Roe deer, yemwe dzina lake malinga ndi nthano amachokera ku maso ofiira, ndi m'modzi mwa oimira akale kwambiri pabanja la agwape. Kafukufuku wazotsalira zomwe zidapezeka pakufukula zakale zidatsimikizira kukhalapo kwa nyama zofananira zaka zoposa 40 miliyoni zapitazo.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Roe deer ndi nyama waung'ono, wosakhwima komanso wachisomo ndi khosi lalitali, lopindika bwino, miyendo yayifupi, kumapeto kwake ndi ziboda zakuthwa. Kutalika kwapakati pofota ndi masentimita 80, kutalika kwa thupi ndi 1-1.4 m. Mphuno ndi yosongoka ndi maso akulu otupa. Makutu, omwe analoza m'mwamba, amakhala opitilira pang'ono theka la chigaza. Dzina lachiwiri la nyamayo ndi mbuzi yamtchire.
Miyendo yakumbuyo ya nyama ndiyotalika kuposa yakutsogolo, yomwe imatsimikiza kuti mayendedwe ake amadumpha kwambiri, amalola kudumpha kupitirira mamitala awiri mpaka asanu ndi limodzi, osangalatsa ndi kukongola kwake.
Thupi lalifupi lidavala mchira wawung'ono, womwe suwoneka chifukwa cha ubweya wakuda. Nyama ikakhala tcheru, mchira umatuluka ndipo malo oyera amawoneka pansi pake, wotchedwa galasi ndi osaka.
Mwamuna amasiyana ndi wamkazi osati kokha kukula kwake, komanso nyanga zake, zomwe zimayamba kukula mwezi wachinayi wamoyo. Zinyama zamphongo osati monga nthambi ngati mbawala, koma ali ndi machitidwe awo. Amakula molunjika kumutu, kuyambira ali ndi zaka zitatu, ali ndi njira zitatu, zomwe sizikukula ndikukula, koma zimakhala zazikulu.
Malekezero a nyanga amakhala olowera mkati, monganso momwe zimakhalira kumbuyo. Kukula kwa mafupa okhala ndi ma tubercles (ngale) otukuka kumutu. Mphalapala m'nyengo yozizira ndi imvi, nthawi yotentha mtundu wake umakhala wofiira golide kapena bulauni.
Mitundu
Konstantin Flerov, katswiri wodziwika bwino wazanyama, wofufuza sayansi yachilengedwe, adasankha kugawa agwape amitundu inayi:
- Mzungu
Oimira mitunduyo amakhala ku Western Europe, kuphatikiza Great Britain, Caucasus, gawo la Europe la Russia, Iran, Palestine. Nyama ndizofala ku Belarus, Moldova, Baltic States ndi kumadzulo kwa Ukraine.
Nyamayi ya ku Ulaya ndi yotchuka chifukwa cha kukula kwake - thupi limaposa mita, kutalika kwake kumafota ndi 80 cm, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi 12-40 kg. Mtundu wa malaya achisanu ndi wotuwa, wakuda kuposa mitundu ina. M'chilimwe, imvi imawonekera kumbuyo kwa thupi lofiirira.
Ma rosettes a nyanga amakhala atakhazikika, mitengo ikuluikulu imangokhala yotambasula, yotambasulidwa pang'ono, mpaka masentimita 30. Ngale sizikukula.
- Siberia
Malo omwe mitundu iyi imagawidwa kum'mawa kwa gawo la Europe la Soviet Union, kuyambira kupitilira Volga, kumpoto kwa Caucasus, Siberia mpaka Yakutia, zigawo zakumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Mongolia komanso kumadzulo kwa China.
Mbawala zaku Siberia wokulirapo kuposa waku Europe - kutalika kwa thupi ndi 120-140 cm, kutalika kwa kufota kumakhala mita, kulemera kwake kumakhala pakati pa 30 mpaka 50 kg. Anthu ena amafika 60 kg. Zazimayi ndizocheperako komanso pafupifupi 15 cm kufupikitsa.
M'chilimwe, mtundu wa mutu ndi thupi ndi wofanana - wachikasu-bulauni. Nyanga ndizofalikira, zowonekera kwambiri. Amafika kutalika kwa masentimita 40, amakhala ndi njira zisanu. Mabowo amakhala otalikirana, osakhudzana. Ngale zotukuka zili ngati ma scion. Kutupa makutu akumva amatuluka pa chigaza.
Mtundu wa mphalapala wamtunduwu umapezeka m'mitundu yonse, koma ku Siberia, mosiyana ndi aku Europe, sapezeka m'mizere itatu, koma anayi.
