Banja la kadzidzi limadziwika kuti ndi fuko lam nthenga, lakale kwambiri padziko lapansi. Pakadali pano, mbalame zimakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi, sizili ku Antarctica kokha. Zonse mitundu ya akadzidzi amasiyana pamitundu yonse yomwe imawasiyanitsa ndi omwe amadya nthenga.
Chodziwika kwambiri ndikutheka kwa kadzidzi kutembenuza mutu wake 270 °. Maso akulu ozungulira amayang'ana kutsogolo, amazindikira dziko lonse lapansi lakuda ndi loyera. Kadzidzi amawona bwino nthawi iliyonse masana, mwana amasintha osati kusintha kowala, komanso kupumira ndi kutulutsa kwa mbalameyo.
Mtundu wobisala wa nthenga wokhala ndi mikwingwirima ndi mikwingwirima umagwirizana ndi dziko lozungulira, zomwe zimapangitsa luso la kusaka. Pothawa mofulumira, kadzidzi amakula msanga mpaka 80 km / h.
M'mbuyomu, mbalame zakale zidapatsidwa zinthu zodabwitsa, zimawopa kukumana nazo, mwachidziwikire chifukwa cha kuti akadzidzi amamva dziko mochenjera kwambiri, ndipo maso awo ali ndi chidziwitso chapadera. Ziwombankhanga zimakhala zaka 5 mpaka 15, koma anthu ena azaka 100 amakondwerera zaka 20.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya akadzidzi ndi yayikulu kwambiri, koma ndizosatheka kuwasokoneza ndi mbalame zina.
Banja la kadzidzi limaphatikizapo:
- akadzidzi enieni, kapena Striginae;
- banja laling'ono Аsiоninae;
- banja laku Surniinae.
Werengani, mitundu ingati ya kadzidzi amakhala padziko lapansi, adayesedwa kangapo. Akatswiri a sayansi ya mbalame akhala akufotokoza mwasayansi mitundu yoposa 200 ya mbalame zomwe zimakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi, ndipo 17 mwa izo zimapezeka ku Russia.
Pakati pa akadzidzi enieni, otchuka kwambiri ndi awa:
Zolemba. Kubisa kwabwino pamtengo, zomata zowirira zimawapangitsa kukhala osadziwika pakati pa mitengo ikuluikulu, ngati maso a mbalame ali otsekeka. Mitundu yaying'ono ya kadzidzi kufalikira mu kukula kwa Europe, Asia, America. Zosiyanitsa zimawonetsedwa ndi chimbale chosakwanira cha nkhope, nthenga yayikulu "makutu", zala zakumaso zolimba.
Ku Russia, scops owl amadziwika bwino, mbalame yapakatikati, kutalika kwa 20-25 cm, ndi nthenga za imvi zofiirira zoyera ndi zakuda. Liwu la mbalameyi, lokoma, nthawi ndi nthawi loti "kugona-pa-y" limapatsa dzinali mtunduwo. Amakhala moyo wosamukasamuka kapena wokhala pansi, kutengera malo omwe amakhala. Njenjete zosamukira m'nyengo yozizira m'madambo aku Africa.
Mverani mawu a kadzidzi
Mitundu yaying'ono ya kadzidzi imagwira ntchito m'mawa kwambiri.
Kadzidzi. Alenje akulu usiku samaphonya mwayi wokangalika kufunafuna nyama yomwe ili kale madzulo. M'chilankhulo chakale cha Chirasha, mbalame zimatchulidwa kuti ndizodya zosakhutira. Ulendowu ndi chete, chifukwa cha nthenga yake. Mbalame nthawi zambiri zimangotchedwa akadzidzi a m'nkhalango, kuwombera kwawo nthawi zambiri kumasokonezeka ndi kulira kwa kadzidzi.
Mverani kulira kwa kadzidzi
Masana, ndizosowa kwambiri kukumana ndi kadzidzi wonyezimira, ngati mbalame zing'onozing'ono zokha zimasokoneza kupumula kwa kadzidzi, zimapangitsa kuti ziwuluke kutali ndi kulira kwawo.
M'nkhalango zakumpoto, pali kadzidzi wamkulu wakuda wokhala ndi mutu waukulu, chimbale chakutsogolo. Mphete zakuda kuzungulira maso ang'ono achikaso amatchedwa zowoneka za mbalame. Nthenga zofiirira, kolala yoyera pakhosi, malo akuda pansi pamlomo, wofanana ndi ndevu, zimapatsa mbalameyo mawonekedwe owoneka bwino.
