Gopher - ngwazi ya anthu. The rodent imakonda kupezeka mu nthano zaku Kazakh; Kalmyks amakondwerera tsiku lake, ndikuwonetsa kubwera kwa masika. Amakhulupirira kuti nyamayo, yoimirira mzati kuti iteteze chitetezo chake ndi ana, imadziwa malo obisika okhala ndi chuma chobisika. Usiku ukagwa m'thengo, chinyama chimauza woyenda akugona m'makutu mwake komwe golideyo adayikidwa.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Gopher ndi ya banja la agologolo la makoswe, kuyambira nyama Mitundu 38, makulidwe ndi mitundu imasiyana. Kulemera kwake kwa chinyama ndi 200-1500 g, kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala masentimita 15 mpaka 38, mchira wawung'ono kwambiri ndi 3 cm, waukulu kwambiri ndi 16 cm.
Mitundu yamitundu yodziwika bwino ya agologolo agulu ku Russia imaphatikizapo mitundu ya bulauni, bulauni-bulauni yokhala ndi mawanga, mikwingwirima, yolowetsedwa ndimatuni owala kumbuyo. Mimba nthawi zambiri imakhala yoyera ndi chikaso kapena imvi, mbali zake zimakhala zofiira kwambiri.
Makoswe ali ndi thupi lokulirapo ngati mawonekedwe a silinda. Miyendo yakumbuyo ndi yayitali kuposa yakutsogolo, koma ndi zikhadabo zamphamvu zomwe zimatenga nawo gawo pakupanga maenje. The auricles ndi ochepa, osakhazikika. Sulik kuyatsa chithunzi zikuwoneka zoseketsa komanso zokongola.
Pofika chilimwe, ubweya wa nyama umakhala wolimba, wocheperako komanso wamfupi. M'nyengo yozizira, kuti kutentha kwa thupi kutenthe, ubweya umakula ndikulimba. Chilengedwe chinasamalira masomphenya a gopher m'mphepete mwa fumbi, kupereka maso ndi zikopa zazikuluzikulu, zomwe zimateteza maso ku zinthu zakunja.
Mitundu ya nyama zosunga chakudya kuti adzagwiritse ntchito mtsogolo imagwiritsa ntchito zikwama zamasaya. Amafunika osati kungosungitsa chakudya. Nyamazo, zitapeza chakudya, zinathamangira kudzenje lawo kukadya zomwe zinabweretsa pambuyo pa masaya awo.
Mchira wa fluffy uli ndi ntchito zitatu. Imakhala ngati chitsogozo mukamayenda mu dzenje lakuda. Pogwira makoma a labyrinths, nyamayo imazindikira mbali yomwe ikupitilira kuyenda. Steppe gopher m'masiku otentha kwambiri imagwiritsa ntchito mchira ngati chodzitchinjiriza ku kunyezimira kwa dzuwa, ndipo nthawi yozizira imadzitchinjiriza ku kuzizira mothandizidwa nayo.
M'mudzi, zinyama zimalumikizana kudzera pazizindikiro zovuta. "Lilime" la nyongolotsi zimaphatikizapo kulira, kulira mluzu, kulira, kutsinya. Ndodo yomwe imanena kuti kuli koopsa mumtundu wa akupanga sikumveka ndi nyama zolusa, zomwe agalu a m'nkhalango amagwiritsa ntchito kuchenjeza achibale awo za mdani amene amabwera.
Koma zimagwira ntchito nyama yolusa ikadali kutali. Kufuula gopherKupanga phokoso lalikulu lomwe khutu la munthu limazindikira ndi chizindikiro choti muyenera kubisala nthawi yomweyo. Chilankhulo cholumikizira makoswe ndizovuta. Asayansi amakonda kukhulupirira kuti pogwiritsa ntchito mawu osiyanasiyana, gophers amafotokoza zomwe zili zoopsa, kutalika kwake, ndi zina zambiri.
Mverani kumveka kwa ma gopher:
Mitundu
Omwe amakhala ku Russia akuphatikiza mitundu iyi ya agologolo agulu:
- Yellow kapena sandstone
Amakula mpaka masentimita 38 m'litali ndi zolemera 0.8 kg. Chikhalidwe woponda nyama m'chipululu Amatsimikizira mtundu - mchenga wa monochromatic wokhala ndi zigamba zakuda. Nyamayi imapezeka ku Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, kumunsi kwenikweni kwa Volga.
