Mtsinje wa dolphin Ndi nyama yaying'ono yam'madzi yoyenda mwadongosolo. Asayansi masiku ano amati ma dolphin am'nyanja ndi nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha chifukwa chiwerengero cha anthu chatsika m'zaka zaposachedwa chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala.
Ma dolphin amtsinje kale anali kufalikira m'mitsinje ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Asia ndi South America. Masiku ano, ma dolphin amtsinje amakhala m'malo ochepa okha a mitsinje ya Yangtze, Mekong, Indus, Ganges, Amazon ndi Orinoco komanso malo opezekapo nyanja ku Asia ndi South America.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Mtsinje wa Dolphin
Akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale apeza zinthu zomwe zingawulule zambiri za kholo la dolphin, ngakhale kuti kusinthika kwake kumasiya mafunso ambiri. Makolo ake mwina adachoka kunyanjaku kuti akapeze madzi abwino pomwe kukwera kwamadzi kumatsegulira malo okhala pafupifupi zaka 6 miliyoni zapitazo.
Mu 2011, ofufuza adapeza zidutswa zazing'onozing'ono zam'madzi za dolphin zomwe kufananizira kwa ma anatomical kukuwonetsa kuti ndizofanana kwambiri ndi dolphin ya Amazonia. Zotsalazo zidapezeka pamalo omwe ali m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Caribbean ku Panama. Zidutswa zosungidwa zomwe sizinatayike ndi kukokoloka zimaphatikizapo chigaza pang'ono, nsagwada zapansi, ndi mano angapo. Zakale zakufa m'miyala yozungulira zathandiza asayansi kuchepetsa zaka za dolphin mpaka zaka 5.8 miliyoni mpaka 6.1 miliyoni.
Kanema: Mtsinje Dolphin
Wotchedwa Isthminia panamensis, ndi wosakanikirana ndi dzina la dolphin la Amazonia lero ndi malo omwe mtundu watsopanowu udapezeka, dolphin pafupifupi mita 2.85 kutalika. Maonekedwe a mutu wa masentimita 36, omwe amawoneka owongoka m'malo mopendekera pang'ono ngati ma dolphin amakono amtsinje, akuwonetsa kuti nyamayo idakhala nthawi yayitali munyanja, ndipo mwina idadya nsomba, asayansi akutero.
Kutengera ndi mawonekedwe athupi lakale, Isthminia mwina anali wachibale wapamtima kapena kholo la mtsinje wamakono wa dolphin. Chofunikanso ndichakuti mtundu womwe unapezedwawo unali mbadwa ya dolphin ya mtsinje wakale komanso yomwe sinapezeke yomwe idabwerera kunyanja.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nyama ya dolphin
Pali mitundu inayi yamtsinje wa dolphin:
- Mtsinje wa Amazon ndi nyama yolimba yomwe ili ndi maso ang'onoang'ono ndi pakamwa patali pang'ono, mopindika pang'ono kumapeto kwake. Ndiwo anamgumi okhawo omwe ali ndi mano ofiira omwe mano awo amasiyana nsagwada, kutsogolo ndiko mawonekedwe osavuta, pomwe kumbuyo kumathandizira kuphwanya zinthu. Bowo loboola pakati limakhala kumanzere pakati pamutu, khosi limasinthasintha chifukwa cha mafinya a khomo lachiberekero osasakanikirana ndipo ali ndi khola lotchulidwa. Amazon Dolphin ili ndi mphindikati wotsika kwambiri. Zipsepsezo ndi zamakona atatu, zokulirapo ndipo zimakhala ndi malangizo osokera. Chimodzi mwazinthu zodabwitsa kwambiri zamtunduwu ndi mtundu wake kuyambira woyera / imvi mpaka pinki. Anthu ena, komabe, ndi owala pinki;
