Mdziko la anthu akutali padziko lapansi, osungidwa kuyambira nthawi ya Pleistocene megafauna, nyama yanyama ndichopatsa chidwi. Kukumana ndi zinyama zaku Africa mwachilengedwe, m'malo osungira nyama ndizosowa kwambiri. Koma nyamazo zimaŵetedwa pamafakitale chifukwa chakuwonjezera chidwi chawo kuchokera kwa opanga mafuta onunkhira komanso opanga khofi.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Maonekedwe a nyamayi yaying'ono amafanana ndi nyama zingapo zomwe zimadziwika nthawi yomweyo - marten, raccoon, mongoose ndi mphaka. Civet waku Africa mdziko la sayansi, amapatsidwa banja lanyama zanyama, chifukwa chake, mdziko lakale, nyama nthawi zambiri amatchedwa mphaka wa civet.
Kukula kwake, nyamayo imafanizidwa ndi galu yaying'ono - kutalika kwa 25-30 cm, kutalika kwa thupi 60-90 cm, mchira pafupifupi masentimita 35. Kukula ndi kulemera kwake kwa nyama kuchokera pa 7 mpaka 20 kg kumasiyana kutengera mtunduwo. Mwa oimira ena, nzika zaku Africa ndizomwe zili zazikulu kwambiri.
Mutu wa civet ndiwosalala, thupi ndilopitali komanso lakuda, ndipo mchira ndi wolimba. Pakamwa pake pamakhala patali ngati raccoon. Makutu ang'onoang'ono, osongoka pang'ono. Maso okhala ndi chopendekera, ana ozungulira. Nyama ili ndi pakamwa pabwino ndi mano olimba. Civet amatha kuluma mu chilichonse, ngakhale zinthu zolimba kwambiri.
Zolimba zolimba zokhala ndi zala zisanu. Zikhotazo sizimabweza m'mbuyo, monga momwe zimakhalira nthawi zonse, ndipo malo omwe matumba ofewa amapezeka amapezeka ndi tsitsi lofewa. Miyendo yayitali yotalikirapo imathandizira nyama kulumpha modzuka, kuthamanga mwachangu, komanso kuwonetsa kupindika.
Mane amayenda kupyola thupi lalitali, pafupifupi masentimita 10, kuyambira koyambirira kwa khosi kupita kotambalala kumunsi kwa mchira, komwe kumawonda pang'onopang'ono mpaka kumapeto. Tsitsi lalifupi la nyama silimasiyana pamtundu komanso kukongola. Kuchuluka kwa malayawo kumasiyanasiyana malinga ndi malo.
Chivundikiro cholimba kwambiri chili mchira, chochepa, chosagwirizana, chovutitsa thupi. Nyama ikachita mantha, nthawi zowopsa, ubweya umayima kumapeto, kukulitsa chilombocho kukula kwake. Civet imadzuka kuti iwoneke yokulirapo, nthawi zina imasaka mmbuyo, ngati mphaka weniweni, imayimirira chammbali kuwonetsa kukula kwake kowopsa.
Mtundu wa nyama ndi wosiyana. Patsogolo pali chopanamira, khosi, ngati chovala chakuda chakuda, chofanana ndi chovala cha raccoon. Mtundu wa malayawo ndiwofiyira wachikaso mpaka utoto wofiirira. Ndondomeko yamizeremizere, yakuda kuposa yakumbuyo. Mbali yakutali ya thupi, utoto wa malaya amafanana ndi khungu la afisi. Mapazi amakhala akuda nthawi zonse. Mchira uli ndi mphete zakuda 4-5, ndipo nsonga yake kwenikweni ndi yakuda bulauni.
Civet pachithunzichi nyama yokongola, yowoneka modabwitsa. Zinyama zimagawidwa m'malo ochepa, kumwera kwa Sahara ku Africa. Civet amakhala ku China, Himalaya, Madagascar, madera ena otentha, aku Asia. Ndikosatheka kuwona civet mdziko lathu mwachilengedwe, ngakhale kumalo osungira nyama ndizochepa.
Nyama yodabwitsa imalembedwa mu Red Book, yotetezedwa ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi kuti ateteze nyama. Akaidi, ma civet amaweta bwino ngati agwidwa ali aang'ono. Eni ake amasunga nyama m khola, kudyetsa nyama zolusa nyama.