- Kum'mawa chakum'mawa kapena Manchu
Nyama zimakhala kumpoto kwa Korea, China, Primorsky ndi Khabarovsk. Kukula kwake, agwape a Manchu roe ndi akulu kuposa aku Europe, koma ocheperako kuposa a ku Siberia. Chosiyana ndichakuti galasi pansi pamchira si loyera kwenikweni, koma lofiira.
M'nyengo yozizira, tsitsi lakumutu limawonekera ndi mtundu wonyezimira wonyezimira kuposa thupi. M'nyengo yotentha, mbawala zamphongo zimakhala zofiira kwambiri komanso kumbuyo kwake zimakhala ndi bulauni wonyezimira.
- Sichuan
Malo ogawa - China, Eastern Tibet. Mbali yapadera ndi matumba akulu kwambiri komanso otupa m'makutu mwa mitundu yonse. Mphalapala wa ku Sichuan amafanana ndi mphalapala za ku Far Eastern powoneka, koma ndi wamfupi pakukula komanso kulemera pang'ono.
Ubweya m'nyengo yozizira ndi imvi ndi utoto wofiirira, mphumi imasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wakuda. M'nyengo yotentha, nyama imalandira utoto wofiira.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Ngakhale pali kusiyana kwa mitundu ya zamoyo, malo ambiri ogawa malo omwe amakonda azinyama ndizofanana. Izi zikuphatikiza nkhalango, nkhalango zowoneka bwino kapena zosakanikirana ndi ma glade, kuwonekera. Nyama zimadya madzi ambiri, chifukwa chake zimapezeka nthawi zambiri tchire m'mbali mwa matupi amadzi.
Mdima wakuda wa coniferous taiga wopanda tsinde silimakopa mbuzi zamtchire chifukwa chosowa zakudya, chipale chofewa chachikulu nthawi yozizira. Kuyambira nthawi yophukira mpaka masika, nyama zimapanga magulu ang'onoang'ono, okhala ndi mitu 20; mchilimwe, munthu aliyense amakhala mosadalira.
Kutentha, mbawala zamphongo zimadya m'mawa, madzulo ndi usiku, posankha kudikira kutentha mumthunzi wa mitengo. Pambuyo pake, kuyambira Okutobala mpaka kumapeto kwa Novembala, amayamba kusamukira kumalo ozizira kufunafuna chakudya kapena chifukwa chakusintha kwanyengo. Maulendo akutali amachitika usiku, ndipo magulu osamuka nthawi zambiri amaphatikizana ndi tiana tina tating'onoting'ono panjira.
Zikafika pamalowo, nyamazo zimabisala m'nkhalangomo, ndikutsuka chipale chofewa mpaka pansi pomwe palipuma. Mu mphepo yamphamvu, amagona limodzi. M'nyengo yotentha ya dzuwa, amakonda kukonza malo opumulirako wina ndi mnzake.
Ali pamalo olamulira malo ambiri momwe angathere. Komanso, mphepo imayenera kuwomba kuchokera kumbuyo kuti ikanunkhize nyamayo isanafike.
Maulendo ataliatali amadziwika kuti ndi agwape aku Siberia. M'magawo ogawa mitundu ya ku Europe nyengo imakhala yofewa, chakudya chimapezeka mosavuta, chifukwa chake kuyendayenda kumangokhala kusintha kosafunikira. Anthu okhala m'mapiri otsetsereka amatsikira m'magamba apansi m'nyengo yozizira kapena amasamukira kumalo ena, kumene kulibe chipale chofewa.
Mbuzi zamtchire ndi osambira abwino kwambiri omwe amatha kuwoloka Amur. Koma kutumphuka ndikokwera kuposa 30 cm yamitundu yaku Europe ndi 50 cm ya mitundu yaku Siberia, zomwe zimayambitsa zovuta kuyenda. Achinyamata amasenda phazi lawo pachipale chofewa ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala mimbulu, nkhandwe, nkhandwe kapena harza. Mphalapala m'nyengo yozizira amayesa kutsatira njira yomwe adamenyayo kuti asadzizunze pachipale chofewa.
M'nyengo yozizira yozizira yokhala ndi kulowetsedwa kwanthawi yayitali, kuwonjezera pa kuwukira kwa ziwetozo, ngozi ina ikuyembekezera. Pali imfa yayikulu ya anthu chifukwa cholephera kupeza chakudya.
M'chaka, maguluwo amabwerera kumalo odyetserako ziweto a chilimwe, amasweka, ndipo munthu aliyense amakhala ndi gawo lake la 2-3 mita mita. Km. Pokhala bata, nyama zimayenda kapena kuyenda, zikafika pangozi zimadumphira, ndikudziyandikira pamwamba panthaka. Masomphenya awo sanakule mokwanira, koma kumva ndi kununkhira kumagwira ntchito bwino.