Kadzidzi. Akuluakulu oimira banja la kadzidzi amasiyanitsidwa ndi thupi lopangidwa ndi mbiya, nthenga zosalala za ocher shades, ndi nthenga za khutu. Kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala masentimita 36 - 75. Hares, mphalapala zazing'ono komanso ma pheasants amakhala nyama. Kuwona bwino ndi thandizo lakumva pakusaka.
Amazolowera ma biotopu osiyanasiyana okhala ndi chakudya chabwino, malo okhala okhaokha, nthawi zina amakhala mumzinda. Ziwombankhanga zimadziwika ndi moyo wongokhala. M'mabanja mwawo, ndi omwe amakhala ndi mbiri yayitali.
Mitundu 19 ya akadzidzi a ziwombankhanga imasiyana mosiyanasiyana m'malo awo ndi chakudya chakutsogolo, mithunzi, kulemera kwa thupi, kukula kwake.
Kadzidzi ndi wobisa kwambiri, ndiye kuti amveka kawirikawiri kuposa momwe amawonera.
Phulusa (loyera). Mosiyana ndi mamembala ambiri am'banja, nthenga zobisalira mbalameyi ndi yoyera ndi mizere yakuda, chifukwa chilombocho chimakhala mumiyendo yoyera yoyera. Ziwombankhanga za sing'anga, maso owala achikaso, milomo yakuda.
Mitundu ya akadzidzi oyera kuphatikiza mu Red Book. Pofunafuna chakudya, mbalame zimayendayenda, zikutsatira malo otseguka. Mbalame zimasaka m'mawa kwambiri komanso madzulo, ndimu zimakonda kudya, koma kadzidzi amatha kulimbana ndi kalulu, kholingo, komanso amadya nsomba. Kadzidzi wachipale chofewa chimagwira nyama yake, kumeza nyama zing'onozing'ono, ndikukokera nyama zazikulu kumalo obisalapo nyama.
Kadzidzi woyera wachisanu amadziwika kuti ndi amodzi mwamitundu yayikulu kwambiri ya akadzidzi.
Kadzidzi Neotropical. Amakhala m'makontinenti aku America. Mbalame ndi zazikulu msinkhu, kutalika kwa thupi ndi masentimita 45. Amakhala m'nkhalango za mangrove, m'tchire, m'minda ya khofi, pafupi ndi magwero amadzi abwino. Amakonda malo otsika.
Ziwombankhanga zochititsa chidwi za Nootropic zimatchedwa dzina lawo ndi nsidze zoyera ndi mikwingwirima yolekanitsa maso ndi masaya motsutsana ndi nthunzi yakuda. Kuphatikiza kosiyanaku kumapanga mtundu wamagalasi. Kuzungulira mutu wopanda nthenga yakutuluka.
Mtundu wonyezimira ndi bulauni m'mitundumitundu, m'mimba ndikakuda chikasu. Pakhosi pali khola loyera loyera lokhala ndi ziboda zakuda pachibwano. Zofunkha sizing'onoting'ono chabe, komanso nyama zomwe kulemera kwake kumaposa kulemera kwa mlenje wosaka nthenga - opossums, skunks.
Kadzidzi khola. Mayina amtundu wa Owl akuphatikizapo mtundu wa nkhwangwa, mawonekedwe omwe amafotokozedwa ndi disc ya nkhope. Kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala masentimita 35 mpaka 40. Maonekedwe ake ndi ofiira ofiira omwe amakhala ndi mikwingwirima, makulidwe amitsempha osatseguka bwino.
Chifukwa chake, munthu akhoza kukhala pamphumi, wachiwiri pamlingo wa mphuno. Kumva mbalame kumakhala kovuta, kwakukulu kwambiri kuposa kwamphaka. Ziwombankhanga zimakhala kumayiko ambiri, kupatula ku Antarctica.
Kadzidzi nsomba. Amakhala pafupi ndi mitsinje, komwe amadyera nsomba zazikuluzikulu zomwe zagwidwa, zomwe kulemera kwake nthawi zambiri kumafanana ndi kwa mbalame yodya nyama. Kadzidzi amapeza nsomba zam'madzi, nsomba, burbot, pike, trout. Pali timiyala tating'onoting'ono pamapazi a mbalameyi kuti tigwire nsomba yoterera. Nyama zolusa zimasaka madzulo ndi usiku, kufunafuna nyama kuchokera ku nthambi zomwe zapachikidwa pamadzi.
Mitundu yambiri ya akadzidzi ali pafupi kutha. Kudula mitengo, kukula m'mphepete mwa nyanja kumalanda mbalame malo awo okhala. Malo okhalamo akuphatikizapo madera a Primorye, Priamurye, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ku Manchuria, Japan.