Amakhala moyo wosungulumwa, samapanga midzi. Chifukwa cha izi, amasamala kwambiri. Asanatuluke mu dzenjelo, amayang'ana kuzungulira malowo kwanthawi yayitali. Pakudyetsa, imatenga malo kutengera zomera. Mu udzu wamtali, amadya, atayimirira mzati, muudzu wochepa - wopindidwa pansi.
Miyala yamchenga nthawi zambiri imakhala varminting. Ngakhale kusaka makoswe pamasewera kumakhudzana ndikulimbana ndi zoteteza m'matenda ndikuteteza malo olimidwa kuti asawonongedwe, agologolo achikasu amakololedwa mchaka chifukwa cha ubweya wawo wokongola, mafuta awo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazophikira komanso ngati mankhwala. Mchenga wa mchenga umasiyana ndi mitundu ina yobadwa nayo yozizira kwambiri, yomwe ndi miyezi 9.
- Big ofiira
Pocheperapo pang'ono kuposa gofer wofiira, kutalika kwakutali kwa thupi ndi masentimita 33-34. Kumbuyo kwake ndi kofiirira golide wokhala ndi mawanga dzimbiri, mbali zofiira, m'mimba mwaimvi. Mawanga ofiira amawoneka bwino pamwamba pamaso ndi pamasaya. Kulemera kwa thupi kumafikira makilogalamu 1.2-1.4.
Mwa mitundu ina, gologolo wamkulu wapamtunda amadziwika chifukwa chokhala moyo wokangalika, amasamuka posaka chakudya, amasambira bwino. Pamaso pa ma burrows, omwe pali zidutswa 10 pachilichonse, palibe milu yadothi (gopherers), zomwe sizachilendo kwa makoswe amtunduwu.
Malo ogawa ndi madera aku Kazakh ndi Russia okhala ndi mafoloko, nkhalango. Nthawi zambiri, nyama zimapezeka kumapeto kwa nkhalango, m'misewu. Nyamazi zimatha kukhala m'nkhalango zamitengo, pomwe zomera zazitali sizimalola kuyang'anitsitsa malo ozungulira ngakhale atakhala pamzere.
Gologolo wamkulu wa pansi si mtundu waung'ono kapena wowopsa. M'malo mwake, zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwamakampani olima omwe amakhala okhazikika pakulima mbewu zambewu. Monga mitundu ina, imafalitsa matenda opatsirana.
- Zing'onozing'ono
Kumbuyo kwake kumakhala kofiirira kapena kotetemera ndi zigamba zachikasu. Mbali za parietal ndi occipital zamutu ndizodzaza mitundu, chifuwa ndi choyera, mbali zake ndizofiira. Kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala masentimita 21. Mchira ndi waung'ono, masentimita 4. Ma biotopes achilengedwe a nyamayi yaying'ono ku Russia ndi madera akumidzi a dera la Volga, mapiri otsika a Ciscaucasia. Nyama imapewa malo okhala ndi mafoloko apamwamba.
Munthu aliyense amakhala wokhutira ndi mzere umodzi. Khoswe sanasunge. Amawerengedwa kuti amanyamula matenda asanu ndi atatu owopsa omwe angayambitse mliri. Mosasamala amawononga tirigu, mavwende, ndi zinthu zobzala. Ngakhale adapangidwira, adalembedwa mu Red Book of Crimea.
- Caucasus kapena mapiri
Thupi ndilotalika 23-24 cm, kumbuyo kwake kuli kofiirira, kofiirira ndi chikasu kapena kuwonjezera kwa tsitsi lakuda. Mimba ndi mbali zake ndi zotuwa. Chitsanzocho chimadziwika kwambiri ndi nyama zazing'ono. Malo ogawawa akuphatikizapo malo odyetserako ziweto a dera la Elbrus, masitepe obzalidwa ndi chimanga, magalasi okutidwa ndi mkungudza kapena barberry, mitsinje yamadzi osefukira m'mitsinje ya Caucasus.
Ngati mukuchitika gopher m'nkhalangondiye malo owonera mapiri. Mosiyana ndi abale awo, omwe amakonda kukhala m'malo otseguka, m'malo ovuta m'mbali mwa nkhalango, gologolo wamkulu waku Caucasus amatha kupezeka m'nkhalango yokhala ndi mitengo yayitali kwambiri yamapaini.