- Baiji ndi dolphin yamadzi oyera yomwe imangokhala mumtsinje wa Yangtze. Mitunduyi imakhala yotumbululuka buluu kapena imvi komanso yoyera mbali yamkati. Ili ndi kansalu kakang'ono, kansalu kakang'ono katatu, kamwa yayitali, yokwera, ndi maso ochepa kwambiri pamutu pake. Chifukwa cha kusawona bwino ndi madzi akuda a Mtsinje wa Yangtze, a Baiji amadalira mawu kuti alankhulane;
- Ganges dolphin ili ndi thupi lolimba komanso losinthasintha lokhala ndi kansalu kakang'ono kochepa kotsekemera. Imalemera mpaka 150 kg. Achinyamata amakhala obiriwira akabadwa ndipo amasanduka ofiira ofiira akakula ndi khungu losalala komanso lopanda ubweya. Akazi ndi akulu kuposa amuna. Kutalika kwazitali kwa mkazi ndi 2.67 m, ndipo kwamwamuna ndi 2.12 mita.Akazi amakwanitsa kufikira atakwanitsa zaka 10-12, pomwe amuna amakula msanga;
- Dolphin wa La Plata amadziwika ndi kamwa yake yayitali kwambiri, yomwe imadziwika kuti ndi mitundu yayikulu kwambiri ya dolphin. Pafupifupi, oimira mitundu iyi amafika kutalika kwa 1.5 mita ndikulemera pafupifupi 50 kg. Chotambala cham'mbali chimakhala chamakona atatu ndi m'mbali mwake. Kutengera mtundu, ma dolphin awa ali ndi khungu lakuda ndi kofiirira pamimba.
Kodi dolphin amtsinje amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Pink River Dolphin
Dolphin ya Amazon imapezeka m'mitsinje ya Orinoco ndi Amazon, m'maziko amitsinje, mitsinje ndi nyanja zake, ngakhale m'malo ena malo ake achilengedwe amakhala ochepa chifukwa chakukula ndi kumanga madamu. M'nyengo yamvula, malo okhala amakhala m'nkhalango zodzaza madzi.
Baiji, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti Chinese Yangtze Delta Dolphin, ndi dolphin yamadzi abwino. Baiji nthawi zambiri amakumana awiriawiri ndipo amatha kulumikizana m'magulu akuluakulu pakati pa anthu 10 mpaka 16. Amadyetsa nsomba zazing'onoting'ono zamadzi amchere, pogwiritsa ntchito kamwa yawo yayitali, yokwera pang'ono kuti ayang'ane mtsinje wamatope wamtsinje wa China.
WWF-India yapeza malo abwino m'malo 9 m'mitsinje 8 ya dolphin ya Ganges chifukwa chake kuyeserera koyambirira. Izi zikuphatikiza: Upper Ganga (Bridghat kupita ku Narora) ku Uttar Pradesh (malo otchedwa Ramsar Sanctuary), Chambal River (mpaka 10 km kumunsi kwa Chambal Wildlife Sanctuary) ku Madhya Pradesh ndi Uttar Pradesh, Gagra ndi Mtsinje wa Gandak ku Uttar Pradesh ndi boma la Bihar, mtsinje wa Ganga, kuchokera ku Varanasi kupita ku Patna ku Uttar Pradesh ndi Bihar, Son ndi Kosi mitsinje ku Bihar, mtsinje wa Brahamaputra m'chigawo cha Sadia (m'munsi mwa Arunachal Pradesh) ndi Dhubri (malire aku Bangladesh), Kulse komanso msonkho wa Brahamaputra.
Dolphin ya La Plata imapezeka m'madzi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic kumwera chakum'mawa kwa South America. Madera ena omwe amapezeka amapezeka monga nyanja za Argentina, Brazil, ndi Uruguay. Sipanakhalepo maphunziro ofunikira osamukira, komabe kuchuluka kwa ma dolphin kukuwonetsa kuti kusamuka sikuchitika kunja kwa madera awo.