Opanga mafuta onunkhira, omwe amakopeka ndi chinsinsi cha nyama, asonyeza chidwi chinyama kuyambira kale. Mtengo wa tiziwalo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono ta civet umawononga ndalama zambiri. Civet ya m'nthawi zakale inali yofunika kulemera kwake ndi golidi. Zowonetsedwa chilombo musk ntchito yopanga mankhwala.
Luso lopeza civet, loyenda pamtsinje, lidalumikizidwa ndi kusaka ma civets, kuweta nyama. Mu ukapolo, nyama zazing'ono pang'onopang'ono zimakonda anthu. Akuluakulu ndi ovuta kuweta. Kuyandikira kwa anthu kumabweretsa chisangalalo, nkhawa za nyama zokhwima. Amachita maondo, amatukula ubweya wawo, amawotcha misana yawo, ndipo amatulutsa kamununkha kabwino.
Ku Ethiopia, kuli minda yathunthu yosunga ma civets; mafuta onunkhira apamwamba achi French amapangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zomwe zimaperekedwa. M'makampani amakono a zonunkhira, malonda a civet akukhala osafunikira kwenikweni chifukwa chopanga musk yopanga. Kusaka kwa civet kumachepa pafupipafupi.
Mitundu
Pali mitundu isanu ndi umodzi ya ma civets, yomwe ina yaku Africa ndi yayikulu kwambiri. Mitundu ya Leakey yatha.
Chinsinsi cha Malabar. Mtundu wa nyama zazing'ono (kutalika mpaka masentimita 80, kulemera kwa makilogalamu 8) kumakhala kofiirira kwambiri, kokhala ndi mawanga akulu akuda m'mbali mwa thupi, ntchafu. Mzere wakuda umayambira m'mbali mwa phirilo. Mchira, pakhosi la civet lokhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda.
Mitundu yosawerengeka kwambiri, yomwe anthu ambiri samapitilira anthu 50. Chiweto chonse chomwe chatsala ndi pafupifupi 250. Amakhala m'nkhalango zazing'ono zazing'ono ku India, zomwe zimawopsezedwa ndi kudula mitengo yayikulu. Kupulumutsa nyama kumangowonekera pokha pokha pakuswana.
Civet wamawangamawanga akulu. Pakamwa pakamwa pa mitundu imeneyi ya nyama zolusa ndi yofanana kwambiri ndi ya galu. Kukula kwa nyama ndikotsika pang'ono poyerekeza ndi mitundu ya ma civet aku Africa. Dzinali limalankhula za utoto wodziwika. Mawanga akulu amaphatikizika mikwingwirima, ndikupanga mawonekedwe owongoka kapena opingasa.
Mikwingwirima yakuda ndi yoyera imakongoletsa pakhosi, khosi, mchira wa nyama. Zikhadabo zobwezeretsanso zimasiyanitsa nzika za mitengo yobiriwira nthawi zonse, m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Cambodia, China, India, Vietnam. Ngakhale ma civets amakhala okwera kwambiri, amadyera kumtunda kokha. Nyama zimawerengedwa ngati mitundu yokhala ndi anthu osatetezeka.
Tangalunga. Ng'ombe yaying'ono yokhala ndi mikwingwirima yambiri kumchira ndikuwonetsetsa pafupipafupi kumbuyo. Mzere wakuda womwe uli pakatikati pa chitunda umathamangira kumapeto kwenikweni kwa mchira.
Pansi pamthupi, utoto woyera umatuluka ndimadontho akuda mpaka pakhosi. Mosamala akukwera mitengo, koma amakonda moyo wapadziko lapansi. Amakhala m'malo ambiri otetezedwa ku Malay Peninsula, Philippines ndi zilumba zina zoyandikana nazo.
Civet wamkulu (waku Asia). Nyama yayikulu mumtundu wake imakhala m'nkhalango zamayiko aku Asia, imapezeka m'malo okwera mpaka mamita 1500. Kutalika kwa thupi mpaka 95 cm, kulemera pafupifupi 9 kg. Yerekezerani civet yaying'ono sichipitilira masentimita 55 kutalika.
Amakhala moyo wosungulumwa usiku, wofala ku Indochina, Nepal, Vietnam. Nyama yokongola yokhala ndi mchira wobiriwira. Thupi lalikulu limakhala labulawuni yakuda. Kusinthana kwa mikwingwirima yakuda ndi yoyera kumakongoletsa mchira ndi khosi lalitali la nyama. Nyamayo imakonda mapiri akuthwa, mapiri otsetsereka.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Nyamayo imakhala ndi moyo wachinsinsi, imakonda kukhala pakati paudzu wamtali wokhala ndi zigamba zamafuta, kuti ibisalire nthawi zonse. Civet wamanjedza amakhala m'mbali yapakati ya nkhalango zotentha.