Kudzikonda kwa nyama kumapitilira kumalo okhalamo, koma osati kumalo odyetserako ziweto, komwe amadya udzu limodzi ndi ena mwa mitunduyo. Gopher wamapiri ndiwowopsa kwa ziweto, ngati mliri ukufalikira.
- Amoto
Madera osalima a East European Valley, nkhalango-steppe, malo odyetserako ziweto akumadzulo kwa Ukraine ndi Belarus ndi malo ogawa nyama zing'onozing'ono zosapitilira theka la kilogalamu, kutalika kwa 17 cm ndikukhala ndi michira ya 3-sentimita. Mtunduwo ndi wamawangamawanga, womwe unapatsa dzinali mtundu.
Mtundu waukulu kumbuyo ndi bulauni kapena bulauni. Mawanga amatha kukhala oyera kapena achikaso, kumbuyo kwa mutu ndikowoneka bwino. Mimba ndi imvi ndi chikaso, chifuwa ndi chopepuka. Kuyandikira kwa South kumakhala gologolo wamangamanga, wolumikiza utoto.
Chovalacho ndi chachifupi, chochepa kupatula mchira. Pamutu waukulu, maso akulu okhala ndi nthiti yoyera amaonekera. Makutu ali pafupifupi osawoneka. Makoswe amakhala m'midzi, amapanga mtundu wosakanizidwa ndi gologolo wamng'ono.
- Zamgululi
Oimira mitunduyo ali ndi utoto wonyezimira: kumbuyo kwake ndi kwa mchenga wokhala ndi ziphuphu zosaoneka kwenikweni, m'mimba muli fawn, mbali zake ndi zotuwa ndi dzimbiri. Kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala masentimita 20, mwa anthu akulu kwambiri - 23 cm.
Amapanga midzi m'mapiri a Transbaikalia, motero dzina lachiwiri - Transbaikalian gopher. Alendo obwerezabwereza ku nyumba zazing'ono zam'nyumba komanso za chilimwe, msipu, pafupi ndi mafamu. Imakhazikika pamisewu kapena pafupi ndi njanji, ndikunyamula burrow ya wina.
Amakhala pawokha, sanaphatikizidwe m'magulu am'magulu. Pakati pa nyengo yokwanira, gopher wa Daurian amatha kuthana ndi 1.5 km. Maenje amakumbidwa chaka chilichonse popanda kutuluka mwadzidzidzi ndi gopher. Asanabisike, imaphimba khomo lolowera ndi turf.
- Masaya ofiira
Mitunduyi imapezeka kumwera kwa Urals, ku Caucasus, ku Western Siberia, Kazakhstan. Wotcherayo adatchulidwa ndi mabala akulu achikuda kapena abulauni pamasaya awo. Kutengera kukula ndi kulemera kwake, zili mgulu lapakati.
Chodziwika bwino cha mbewa yamsaya yofiira ndikuti ndikutalika kwa thupi kufika 26-28 masentimita, ili ndi mchira wawung'ono kwambiri wonyezimira wa masentimita 4-5. Mbali yakumtunda ya thupi ndiyofiirira golide wonyezimira ndi phulusa lowala lamapiri. Mchira ndi wagolide, wokhala ndi monochromatic. Mitundu yofiira yomwe imapezeka mumtundu wina wammbali mbali simawoneka bwino kapena kulibe konse.
Gopher wamaso ofiira amaonekera ndi mutu wawung'ono wopanda mphuno, mano akulu ndi maso. Malo ambiri okhala ndi udzu wa nthenga ndi steppes. Nthawi zina zimapezeka m'nkhalango ndi m'mapiri, osaposa 2 zikilomita zikwi pamwamba pa nyanja.
Kuyandikira kumwera, nyama ndizocheperako, ndipo utoto umazimiririka. Makoswe amtunduwu amapanga zigawo. Zovulaza mbewu monga chimanga, munda wamasamba. Zonyamula onyamula encephalitis, mliri.
- Kutalika kwambiri
Far East ndi dera logawa mitundu yayikulu ya agologolo agulu, omwe thupi lawo limafika masentimita 32, ndipo mchirawo ndi wautali theka. Kulemera kwamphongo ndi theka la kilogalamu, mkazi ndi 100 g zochepa. Chitsotso choyera chimawoneka kumbuyo kwakuda bulauni. Mbalizo ndizofiira, mimba ndi yachikasu, mutu, wokhala ndi makutu omveka kuposa mitundu ina, ndi wakuda kuposa msana.