Zakudya zabwino
Zakudya za mbawala zamphongo zimaphatikizapo zitsamba, mphukira, masamba, masamba achichepere ndi zipatso za zitsamba ndi mitengo. M'nyengo yozizira, mbuzi zamtchire zimadya:
- udzu;
- nthambi za aspen, msondodzi, chitumbuwa cha mbalame, honeysuckle, linden, phulusa lamapiri;
- Moss ndi ndere zomwe zimapezeka pansi pa chisanu.
Nthawi zina, mbuzi zamtchire zimakhala zokonzeka kudya singano, koma mosiyana ndi makungwa ena a mphalapala samadya. Zinyama zazinyama zimakonda kwambiri chakudya chosavuta kudya, chowutsa mudyo. M'nyengo yotentha, amasangalala ndi zipatso zotchedwa lingonberries, blueberries, ndi strawberries zakutchire.
Bowa amadya pang'ono. Amakonda kudya msipu ndi zitsamba kapena minda ya clover. Acorns, mabokosi, zipatso za mitengo ya zipatso zamtchire, mtedza wa beech amatengedwa pansi.
M'ngululu ndi chilimwe, anyezi, maluwa, burnet, ambulera, chimanga ndi Compositae zimadyedwa. Nthawi zina amakafika pafupi ndi madzi kufunafuna zomera zam'madzi zokoma. Chowawa chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa tiziromboti.
Amakonda kupita kukanyambita zachilengedwe komanso zopangira, zomwe alenje amagwiritsa ntchito posaka nyama. Mukamadyetsa ziweto, nyama zimakhala mopanda phokoso komanso mosamala, nthawi zambiri zimayang'ana pozungulira, zimapumira ndikumvetsera phokoso lililonse.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Roe deer amafikira kukhwima pofika chaka chachitatu cha moyo. Mchitidwewu umayamba kumapeto kwa Julayi kapena Ogasiti. Pakadali pano, ng'ombe yayikulu ikwanitsa kuthamangitsa azimayi mpaka 6. Mimba imakhala milungu 40, koma imakhala ndi mawonekedwe ake.
Mwana wosabadwayo, atadutsa magawo oyamba amakulidwe, amaundana mpaka miyezi 4-4.5. Kukula kwake kumachitika kuyambira Disembala mpaka kumapeto kwa Epulo. Ngati nyengo yachilimwe yasowa ndipo umuna umachitika mu Disembala, ndiye kuti mimba imatenga miyezi isanu yokha, kudutsa nthawi ya latency.
Chokhachokha chimakhalanso chosazolowereka. Ng'ombe zamphongo sizibangula, monga mitundu ina ya mbawala, zimayitanitsa munthu wina wamkazi, koma zimadzipeza zili m'malire mwa chiwembu chawo. Kulimbana pakati pa amuna ochokera kumadera oyandikana kumachitikabe pomwe sangathe kugawana nawo zomwe akufuna.
Pofuna kubereka, mbuzi imalowa m'nkhalango zowirira pafupi ndi madzi. Ana oyamba kubadwa amabweretsa mbawala imodzi, achikulire - awiri kapena atatu. M'masiku oyamba, ana obadwa kumene amakhala ofooka kwambiri, amagonabe, chiberekero sichimachoka patali nawo.
Pambuyo pa sabata, makanda amayamba kumutsatira kwakanthawi kochepa. Pakatikati mwa Juni, mbawala zamphongo zimadyetsa kale palokha, ndipo mu Ogasiti mawonekedwe obisika amasinthidwa kukhala abulauni kapena achikaso.
Pofika nthawi yophukira, anyamata achichepere amakhala ndi nyanga zazing'ono za 5 sentimita zomwe zimakhetsedwa mu Disembala. Kuyambira Januware mpaka masika, zatsopano zimakula, monga akuluakulu. Nthawi yayitali ya moyo wa mbuzi zamtchire ndi zaka 12-16.
Roe kusaka nyama
Roe - chinthu cha malonda, kusaka masewera. Kuwombera amuna kumaloledwa ndi chilolezo kuyambira Meyi mpaka pakati pa Okutobala. Nyengo yosaka ya akazi imatsegulidwa mu Okutobala ndipo imatha kumapeto kwa Disembala.
Roe mbawala amaonedwa kuti ndiwofunika kwambiri pakati pa anthu osachiritsidwa. Ndi yotsika kwambiri, imakhala ndi 6% yokha yamafuta otsika otsika. Oyenera kudya zakudya zabwino za odwala komanso odwala. Zinthu zofunika kwambiri zimayikidwa m'chiwindi, ndipo chiwindi chimadziwika kuti chimatha kupha khansa. Ichi ndichifukwa chake mbuzi zamtchire ndizokongola ngati chinthu chowombera.
