Nuthatch - kukula kwake kwa mpheta, kofananako ndi kachingwe kakang'ono, komanso chidwi ngati mutu. Kupadera kwa mbalameyi sikumangoyenda mwachangu pamtengo wosalala mosiyanasiyana, komanso kutha kupachika mozondoka pamitengo.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Phokoso lalikululi la nuthatch ndi la dongosolo la odutsa, lili ndi thupi lophatikizana, mchira waufupi ndi miyendo yokhala ndi zikhadabo zopindika. Kukula kumadalira mitundu, kutalika - pakati pa 10-19 cm, kulemera - 10-55 g.
Kufalikira ku Russia kulandiridwa mtedza wamba, Kulemera kwake kumafikira 25 g, ndipo kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala masentimita 14.5. Anthu amatcha mbalameyo kuti ndi yotumphuka pamwamba, yophunzitsa, yolowa, mchilatini - nuthatch.
Thupi lakumtunda nthawi zambiri limakhala laimvi kapena labuluu, m'mimba mumayera, mwa anthu okhala ku Caucasus, ndi lofiira. Mutu ndi waukulu, khosi silikuwoneka. Kuchokera pamlomo waukulu wakuthwa mpaka kumbuyo kwa mutu, mzere wakuda umadutsa m'maso.
Wophunzitsayo amawuluka mwachangu komanso molunjika nthawi yayitali, pamaulendo ataliatali - pamafunde. Kuphimba mtunda wopitilira kilomita imodzi osayima.
Ngakhale mtedzawu suli wa mbalame zanyimbo, mawu ake ndimamvekedwe komanso mokweza. Pali mluzu wodziwika bwino "tzi-it", womwe adamupatsa dzina loti mphunzitsi, akumangoyenda, akuwonjeza ma trill. Nthawi yokwatirana, foni imamveka, ndipo pakufunafuna chakudya, kumveka kwa "tu-tu", "tweet-tweet".
Mverani mawu a nuthatch
Achinyamata mbalame nuthatch amasiyana ndi wamkulu mu nthenga zonyezimira, ndipo chachikazi ndi champhongo chaching'ono. Oimira amuna ndi akazi amitundu ina ali ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya korona, zoyikirira ndi mbali.
Mtedzawu umadziwika ndi dzina loti amatha kuyendetsa mitengo mozondoka
Mitundu
Kuti mudziwe kodi mtedza umawoneka bwanji, amadziwika koyamba ndi mitundu ya zamoyo. Kusintha kwa mbalame kumakhala kovuta komanso kosokoneza. Banja la nuthatch limaphatikizapo mitundu 6 ndi mitundu 30.
Taganizirani mitundu inayi yazakudya zomwe zimakhala mdera la Russia:
- Wamba
Malo ogawa - kuchokera kumalire akumadzulo a nkhalango ya Eurasia kupita ku Kamchatka, Kuriles, Sakhalin. Kumbuyo kwa mbalameyi ndi imvi-buluu, mtundu wa chifuwa ndi mimba ya anthu akumpoto ndi oyera, a ku Caucasus, ofiira. Mchira umadziwika ndi mizere yoyera.
Ku Urals, subspecies yaying'ono imakhala - Siberia, yotchuka ndi nsidze zoyera, pamphumi. Nuthatch wamba imadziwika ndi "chigoba" chakuda pamaso, kukula kwa thupi ndi masentimita 12-14. Imakhazikika m'nkhalango zowirira, zotumphuka, zosakanikirana, madera a paki.
- Wofiira
Mbalame zazing'ono kuposa mpheta - masentimita 12.5 amadziwika ndi nthenga zofiira pachifuwa, khosi loyera ndi chipewa chakuda pamutu, chomwe chimasiyanitsidwa ndi "chigoba" ndi nsidze yoyera. Mkazi ndi wowala pang'ono komanso wosawonekera.