Kadzidzi nsomba. Zimayimira mtundu wa mbalame zazikulu, zomwe kutalika kwake kumakhala mpaka 60-70 cm, kulemera kwake kumafika 4 kg. Oimira ochititsa chidwiwa amadziwika ndi matupi akuluakulu, mapiko ataliatali, nthenga zazikulu "makutu". Nthenga zake ndi zofiirira, zakuda.
Ku Russia, mbalame zimapezeka kuzilumba za Kuril, Sakhalin. Mitsinje yodzaza ndi nsomba zokhala ndi malo okonda nthenga. M'nyengo yozizira, amadyetsa m'malo osazizira kwambiri. Mitundu ya akadzidzi pachithunzichi, zopangidwa pamadzi, nthawi zambiri, zimaimiridwa ndi kadzidzi.
Akadzidzi a chiwombankhanga amakhala ndi misomali m'makhola awo, yomwe imawathandiza kuti azigwira nsombazo mwamphamvu
Oyera-nkhope amatumba. Okhala m'maiko aku Africa, Congo, Ethiopia, Cameroon - m'chigawo kuyambira equator kupita kuchipululu cha Sahara. Nthaka zowala kumbuyo kwa mtundu wotuwa wa thupi zidapatsa dzinali mtundu. Mumakhala mitengo ya mthethe, savanna, komwe imapeza chakudya chamtundu wa tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, makoswe ang'onoang'ono, zokwawa, ndi mbalame zazing'ono. Kusaka pobisalira.
Maso oyera oyera amatchedwa osinthira chifukwa chakukula kwawo kwambiri, kuchepetsa kukula kwa thupi. Maonekedwe akadzidzi zimasiyanasiyana kutengera kukula kwa mdani. Kumenyera kutsogolo kwa nyama yaying'ono kumafotokozedwa modzaza ndi mapiko otambalala. Patsogolo pa chilombo chachikulu, kadzidzi amakandikira, ngati kuti amapindika m'mapiko, amatseka maso ake - amakhala osazindikirika pakati pa nthambi, ndikupanga nthambi.
Kadzidzi amangoona zomwe zili pamaso pake, maso ake samayenda m'matumba, koma izi zimalipidwa chifukwa cha kuyenda kwa mutu
Kukula kwa Cuba. Mbalame yaying'ono yomwe imapezeka pachilumba cha Cuba. Kutalika kwa thupi pafupifupi 22 cm, mutu wawung'ono, miyendo yayitali yopanda mapiko. Malo okondedwa ndi mapiri amiyala, zipilala zamiyala. Zisa za kadzidzi zimapezeka m'mapanga a mitengo, ming'alu m'mapanga. Zimasonyeza zochitika usiku, zimasaka mbalame zazing'ono, tizilombo.
Ophunzira aku Western America. Mbalameyi imakhala m'nkhalango zosakanikirana komanso zosakanikirana. Kutalika kwa thupi ndi masentimita 15 okha, kulemera kwa mbalame yayikulu sikuposa magalamu 65. Nthenga zotetezera zamiyala yakuda-bulauni yokhala ndi mizere yambiri yosiyanako. Mbali yapadera imawonetsedwa m'malo ofiira amoto pamapiko ndi chimbale cha nkhope. Amakhala moyo wosamukasamuka. Nyengo kum'mwera kwa Texas, California.
Kadzidzi wamkulu wakuda. Amakhala m'zigwa, m'nkhalango ku Mexico, Costa Rica. Mbalameyi idatchedwa ndi dzina chifukwa cha nsidze zake zowala, zotambasukira ku mphonje zazitali zamakutu a nthenga zoyera, mzere wake wonse umafanana ndi "nyanga".
Mtundu wa nthenga ndi wotuwa-bulauni wokhala ndi mawanga osiyanasiyana ndi mikwingwirima yofanana ndi akadzidzi onse. Nthenga mpaka pansi pa zala. Mawu a mbalame amafanana ndi kulira, kulira kumamveka pakadutsa masekondi 5-10.
Nkhawa ya mbalameyi imafotokozedwa potambasula thupi, zomwe zimapangitsa kadzidzi kuti aziwoneka ngati nthambi yayikulu. Chakudya cha mbalame chimapangidwa ndi kafadala, mbozi, ndi zinyama zazing'ono zosiyanasiyana.