Nyama zimakhala m'mapiri otsika, nkhalango-tundra, steppes, nkhalango zapaini zosawerengeka, pomwe udzu wamphepo umakula. Agalu a Prairie amakumba maenje obowoka okhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana. Phokoso lomwe limapangidwa ndi agologolo agulu lalitali likuyerekeza ndi kulira kwa nyani. Kutentha, komwe kumatha miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, kumagwa chisanu choyamba.
- Beringian kapena waku America.
Gophers zamtunduwu ku Russia ndizofala ku Kamchatka, komwe amatchedwa evrazhka, ku Kolyma, Chukotka. Amakonda kukhazikika pamtunda pafupi ndi midzi, koma amapezekanso kuthengo.
Thupi limakhala lalitali mpaka 32 cm, ndipo mchirawo umakhala mpaka masentimita 12. Kumbuyo kwake ndi kofiirira golide wokhala ndi mawanga oyera, mutu wake umadzaza kwambiri ndimalankhulidwe. Mbali, mimba ya makoswe ndi ofiira owoneka bwino. Chifukwa cha nyengo yozizira, makoswe amakonda chakudya chanyama (tizilombo). Amalandira mokoma mtima alendo ochokera kumayiko ena ndipo amapita kumalo ena oimikako magalimoto. Amakhala m'magawo, amakumba mabowo, pomwe malo amapatulidwira zinthu, zomwe zimadyedwa atadzuka ku tulo.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Ngakhale mitundu ina imapezeka m'nkhalango ndi m'nkhalango za oak, ambiri amakonda kukhala m'malo otseguka. Izi ndichifukwa choti kuthekera kosungabe chitetezo. Ophwanya ali ndi adani ambiri achilengedwe. Izi zikuphatikizapo akadzidzi, mphamba, mphamba. Kuchokera kuzinyama - nkhandwe, mbira, mimbulu, ma raccoon. Bandaging, njoka, ferret ndizoopsa kwambiri, chifukwa zimatha kulowa mnyumba.
Steppes, msipu, madambo okhala ndi zomera zochepa komanso zochepa ndi malo abwino okhala makoswe. Popeza idalandira chikombolecho ndikuwona gawo loyandikira, nyamayo imazindikira zoopsa pakapita nthawi ndikuchenjeza abale ake ndi mawu. Agalu otchire samakhala m'nyumba zawo nthawi zonse. Izi zimachitika kuti amathamangira mumng'oma woyamba womwe adakumana nawo, komwe amakumana ndi kutsutsana ndi eni ake.
Chilengedwe chapatsa gopter miyendo yolimba ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa ndi kapangidwe kapadera ka nsagwada kuti zikhale zosavuta kukumba maenje. Nyama iliyonse, mosasamala kanthu kuti imakhala m'mudzi kapena yokha, imakhala ndi "nyumba" yakeyake, ndipo nthawi zambiri imakhala ingapo.
Mitundu ina imakumba maenje mpaka mita zitatu kuya mpaka mamita 15. Gopher ndi nyama yobwera tsiku limodzi. Amadyetsa m'mawa, dzuwa likauma mame paudzu, komanso madzulo. Amakhala nthawi yotentha kwambiri mumtanda, amagona dzuwa litalowa.
M'nyengo yozizira, imabisala, yomwe imatha kutengera nyengo yanyengo. Kutali kumpoto kwa dera, nthawi yayitali imakhala nthawi yogona. Nthawi yayitali ndi miyezi 9. Asanagone mthupi la makoswe, ma metamorphoses akuthwa amapezeka. Mulingo wa steroids umadumpha kwambiri, minofu imakula kwambiri, mapuloteni omwe amadya nthawi yachisanu.
Wotcherayo amagona tulo tofa nato. Ikhoza kudzutsidwa ndi kutsika kwa kutentha pansipa -25 ° his Izi nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi steppe choris, yomwe imadya ma gopher ogona. Pakapangidwe kazitsulozo, makoswewo amataya theka la kulemera kwawo koyambirira. Chilala ndi kusowa kwa zakudya zimapangitsa kuti nyama zizibisalira mchilimwe, kudikirira nthawi zovuta.