Ngati mtedza wa ku Caucasus uli ndi gawo lonse lotsika la thupi lofiira, ndiye kuti mtedza wakuda wakuda uli ndi malo okha pachifuwa. Chiwerengero cha anthu chafalikira kumadzulo kwa Caucasus m'nkhalango za fir ndi pine. Mbalameyi imangokhala, m'nyengo yozizira imatsikira kugombe la Black Sea.
Msuzi wofiira wamtundu wofiira
- Wokwera pakhoma
Okhala Caucasus pa okwera kwa zikwi zitatu mamita pamwamba pa nyanja. Kutalika kwa thupi mpaka masentimita 17. Mtundu - imvi yoyera ndikusintha kwamiyala yakuda, yokhala ndi magawo ofiira a mapiko omwe akuwonekera kumbuyo konse.
Pamwamba pamapiri, wokwerapo khoma amalumpha pang'ono, pomwe amatsegula mapiko amtundu wachilendo. Amamanga zisa m'miyala yamiyala pafupi ndi mitsinje kapena mathithi.
- Shaggy (wamutu wakuda)
Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwake, zidalembedwa mu Red Book of the Russian Federation. Malo ogawawa ndi kumwera kwa Primorsky Territory. Zing'onozing'ono, mbalame zazitali 11.5 cm zimakhazikitsa midzi. Amakhala m'nkhalango zowirira kwambiri, m'nkhalango za paini komanso nkhalango zowoneka bwino.
Amakonda kusunthira pamtengo, koma pamiyala, kuphatikiza nthambi zazing'ono. Kuchuluka kwa mazira mu clutch ndi 6. Amabisala pa Korea Peninsula.
Kuphatikiza pa nuthatch wamba, mitundu yambiri ndi monga:
- Canada
Mitunduyi imatsimikizika ndi kuchepa kwa thupi (11.5 cm), nthenga zamtundu wakuda kumtunda, utoto wofiyira wam'mimba ndi pachifuwa. Mbalamezi zimakhala ndi mzere wakuda wodutsa m'diso, wakuda pamwamba pa mutu. Amakhala makamaka ku coniferous, chakudya chochuluka, nkhalango ku North America.
- Chit
Wam'ng'ono kwambiri m'banja la nuthatch amangolemera 9 mpaka 11 g yokha ndi thupi lalitali masentimita 10. Pamwamba pamutu wamtambo wabuluu, pansi pamutu woyera, kapu yoyera pamwamba pamutu. Amakhala m'nkhalango za Mexico, Colombia, kumadzulo kwa North America.
Zimayenda mosakondera pamtengo, nthawi zambiri zimakhala tsiku lonse zili pamutu pa mitengo. Tizilombo ta nthambi m'mbali zachilengedwe za mitengo yakale. Clutch imakhala ndi mazira mpaka 9.
- Chikosikani
Malo okhala amafanana ndi dzinalo. Ili ndi mlomo waufupi pamutu wawung'ono wokhala ndi thupi la 12 sentimita. Gawo lakumtunda ndimayendedwe ofiira ndi amtambo, pansi pake ndi beige, pakhosi pafupifupi loyera. Korona wamwamuna wakuda, wamkazi ndi wotuwa. Mawuwo ndi ocheperako komanso osamveka bwino kuposa mawu wamba.
- Miyala yaying'ono
Kukula ndi mtundu wa nthenga ndizofanana ndi wophunzitsa. Amakhala kumpoto kwa Israeli, ku Syria, Iran, kumwera ndi kumadzulo kwa Turkey, pafupifupi. Zamgululi Amakhala m'mabwinja, pamapiri, m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Mediterranean.
- Mwala waukulu
Imafikira kukula kwa masentimita 16. Kulemera kwake kumapitilira chimphona chachikulu — magalamu 55. Msana ndi wotuwa, mimba ili yoyera ndi utoto m’mbali. Malo ogawa - Transcaucasia, Central ndi Central Asia. Mwala wa miyala amakhala ndi zisa m'mapiri. Zimasiyana ndi mluzu.
- Azure
Java, Sumatra ndi Malaysia asankha azure nuthatches okongola, omwe ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi mitundu ina. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya buluu imaphatikizidwa kumbuyo. Nthenga zakuda zimaphimba theka lakumbuyo, pamutu, ndi malo ozungulira maso. Thupi lonse ndi loyera. Mlomo wofiirira wachilendo umaonekera.