Banja laling'ono la Аsiоninae limaimiridwa ndi kadzidzi:
Kadzidzi wamakutu ataliatali. Dzina lina lenileni ndi kadzidzi a mphungu kakang'ono chifukwa chofanana ndi abale awo akulu - chimbale chowoneka bwino, maso achikaso lalanje, mabowo akulu amkhutu. Miyendo ili ndi nthenga zamakhola. Chofunika kwambiri pa mbalame ndi nthenga zoseketsa "makutu" zomwe zimakopa chidwi.
Kukula kwa nyama zodya nyama za avian ndizochuluka, kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala masentimita 80-90. Mtunduwo umakhala wofiirira, koma mimba nthawi zambiri imakhala yoyera. Mitundu ya akadzidzi kufalikira ku kontinenti ya Eurasia. Mbalame zimakopeka ndi nkhalango zowirira kwambiri. Amakhala nyengo yozizira kumwera kwa China, Crimea, North Africa, ndi Caucasus. Ngati zikhalidwe zilola, amakhala moyo wongokhala.
Jamaican scoop (milozo). Mbalame zazing'ono 28-35 cm wamtali zimapezeka pachilumba cha Jamaica. Nthenga zokhala ndi utoto wofiyira, mikwingwirima yodziwika bwino. Zakudya za achule, tizilombo, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono.
Solomon eared kadzidzi... Odwala ku Solomon Islands. Amakhala m'nkhalango zosakanikirana. Kadzidzi wa msinkhu wapakati, wokhala ndi mutu wozungulira wopanda "makutu". Mtundu wofiirira wofiyira umakwaniritsidwa ndi mikwingwirima yakuda. Diso lakumaso ndi imvi, lokhala ndi zipsera pamphumi ndi masaya. Zakudya zimayang'aniridwa ndi ma ossamu. Kulira kwa mbalame kumakhala kochititsa chidwi, bola ngati kubuula kwamunthu.
Kadzidzi ali ndi kumva kwabwino
Kadzidzi Hawk. Khalidwe louluka limafanana ndi mphamba wa Cooper, yemwe kadzidzi amasokonezeka nthawi zambiri. Kutalika kwa mbalameyi ndi masentimita 35-42. Nthengazo, monga mitundu yambiri yofananira, ndi zofiirira zokhala ndi mizere yoyera, koma kumbuyo kwa khosi kuli mtundu winawake wakuda. Amakhala m'nkhalango zochepa za coniferous kapena zosakanikirana za Eurasia, North America. Mphamba Mitundu ya mbalame za kadzidzi ndi osaka tsiku ndi tsiku, i.e. yogwira usiku komanso masana.
Kadzidzi wamiyendo ya mphungu. Ku Russia, mbalameyi imapezeka ku Far East, anthu ambiri amakhala m'nkhalango ya kum'maŵa kwa dziko lapansi. Dzinalo limaperekedwa kuchokera kumiyala yakuthwa pazala za mbalame. Chimbale cha nkhope sichimawonetsedwa bwino, palibe "makutu", mchira ndi mapiko atali. Malinga ndi malamulo, mbalameyi imafanana ndi mphamba.
Ndegeyo ndiyosavuta, yosunthika, yomwe imakupatsani mwayi wosaka ntchentche. Pogwira nyama, kadzidzi amawonetsa luso louluka - kutembenukira kwakuthwa, kutuluka m'madzi, kuchoka mozungulira. Kadzidzi amawonetsera kupezeka kwawo ndi kulira kwamtundu wina, komwe anthu aku Adyghe adatcha kadzidzi "uhti-uhti".
Kadzidzi ali ndi mawonekedwe osangalatsa a miyendo, zala ziwiri zikuyang'ana kutsogolo ndi zala ziwiri kumbuyo, zomwe zimakupatsani mwayi wogwira nthambi mosavuta
Kadzidzi. Mbalame zazing'ono zokhala ndi nthenga zakuda, mutu wakutsogolo. Nthengazo ndi zofiirira ndikubalalika kwa mawanga oyera, omwe nthawi zambiri amapezeka pamimba. Maonekedwe a kadzidzi ndi ochititsa mantha, oopsa. Mwinanso izi zidakhala chifukwa cha nthano zachisoni zokhudzana ndi kuwonekera kwa kadzidzi. Zovuta, zotayika, moto zimayikidwa kwa iye.
Kadzidzi amakhala m'malo otseguka, mbalame zimawoneka pamapiri otsetsereka, kadzidzi nthawi zambiri zimawonekera pafupi ndi midzi yakumidzi ndi mizinda. Amakhala moyo wokhazikika, amakhala akhama mumdima. Kuwona bwino ndi kumva, kuwuluka mwakachetechete kumakupatsani mwayi wosaka. Zikakhala zoopsa, akadzidzi amachita modabwitsa - amayamba kusambira ndikugwada.