Kodi dolphin yamtsinje imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Madzi amchere Dolphin
Monga ma dolphin onse, zitsanzo zamtsinje zimadyetsa nsomba. Chakudya chawo chimaphatikizapo mitundu pafupifupi 50 ya nsomba zazing'ono zamadzi. Ma dolphin amtsinje nthawi zambiri amasaka mwa kutseka pakamwa pawo chachitali, chokhota pang'ono pakati pa nthambi za mitengo yomira yomwe imangoyala pathupi pa mtsinjewu.
Ma dolphin onse amapeza chakudya pogwiritsa ntchito echolocation kapena sonar. Njira yolankhulirayi ndiyofunikira makamaka kwa dolphins am'mitsinje posaka, chifukwa kuwonekera m'malo awo amdima ndikosauka kwambiri. Dolphin yamtsinje imapeza nsombazo potumiza mawu okhala pafupipafupi kuchokera kumutu kwake. Mafunde amtunduwu akafika ku nsomba, amabwerera ku dolphin, yomwe imawamva kudzera mu nsagwada yayitali, yomwe imakhala ngati tinyanga. Kenako dolphin amasambira kuti akagwire nsombazo.
Nsomba zambiri mumtsinje wa dolphin zimadya kwambiri poyerekeza ndi nsomba zam'nyanja. Ambiri ali ndi matupi okhwima, pafupifupi "okhala ndi zida", ndipo ena amadziteteza ndi zisonga zakuthwa. Koma chitetezo ichi sichingafanane ndi nsagwada wamphamvu wa dolphin wamadzi abwino ndi mano "olowa zida". Mano omwe ali kutsogolo kwa nsagwada adapangidwa kuti akaboole ndikugwira ngakhale nsomba yolimba kwambiri; mano kumbuyo amapanga chida chabwino kwambiri komanso chopanda chifundo.
Nsombazo zikagwidwa ndikuphwanyidwa, dolphin imameza popanda kutafuna. Pambuyo pake, imatha kulavula mafupa a msana ndi ziwalo zina zosavutikira za nyamayo. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti kudyetsa limodzi ndikofala, ndikuwonetsa kuti ma dolphin ena amatha kusaka limodzi posaka chakudya.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mtsinje wa Dolphin
Ma dolphin amtsinje ndi zolengedwa zokoma zomwe zakhala m'madzi oyera kwazaka zambiri. Kaŵirikaŵiri amawoneka okha kapena awiriawiri m'nyengo yokwanira, ma dolphin nthawi zambiri amasonkhana m'magulu a anthu 10 mpaka 15 pakakhala nyama yokwanira. Monga mitundu ina yambiri, ma dolphinwa amagona diso limodzi lili lotseguka.
Nthawi zambiri, nyama izi zimasambira pang'onopang'ono, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zakufa. Ma dolphin amtsinje amagwira ntchito kuyambira m'mawa mpaka usiku. Amapuma pogwiritsa ntchito zipsepse zakumaso ndi pakamwa nthawi yomweyo.
Ma dolphin amtsinje samawoneka kawirikawiri akudumphira pamwamba pamadzi. Komabe, ma dolphin a ku Amazonia nthawi zambiri amasambira mozondoka. Chifukwa cha khalidweli sichikudziwikabe. Amakhulupirira kuti masaya owala a ma dolphin awa ndi omwe amalepheretsa kuwona kwawo, chifukwa chake ma dolphin awa amatembenukira kuti awone pansi.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Dolphin ya mtsinje wa Animal
Ma dolphin amtsinje nthawi zambiri amasewera limodzi. Awa ndimakhalidwe odziwika bwino a nyama za namgumi. Komabe, asayansi pambuyo pake adazindikira kuti ndi amuna okhaokha omwe amasewera munyengo yokhwima. Ngati dolphin wamkazi amakhala wokhwima pogonana, amatha kukopa wamwamuna m'modzi yekha. Chifukwa chake, pali mpikisano wambiri pakati pa amuna. M'masewera awo okwatirana, nthawi zina amaponya zomera zam'madzi mozungulira iwo. Osewera amuna abwino kwambiri amalandira chidwi kwambiri kuchokera kwa akazi.