Zakudya zabwino
Chakudya cha gopher chimaphatikizapo chakudya cha zomera ndi nyama. Chiŵerengero chimadalira malo okhala. Kutali kwambiri kumpoto kwa mbewa, zimakhala ndi mapuloteni ambiri azinyama omwe amafunikira. Zakudya zodziwika bwino monga:
- dzinthu, nyemba;
- mavwende;
- zitsamba (clover, chowawa, bluegrass, dandelion, highlander, nettle, knotweed);
- mababu a anyezi zakutchire, tulips;
- mpendadzuwa, thundu, mapulo, mbewu za apurikoti;
- mphukira zazing'ono za msondodzi;
- bowa, zipatso.
Kutengera nyengo, agologolo aganyu amadyera pansi kapena zobiriwira za mbewu, mbewu. Atafika kuminda, nyama mosangalala zimadya kaloti, beets, mababu a gladiolus. Kuchokera pachakudya cha nyama, chakudyacho chimaphatikizapo:
- tizilombo (kafadala, ziwala, mbozi, dzombe);
- mphutsi;
- mazira a mbalame;
- mbewa zoyipa, anapiye.
Pokhala ndi chakudya chosakwanira, gopher amadya zinyalala za chakudya, zovunda. Milandu yakudya anzawo idanenedwa m'midzi yayikulu.
Kubereka ndi chiyembekezo cha moyo
Ngakhale kuchepa ndi kufooka pambuyo pobisalira mu gopher, nyengo yokhwima imayamba patatha masiku ochepa mutadzuka. Osachita ndewu pakati pa omenyera chidwi cha anzawo.
Akazi achonde amanyamula ana kwa mwezi umodzi. Kuyambira awiri mpaka sikisitini amabadwa. Chiwerengero cha ana chimadalira malo okhala ndi chakudya.
Ana amadya mkaka wa mayi kwa mwezi ndi theka, pakatha milungu iwiri amayamba kuwona. Amatha kudzidyetsa okha pakatha masiku 30, koma amakhala mumtsinje umodzi mpaka miyezi itatu. Mkazi amateteza kwambiri ana kwa alendo omwe sanaitanidwe. Kuti ziwoneke zazikulu, pakadali pano zikusefukira mchira, kutchinga njira. Ana achikulire amasamukira kumabowo okumba mosamala ndi kholo lawo.
Chakumapeto kwa masika, milandu yakudya anzawo komanso olanda ndiwo zifukwa zakufa kwakufa kwa nyama zazing'ono. Kumtchire, makoswe samakhala motalika - zaka 2-3. Anthu ena, pansi pazabwino, amakhala zaka zisanu ndi zitatu.
Makoswe samangokhala ndi matenda opatsirana ndikusiya madazi akulu m'minda yobzalidwa mbewu zambewu. Zabwino udindo wa wopondereza mwachilengedwe ndi izi:
- kuchepa kwa tizirombo ta tizilombo;
- kuonjezera kupezeka kwa nthaka ndi chinyezi, ndikuwongolera kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe;
- kuchuluka kwa mitundu yosawerengeka ya mbalame zodya nyama zomwe zimadya makoswe.
Ubweya wa gologolo wamkulu wapansi, wopezeka mchaka, amakhala ngati mink. Ziwalo zopumira zimathandizidwa ndi mafuta oyera mwachilengedwe. Chogulitsacho chithandizira kuchotsa poizoni mthupi, chimakhala ndi tonic ndi bactericidal athari.
Owerenga amachita chidwi ndi bukhu lofiira la nyama ya gopher kapena ayi... Mitundu yaying'ono, yamasaya ofiira ndi yamawangamawanga yapatsidwa udindo wokhala pangozi komanso wosowa ku Stavropol Territory, Altai, Caucasus, mdera la Bryansk, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod ndi madera ena. Zifukwa zake ndikulima kwa nthaka ponseponse, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kuchuluka kwa zilombo zolusa, komanso kuwotcha zomera.
Mitundu ina ya agalu am'midzi imasowa ngakhale m'malo osungira zachilengedwe. Panali kufunika kofulumira kupanga ma biotopes ndi ma nazale. Kusunga kukhulupirika kwa nyama zakutchire ndi ntchito yadziko lonse.