Nyama zimadziwa kubisala, chifukwa chake kumakhala kovuta kuwona civet munyama zamtchire. Chofunikira kuti mukhale patsamba lanyumba ndi posungira pafupi. Civets salola chilala. Nyama zimakonda kuzizira, nyengo yamvula, zimasambira bwino.
Olusa amakhala osungulumwa m'moyo, amagwirizana nthawi yakuswana. Zisa zimakonzedwa m'makona a anthu ena, nthawi zambiri zimatenga nyumba ya aardvark. Nthawi zina amakhala m'mapanga akale, m'mapanga.
Nyama sizimakumba malo obisalamo, chifukwa zithunzizi sizinakonzekere bwino kuti zizikumba. Malo obisika amafunika kokha ndi akazi okhala ndi ana a ng'ombe, ndipo anthu omasuka samayesa kukhala malo okhazikika. Masana, nyamazo zimapuma pakati paudzu wamtali, mizu yolumikizana ya mitengo, ndipo madzulo zimapita kukasaka.
Nthawi yogwira ntchito kwambiri ndi nthawi y kulowa kwa dzuwa mpaka pakati pausiku. Malo osakira amakhala ndi misuzi yonyansa, ndowe. Nyama zimayika gawo lawo kangapo patsiku. Zomwe zimamveka kununkhira kwa zotsekemera za kumatako ndizazokha, zimasunga mawonekedwe a munthu aliyense.
Ngakhale nyamazi sizilowerera m'malo oyandikana nawo, zimalumikizana ndi ziwombankhanga, kutulutsa mawu amawu ngati kubangula, kutsokomola, ndi kuseka. Makhalidwe amawu amapereka chidziwitso chokhudza chitetezo, kukhala okonzeka kulumikizana, kuwopseza.
Nthawi zambiri amphaka amakhala pansi, ngakhale amadziwa kukwera mitengo ndi zitunda. Kuperewera kwachilengedwe kumalola olusa olimba mtima kulowa m'minda kuti akadye nkhuku ndi ziweto zazing'ono, zomwe sizimasangalatsa alimi akumaloko.
Kunyumba ya ma civets, nzika zimagwiritsa ntchito civet, nyama musk, kupopera nyumba zawo. Kununkhira, komwe Amalaya amayamikira, sikungapirire kwa azungu omwe sanazolowere zinthu ngati izi.
Zakudya zabwino
Zakudya za nyama yodya nyama zimaphatikizaponso zakudya zosiyanasiyana za nyama ndi zomera. Chodabwitsa kwambiri cha omnivorousness chikuwonekera poti nyama imadyanso nyama zakupha, zowola - zomwe nzika zina zadziko lapansi zimakana.
Madzulo akusaka, ma civets amagwira mbalame zazing'ono ndi makoswe. Amakhala obisalira kwa nthawi yayitali, kudikirira kuti nyama igwire. Kenako amaukira, ndikugwira anthuwo mwaukadaulo ndi mano awo. Nyamayo imaluma msana ndi mano, ndipo imaluma ndi khosi. Civet sagwiritsa ntchito miyendo kudula mitembo. Chinyamacho chimagwira wovulalayo pakamwa pake ndi mano ake, ndikuthyola mafupa ake popukusa mutu.
Amphaka amadya tizilombo, mphutsi zawo, amawononga zisa zawo, amadya mazira ndi anapiye, amasamala zokwawa, amanyamula mitembo yovunda yodzaza ndi mabakiteriya, ndikuchita ukhondo mwachilengedwe. Amadziwika ndi ziweto za nkhuku zoweta, nyama zina za pabwalo.
Zipatso zamphesa zimaphatikizaponso zakudya zake, zimadya zipatso zamitundumitundu, mbali zofewa za mapesi a chimanga, zipatso zakupha za m'nkhalango. Ngakhale strychnine yomwe imapezeka mu chomera cha chilebukha, emetic, sichimapweteketsa ma civets.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Amayi azimayi amakhala okhwima atakwanitsa chaka chimodzi. Nthawi yokwatirana imasiyanasiyana m'malo osiyanasiyana. Chofunikira pakunyamula ndi chakudya chochuluka komanso nyengo yofunda. Ku West Africa, ma civets amabala chaka chonse, ku South Africa - kuyambira koyambirira kwa Ogasiti mpaka Januware, ku Kenya, Tanzania - kuyambira Marichi mpaka kumapeto kwa Okutobala. Kukula kwa fetal kumatenga miyezi 2-3. Pakati pa chaka, mkazi wamkazi amabweretsa malita 2-3, iliyonse imakhala ndi ana 4-5.