Mpheta. Mbalamezo ndizochepa kukula, ndi mapiko amfupi, kutalika kwake ndi masentimita 40. Amadziwika ndi mchira wotalika, kukula kochepa kwa disc ya nkhope. Semicircular mutu wopanda mawonekedwe "makutu", maso ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi nsidze zazifupi zoyera. Nthenga zofiirira, nthawi zina zofiirira zokhala ndi zilembo zoyera pamapiko.
Nthenga zimaphimba miyendo mpaka kumakhola. Imasaka usana ndi usiku. Amakonda kupanga malo ang'onoang'ono m'mabowo, pomwe zikopa ndi nthenga za nyama zimasiyidwa. Kadzidzi kakang'ono kamagwira mbalame zazing'ono pamalo odyetserako, kudikirira. Akadzidzi odutsa afala ku Europe ndi Asia.
Kadzidzi ku Upland. Kambalame kakang'ono kakang'ono kokhala ndi mutu waukulu wozungulira. Nthenga zolimba zala zimasiyanitsa mbalame ndi abale awo. Nthenga zotuluka zimachulukitsa kuchuluka kwa ma kadzidzi. Msana wofiirira, mutu ndi mapiko okutidwa ndi mawanga akulu oyera. Khalidwe ili likuwonekera mu asymmetry wa kutseguka kwamakutu.
Kuchuluka kwa akadzidzi ndi ambiri, koma ndizopambana kukumana ndi mbalame munyama zamtchire. Khalidwe lachinsinsi, moyo wausiku, nkhalango zamtchire zimapatsa chilombo chinsinsi chapadera. Ngati pamsonkhano wosayembekezereka, akadzidzi amagundana ndikuseka milomo yawo moseketsa.
Kadzidzi nkhalango. Zopereka mtundu wa kadzidzi wosowa, yomwe kwakanthawi idalingaliridwa kuti idasowa. Amapezeka m'nkhalango zowirira za Central India. Kutalika kwa thupi la mbalameyo ndi masentimita 23 okha, kulemera kwake ndi pafupifupi magalamu 120. Imasiyana ndi mabala obiriwira, owala pang'ono.
Pali kolala yoyera pakhosi. Mutu waukulu wa kadzidzi wokhala ndi chimbale choyera. Mapazi otsika ali ndi mphamvu zokwanira. Mosiyana ndi anthu ambiri ogwirizana, imakonda nkhalango zowirira kuti zitsegule malo.
Kadzidzi Elf. Kadzidzi wamng'ono - kutalika kwa thupi masentimita 12-13 okha, kulemera kwa magalamu 45. Maso owala achikaso amaonekera motsutsana ndi nthenga zofiirira, zomwe zimawoneka mdziko lapansi momveka bwino, ngati kuti zadabwitsako pang'ono. Nyenyeswa zimadyetsa tizilombo tambiri, akangaude, zinkhanira. Khoswe kapena buluzi ndi phwando lalikulu kwa iwo. Chifukwa cha milomo yawo yofooka, akadzidzi satha kumanga chisa okha, amamera mizu m'mapako osiyidwa ndi nkhwangwa, ndipo amakhalanso mu mphalapala yayikulu, m'mbali mwaminga momwe zilombo sizingathe kubisala.
Kadzidzi wamng'ono. Kukula kwa mbalame ndikocheperako kuposa wopita. Mitunduyi imapezeka ku Europe, South Asia, ndi Russia. Amakhala m'malo otsetsereka, amapanga zisa pakati pamiyala yamiyala, m'mabowo osiyidwa, m'zipinda zakale za nyumba zakale.
Okonda mbalame nthawi zambiri amalota zokhala ndi kadzidzi monga chiweto. Kusamalira nyama yolusa yamphongo yaulere kumafunikira zochitika zina. Mitundu ya akadzidzi oweta onjezerani odzichepetsa, owongoka bwino akadzidzi, ma syrups, nkhokwe zosungira. Kadzidzi wonyezimira, kadzidzi wamakutu ataliatali ndi oyenera kusungidwira m'nyumba. Ngati nkhuku yaying'ono yagula, zidzakhala zosavuta kusintha chiweto kuti chikhale kapolo.
Mwamuna nthawi zonse amakhala ndi chidwi ndi akadzidzi, sanakhalebe opanda chidwi ndi mawonekedwe awo, khalani. Ena adawona chowopseza, ena chizindikiro chabwino, koma nthawi zonse amakhulupirira kuti kadzidzi amawona zoposa munthu wamba.