Nyama zimakhala tcheru nthawi zonse, ngakhale zili msipu kapena kutchuthi. Mbuzi zimapotoza mitu yawo mbali zosiyanasiyana, kusuntha makutu awo. Ngakhale atangozizira pang'ono, nthawi iliyonse amakhala okonzeka kuthawa. Zinthu zosadziwika, zokayikitsa zimadutsika kuchokera kumbali ya leeward.
Roe kusaka nyama amayesa asodzi ndi okonda masewerawa kuti athe kupirira, kuphunzira masewerawa, kuthamanga mwachangu, komanso kuwombera molondola. M'nyengo yozizira, msaki yekha amasaka nyama yabisalira kapena kuyandikira.
Mlandu wachiwiriwo ndiwosangalatsa, umafuna luso, luntha komanso chidziwitso cha momwe mbuzi zimakhalira. Choyamba, malowa amafufuzidwa. Mlenje waluso akapeza mayendedwe, amayang'ana mtundu wa mayendedwewo.
Zithunzi zing'onozing'ono komanso zingapo zamagulu osiyanasiyana zimadziwitsa kuti pali malo onenepa pano ndipo mwayi wowona gulu ndilabwino. Nthawi zambiri, malo odyetserako ziweto amakhala moyandikana nawo, chifukwa chake kuyenera kufunafuna zisa. Makhalidwe awo ndi ochepa.
Izi ndichifukwa choti chinyama chimakwanira bwino - amatenga miyendo yake pansi pake, ndikudina mutu wake pafupi ndi chifuwa chake. Ngati njirazo ndizosowa, zakuya - mbawala yamphongo yathawa, kulibe phindu kupitabe patsogolo pawo.
Malamulo ndi zofunikira pakusaka mwa njira:
- Nyengo yabwino - mitambo ndi mitambo. Muyenera kuchoka m'mawa.
- Mfuti ndi zida zake zakonzedwa kale.
- Amayamba kuyendayenda mozungulira chigawocho m'mphepete mwake.
- Kusuntha kuyenera kukhala chete, poyang'ana nthawi inayake, amasiya.
- Simungasute, kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta onunkhira.
- Amayandikira nyama molimbana ndi mphepo.
- Amaponda chipale chofeŵa mozungulira, akudutsa njirazo mosadukiza.
- Mwayi wopambana ukuwonjezeka ndikutsata gulu la ziweto osati munthu m'modzi.
- Mukamva phokoso la nthambi yomwe ili pansi pa mapazi anu kapena mukawona kuti mbuzi yatembenuza chisu chanu chakumayendedwe anu - amaundana ndipo musasunthi kwa mphindi zosachepera 5.
- Mofulumira komanso mwachangu mukamawombera mfuti sizingatheke. Mfutiyo imagwira ntchito pomwe mbawala yamiyala imayima kuti ipeze komwe kuopsa pambuyo poti kudumphadumpha koyamba kuchokera mantha.
Nyama yovulala imatha kuthamanga mtunda wautali. Kuti mupewe kufunafuna nyama yovulala nthawi yayitali, muyenera kuwombera motsimikiza. Malo abwino kwambiri oti muwombere ndi theka lakutsogolo la thupi, lomwe ndi mutu, khosi, chifuwa, pansi paphewa.
M'nyengo yotentha, kuwonjezera pakupita kukasaka, ng'ombe zimasakidwa mothandizidwa ndi semolina nthawi yachisoni. Phokoso liyenera kukhala lofanana ndi lachikazi. Amayamba mwakachetechete, ndikugwiritsa ntchito mwachinyengo mphindi 10 zilizonse, pang'onopang'ono kukweza mawu.
Zinyama zazing'ono zimabwera mofulumira. Nthawi zina mkazi amawonetsedwa koyamba, kenako ng'ombe. Kusaka kuchokera pachitetezo kumachitika, pomwe mlenje amaikira mumtengo, atakonza kale mbalame yamchere.
Kachiwiri, gulu la alenjewo lagawika omenyera komanso kuwombera pama nambala. Oyamba amakonzekeretsa agwape agalu ndi agalu, atapachika kale mbenderayo mbendera, kupatula malo omwe mivi ili.
Roe mbawala kumapeto ilibe nthawi yogwiritsa ntchito michere yomwe imapezeka mchilimwe, motero nyama yake imadziwika kuti ndi yofunika kwambiri munthawi ino ya chaka, makamaka mu Seputembala. Nyama yamphongo yakutchire ndi mphotho yoyenera kwa mlenje, chifukwa sichinthu chophweka kutsatira ndikupha nyama yofulumira, yosamala.