Nuthatch ndi ya anthu omwe ali pangozi yocheperako pomwe chiwopsezo cha kutayika chapachikika:
- Algeria, yemwe malo ake okha okhala amakhala m'mapiri a Algeria Atlas Mountains.
- Chimphona, mpaka 19.5 cm masentimita ndikulemera mpaka 47 g.
- Woyera woyera, wokhala ku Myanmar kokha.
- Bahamian (wamutu wofiirira), yemwe adachepa kwambiri mphepo yamkuntho ya 2016 ku Caribbean.
Mitundu yonse imagwirizanitsidwa ndi kufanana kwa moyo, mawonekedwe. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu ndi mtundu wa nthenga, malo okhala.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Mbalame nuthatch wokangalika komanso wosakhazikika. Tsiku lonse pofunafuna chakudya imayenda mozungulira mitengo ikuluikulu ndi nthambi zamitengo, ndikupita pandege zazifupi. Kugawidwa kulikonse. Mbalame zakhazikitsa midzi m'madera ambiri a ku Ulaya, Asia. Amapezeka ku Morocco kotentha komanso nkhalango yozizira ya Yakutia, kumadera otentha a ku Asia.
Ku Russia, nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo osakanikirana, nkhalango zosakanikirana, malo osungira nkhalango, momwe mumakhala khungwa, makungwa, masamba. Mwa kudya tizilomboti, mtedzawu umatalikitsa mitengo. Mbalame zimakhalanso m'mitengo ya msondodzi, kubzala m'matawuni, m'mapiri a Caucasus.
Yankhani funso, nuthatch mbalame zosamukira kapena ayi, ndizosatheka kuti monosyllabic. Pakukula - nyengo yachisanu. Sizachabe kuti munthu aliyense kuyambira nthawi yophukira mpaka masiku ozizira kwambiri chifukwa chotsatira chikumbumtima chake amatipatsa chakudya, kubisa mtedza ndi mbewu m'malo obisika m'khola.
Mtengowu umakhala kumwera kwa chilumba cha Korea nthawi yozizira, komwe umawulukira kuchokera ku Primorye. Koma izi ndizosiyana ndi lamuloli. Ngati mbalame sizisokonezedwa, zimatsatira tsamba lawo kwazaka zambiri.
Anapiyewo atakula ndikusiya chisa, mabanjawo amatha. Mbalame sizimapanga gulu la mitundu, koma zimalumikizana ndi titmice, zimayendayenda nawo patali pofunafuna chakudya.
Olimba Mtima nuthatch m'nyengo yozizira khalani mwakachetechete pa odyetsa, ndipo nyengo yozizira, yamvula, ngati katundu wake wawonongeka ndi agologolo kapena chipmunks, amatha kuwuluka mosavuta pazenera lotseguka. Amakhala m'nyumba zazing'ono zopangira mbalame ndi anthu, m'matawuni kapena m'nyumba zazilimwe.
Amamera mizu kunyumba. Ndege zazikulu, zoyandikana ndi siskins, linnet ndi zabwino kwa iwo. Malo okhala amakhala ndi nthambi, kusambira, hemp yovunda. Kuyang'ana mbalame kuli ngati kuwona zochitika za acrobatic. Ndi chisamaliro chabwinobwino komanso malo okwanira okhala, nuthatch mu ukapolo amatha kubereka ana.
Zakudya zabwino
M'chaka ndi chilimwe, tizilombo timakhala pagulu la zakudya zoyendetsa. Izi zimagwira makamaka nthawi yogona, kudyetsa anapiye.
Zakudya zamapuloteni zimaphatikizapo:
- mphutsi, mbozi;
- arachnids ang'ono;
- tizirombo toyambitsa matenda (ziwombankhanga, kafadala);
- ntchentche, midges;
- nyongolotsi;
- nyerere;
- nsikidzi.
