyama, mulibe mamba akuda ambiri. Izi zimaphatikizapo ziwombankhanga zomwe zimadya njoka, makamaka akuda akuda ndi abulauni omwe amadya njoka, omwe amasaka chokwawa chakupha mlengalenga.
Njoka ya singano siyiyeneranso kudya phwando la mamba yakuda, chifukwa sangakhale pachiwopsezo, chifukwa ali ndi chitetezo chokwanira, chifukwa chake poizoni wa mamba samamupweteka. Mongoose opanda mantha ndi otsutsana kwambiri ndi ma mamba akuda. Amatetezedwa pang'ono ndi poizoni wakupha, koma amalimbana ndi njoka yayikulu mothandizidwa ndimphamvu zawo, kusamala kwawo, kulimba mtima kwawo komanso kulimba mtima kwawo kwakukulu. Mongoose amavutitsa nyamayi ndi kudumpha kwake, komwe imapanga mpaka itapeza mwayi woluma kumbuyo kwa mutu wa mamba, komwe imafera. Nthawi zambiri, nyama zazing'ono zomwe sizikhala ndi chidziwitso zimakhala nyama ya nyama zomwe tatchulazi.
Anthu amathanso kutchulidwa kuti ndi adani a mamba yakuda. Ngakhale anthu aku Africa amawopa kwambiri njoka izi ndipo amayesetsa kuti asayanjane nazo, pang'onopang'ono akuwathamangitsa m'malo omwe atumizidwa kosatha pomanga nyumba zatsopano za anthu. Mamba sapita kutali ndi malo omwe amawakonda, amayenera kusintha moyo pafupi ndi munthu, zomwe zimabweretsa misonkhano yosafunikira komanso kulumidwa koopsa. Moyo siwophweka kwa ma mamba akuda mwachilengedwe, kuthengo, ndipo pamalo abwino, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zaka khumi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Njoka yakuda yakupha
Mamba akuda afalikira kwambiri m'maiko osiyanasiyana aku Africa, posankha malo omwe kuli kotentha. Pakadali pano, palibe umboni wosonyeza kuti chiwerengerochi chakupha chakuchepa, ngakhale pali zinthu zina zoyipa zomwe zimasokoneza moyo wa njoka.
Choyamba, izi zimaphatikizapo munthu yemwe, pomwe akutukuka malo atsopano, amakhala nawo pazosowa zake, ndikuchotsa mamba wakuda m'malo omwe akukhalamo. Chokwawa sichikuthamangira kuchoka kumadera osankhidwa ndipo amakakamizidwa kuti azikhala pafupi kwambiri ndi malo okhala anthu. Chifukwa cha izi, misonkhano yosafunikira ya njoka ndi munthu ikuchulukirachulukira, zomwe kumapeto kwake kumatha zomvetsa chisoni kwambiri. Nthawi zina munthu amapambana nkhondoyi, ndikupha chokwawa.
Okonda Terrarium omwe amakonda ma mamba akuda ali okonzeka kulipira ndalama zambiri kuti akhale ndi chiweto chotere, ndiye kuti ma mamba akuda amagwidwa kuti agulitsenso, chifukwa mtengo wa reptile umafika madola masauzande.
Komabe, titha kunena kuti zokwawa zowopsa izi sizingawonongeke, kuchuluka kwawo sikulumpha kwakukulu, chifukwa chake mamba yakuda sichidatchulidwe pamndandanda wazodzitchinjiriza.
Pomaliza, ndikufuna kudziwa kuti ngakhale mamba yakuda yakula kwambiri, ikuyenda komanso kutengeka, siyithamangira munthu popanda chifukwa. Anthu, nthawi zambiri, amaputa njoka, kuwukira malo omwe amakhala, kukakamiza zokwawa kuti zizikhala pafupi nawo ndikukhala tcheru nthawi zonse.
Black MambaZachidziwikire, zowopsa kwambiri, koma amangowukira podzitchinjiriza, mosiyana ndi zikhulupiriro zosiyanasiyana zamatsenga zomwe zimanena kuti njokayo imabwera kuti ibwezeretse ndikupweteketsa.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08.06.2019
Idasinthidwa: 22.09.2019 pa 23:38