Osati kale kwambiri, zidapezeka kuti ma dolphin amtsinje amakhala okha nthawi zambiri. Amayi amakula msinkhu azaka zisanu ndi ziwiri. Nthawi ya bere (nthawi kuyambira pakubereka mpaka kubadwa) imatha miyezi 9 mpaka 10.
Ngakhale kuswana kumatha kuchitika nthawi iliyonse pachaka, miyezi yoyambirira imakhala yachonde kwambiri. Komabe, kubadwa komwe kumachitika m'madzi sikunakhalepo ndi asayansi. Akangobadwa, akazi ena amakankha mwana wa ng'ombeyo pamwamba pamadzi kuti ayambe kupuma.
Pambuyo pobereka, yaikazi imapitiliza kudyetsa mwana wa ng'ombe kwa miyezi 12, ngakhale kuti zomwe apeza zikuwonetsa kuti, pafupifupi, dolphin nthawi zambiri amasiyana ndi amayi awo patangopita miyezi yochepa. Nthawi yayitali ya dolphins yamtsinje ndi zaka 30.
Adani achilengedwe a dolphin amtsinje
Chithunzi: Chinese River Dolphin
Choopsa chachikulu pamtsinje wa dolphin chimayang'aniridwa ndikusaka, komwe nyama zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyambo kapena asodzi amawawona ngati opikisana nawo. Zowopsa zina ku mitunduyi ndi monga kuwonekera kwa anthu, kutengeka ndi zida zausodzi, kusowa kwa nyama, komanso kuipitsa mankhwala. Ma dolphin amtsinje ali pachiwopsezo pa IUCN Red List.
Ma dolphin amtsinje ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu ndi kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala komwe kumayambitsidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa nthaka, kudula nkhalango, kumanga madamu ndi njira zina zowononga. Kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala kuchokera kuzinyalala zam'mizinda, zamakampani ndi zaulimi komanso kuthamanga kwa madzi kumafooketsa chitetezo cha dolphin amtsinje, kusiya nyama zili pachiwopsezo cha matenda opatsirana.
Mphamvu ya phokoso imasokoneza luso loyenda. Kudula mitengo mwachisawawa kumachepetsa nsomba m'mitsinje, zomwe zimalepheretsa ma dolphin am'mitsinje kuti azidya kwambiri. Kudula mitengo kumasinthanso mvula, nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa kutsika kwamadzi amtsinje. Madzi akugwa amakokera ma dolphin m'mitsinje yowuma. Nthawi zambiri dolphin za mumtsinje zimakhudzidwa ndi mitengo yomwe makampani odula mitengo amanyamula molunjika mitsinje.
Kuwedza mopitirira muyeso kwapangitsa kuchepa kwa nyama padziko lonse lapansi m'mitsinje ndi m'nyanja, zomwe zikuchititsa kuti dolphin zam'mitsinje zizilimbana ndi anthu kuti adye. Ma dolphin amtsinje nthawi zambiri amakodwa mu maukonde ndi mbedza kapena kudabwitsidwa ndi zophulika zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kugwira nsomba.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Mtsinje wa Dolphin
Ma dolphin onse amtsinje amagwiritsa ntchito njira yotsogola yotsogola kuti azindikire anzawo ndi nyama. M'mbuyomu, dolphins zam'madzi komanso anthu amakhala mwamtendere m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ya Mekong, Ganges, Yangtze ndi Amazon. Anthu mwachizolowezi adagawana nsomba ndi madzi amtsinje ndi ma dolphin amtsinje ndipo aphatikizanso ma dolphin amtsinje m'nthano ndi nthano. Zikhulupiriro izi zidathandizira ma dolphin amtsinje kukhalabe ndi moyo. Komabe, masiku ano anthu nthawi zina samatsatira zoletsa zovulaza ma dolphin am'mitsinje ndikupha nyama zambiri.