Nthawi zambiri, mtedzawu umatenga tizirombo, tothamanga kwambiri pamtengo, nthambi za mitengo. Koma nthawi zina imatsikira pansi, kufunafuna chakudya mu udzu ndi nkhalango. M'dzinja, mbalame zimakonda kudya zipatso za mbalame yamatcheri, hawthorn, ananyamuka m'chiuno. Zakudya zazikuluzikulu zopangidwa ndi mbewu zimakhala ndi nthanga za conifer, beech ndi mtedza wopanda pake, ma acorn, balere ndi oats.
Zakudya zamtunduwu zimaopa anthu ndipo nthawi zambiri zimapezeka pafupi ndi odyetsa
Malinga ndi zomwe akatswiri amaonera, chiphuphu chimakhala ndi fungo labwino; sichidzakondweretsanso mtedza wopanda kanthu. Lobowola mwaluso pepala lolimba ndi mlomo wolimba wolimba, kukanikiza zipatsozo pamwamba pa thunthu, kuigwira ndi chikhasu, kapena kuyiyika paphompho lamiyala.
M'nyengo yozizira, mbalame zolimba mtima zimawulukira kumalo odyetsera opangidwa ndi anthu. Pofunafuna chakudya, sawopa kukhala pansi ngakhale ndi mbewu kapena zinthu zina. Kuyambira nthawi yophukira mpaka Disembala, zokwawa zapanyumba zimapanga zikhomo za fodyera poika mtedza ndi njere m'ming'alu ya khungwa kapena m'maenje m'malo osiyanasiyana kuti masheya asawonongeke.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Kukula msanga kwa mbalame kumatha kumapeto kwa chaka choyamba. Maanja amapangidwa kamodzi kwatha. Nyimbo yokomerana ya nuthatch imamveka m'nkhalango mu February, ndipo kumapeto kwa Marichi, banjali likuyang'anira malo okhala. Maenje oponyedwa ndi nkhalango kapena zojambulidwa zochokera ku nthambi zowola ndizoyenera. Chinthu chachikulu ndikuti ali pamtunda wa mamita atatu mpaka khumi.
Nuthatches amaika zisa zawo m'mabowo amitengo
Pakhomo ndi malo oyandikana ndi makungwawa amatsekedwa ndi dongo lonyowa ndi malovu. Bowo lokhala ndi mainchesi a masentimita 3-4 limatsalira.Pachifukwa ichi, zimatsimikizika kuti zoperewera zakhazikika pano. "Denga" la mkati mwa dzenje lilinso "pulasitala", ndipo gawo lakumunsi limadzaza ndi fumbi lakuthwa la makungwa ndi masamba owuma. Kukonzekera kumatenga milungu iwiri.
Zisa za miyala yamiyala ndizapadera. Ndi phanga ladothi lomwe limamangirizidwa kuthanthwe ndi mathero otambalala. Chodabwitsa kwambiri ndikuti danga lomwe lili pafupi ndi khomo limakongoletsedwa ndi nthenga zowala, zipolopolo za zipatso, ndi nsanza.
Zokongoletsazi zimatsimikizira mbalame zina kuti malowa akukhalamo. Makoma amkati a chisa amakongoletsedwa ndi chitin (mapiko a agulugufe, omenyera kachilomboka).
M'mwezi wa Epulo, mkaziyo amaikira mazira oyera 6-9 okhala ndi timadontho ta bulauni, omwe amakhala masabata 2-2.5. Pakadali pano, wamwamuna akusamalira bwenzi lake, akumamupatsa chakudya tsiku lonse. Pamene anapiye awoneka, makolo onse amakhala ndi nkhawa ndi chakudya chawo.
Mbozi imabweretsedwa kuposa nthawi mazana atatu patsiku kwa ana omwe ali ndi njala nthawi zonse. Anapiyewo amayamba kuuluka pakatha milungu itatu kapena inayi, koma yamphongo ndi yaikazi imapitirizabe kusaka milungu iwiri ina. Pambuyo pake, achinyamata amayamba kudzidyetsa okha. Mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala kuthengo kapena kundende zaka 10.