Kuti ziwonekere ngati ana, civet imakonzekeretsa phanga. Malo oti chisa samangidwe, koma amasankhidwa pakati pa maenje osiyidwa a nyama zazikulu. Nthawi zina chachikazi chimakhazikika m'nkhalango zowirira, pakati pa mizu yolumikizana ndi udzu.
Ana amabadwa atakula bwino. Matupiwo ali ndi tsitsi lofewa, ndipo ana agalu amatha kukwawa. Ubweya, poyerekeza ndi nyama zikuluzikulu, ndi wakuda, wamfupi, mawonekedwe ake sanatchulidwe bwino. Pofika tsiku lachisanu, ana amakhala atayimirira, akuwonetsa masewera ali ndi masiku 10-12, pofika tsiku la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu, achoka pamalowo.
Mzimayi akamayamwitsa ana amadyetsa anawo mkaka mpaka milungu isanu ndi umodzi. Ali ndi miyezi iwiri, amayamba kupeza chakudya, amataya mkaka wa amayi.
Kutalika kwa moyo m'zinthu zachilengedwe ndi zaka 10-12. M'mikhalidwe yaumunthu, nthawi yamoyo imakwera mpaka 15-20. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti amphaka aku Africa omwe ali mu ukapolo nthawi zambiri amapha ana agalu obadwa kumene ndikudya ana awo.
Civet ndi khofi
Ndi okonda ochepa, ngakhale akatswiri a khofi, amadziwa zaukadaulo wopanga mitundu yotsika mtengo kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, Kopi Luwak. Njira yachilendo imayambitsa malingaliro osagwirizana ndi malonda, koma izi sizimakhudza miyambo yokhazikitsidwa, kufunikira kwakukulu ndi mtengo wamitundu yosiyanasiyana, yomwe ndiyokwera kwambiri kuposa khofi wachilengedwe wachilengedwe. Kodi pali kulumikizana kotani pakati pa nyama civet ndi khofi?
Chinsinsi chake nchakuti njuchi imakonda kudya zipatso zakufa kwambiri za khofi. M'matumbo a chilombo cholusa, njerezo sizimakhala zochulukirapo, michere yam'mimba yam'mimba imachotsa kokha kuwawa komwe kumakhalapo pakumwa. Zipatso zabwino kwambiri, pambuyo pokonza mkati mwazinyama zanyama, zimasinthidwa osasinthika.
Alimi amatenga mankhwala amtengo wapatali, amatsuka bwino, amaumitsa, amagulitsa kwa ogulitsa. Bizinesi ya Civet ndiyotchuka ku Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines, South India, Java, Sulawesi ndi zilumba zina zaku Indonesia. Maiko ena ali ndi malire pamsonkhanowu wa chopondapo.
Kutuluka kwa zakumwa zosankhika kunali zotsatira za kunyinyirika kwa utsogoleri wa East Indies, womwe umaletsa nzikawo kulawa zipatso za mitengo ya khofi yomwe adalima. Mlimi wodabwitsa anali woyamba kupeza njira yolawa chakumwa chosadziwika, pambuyo pake adayamba kutchuka kuposa kale lonse, ngakhale ambiri mpaka pano amaganizira njira yokonzekera nkhanza.
Kuyesera kwapangidwa kuti abereketse nyama pamafakitale kuti apange khofi wokoma modabwitsa. Makamaka otchuka chilombo malay - kakang'ono, mpaka kutalika kwa 54 cm, kulemera kwake mpaka 4 kg. Dzina lachiwiri la nyamayo ndi musang, ndipo khofi yemwe amapezeka pambuyo pokonza ndi nyama ndi khofi wa musang.
Koma akatswiri owona amazindikira kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa chakumwa chochokera ku nyemba zamakampani ndi khofi kuchokera kuzipatso zokolola zaulimi. Chifukwa chakuchepa kwamtunduwu ndikuti nyama zomwe zili m'makofi sizisankha nyemba, koma zimadya zomwe zapatsidwa. Njira zachikhalidwe ndizopambana kuposa zamakampani.
Khofi wa Civet ndiwachilendo ngati nyama zomwe. Anthu osamalitsidwa amakhala amtendere, ophunzitsika, okongola ngakhale opanda cholinga chodzikonda kuti atenge nyemba za khofi za golide.