Madamu ndi zina zowononga m'mitsinje zimakhudza ma dolphin am'mitsinje, ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa nsomba ndi mpweya. Madamu nthawi zambiri amachepetsa kuyenda ndikutsekera madzi abwino m'malo awo osungira ndi ngalande zothirira. Madamuwa amagawanso anthu amtundu wa dolphin m'magulu ang'onoang'ono komanso obalalikirana omwe amakhala pachiwopsezo chotha.
Madamu akusintha zachilengedwe, akukakamiza mitsinje kuti isinthe kwambiri. Chodabwitsachi chimachepetsa mwayi wakukhazikitsidwa kwa malo okondedwa a dolphins amtsinje. Zowononga monga malo opopera madzi ndi ntchito zothirira zimasokoneza chilengedwe cha dolphin zamtsinje ndipo zimakhudza kuthekera kwa nyama kuberekana ndikupulumuka.
Komabe, ngakhale kuti anthu akudziwa za kutayika kwa dolphin mumtsinje ndipo akuyesetsa kuteteza, ziweto zikuchulukirachulukira padziko lonse lapansi. Nthawi zambiri, kuchepetsedwa kumakhala kofunikira. Anthu ena amataya kusiyanasiyana komwe kumafunikira kuti apulumuke pakuwopsezedwa kwakanthawi komanso kwakanthawi, kuphatikiza kusintha kwa nyengo komanso kusowa kwa nyama.
Chitetezo cha mtsinje wa dolphin
Chithunzi: Mtsinje Wofiira wa Dolphin
Ma dolphin amtsinje ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu, makamaka chifukwa cha zochita za anthu. Akuti pafupifupi nyama 5,000 zinkakhala mumtsinje wa Yangtze m'ma 1950, 300 pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1980, ndipo nyama 13 zokha ndi zomwe zidawoneka m'ma kafukufuku kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1990. Mu 2006, gulu lapadziko lonse la asayansi linalengeza kuti mtundu uwu wa dolphin waku China "watheratu," popeza palibe dolphin omwe adawonedwa pakufufuza kwamasabata 6 mu Mtsinje wonse wa Yangtze.
Njira zodzitetezera mumtsinje wa dolphin zikutengedwa m'mitsinje ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja padziko lonse lapansi. Ntchito yosamalira zinthu zikuphatikiza ntchito zakufufuza, kusamutsa anthu, kuswana, ndi malamulo oletsa kupha kapena kuvulaza nyama.
Kafukufuku wa sayansi, kusamutsidwa komanso kuswana kwa akapolo kumachitika m'chipululu komanso kupitirira apo. Ofufuzawo apanga zachilengedwe komanso malo osungira kuti agulitsire agulugufe amtsinje. Madera a Mtsinje wa Dolphin akhazikitsidwa kuti apange Amazon Basin ndi mitsinje ndi mitsinje ku Asia. Ntchito zachitukuko zikugwiritsidwa ntchito popititsa patsogolo njira zopezera nsomba ndikupanga mapulogalamu oteteza kumaloko omwe amalola anthu ndi ma dolphin am'madzi kugawana zitsime zamtsinje. Malamulo adziko lonse komanso akunja amaletsanso kupha kapena kuvulaza ma dolphin amtsinje padziko lonse lapansi.
Kuchuluka kwa dolphin yamtsinje pakadali pano kuli nyama zambiri zazing'ono, zomwe zimalepheretsa kuthekera kubereka ndi kupirira zinthu zakufa monga kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala. Mtsinje wa dolphin zidalimbikitsa akatswiri ambiri azachilengedwe kuti ayesetse mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi wopulumutsa ma dolphin kuti asatheretu kuti athe kuwongolera zochitika za anthu m'mbali mwa mitsinje. Zonsezi ndizofunikira kuti anthu ndi nyama zamtchire zam'madzi zitha kukhala mwamtendere.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 21.04.2019
Tsiku losintha: 19.09.2019 nthawi ya 22:13
