Nsomba ndi chimodzi mwa zolengedwa zakale kwambiri zomwe sizinakhalepo padziko lapansi pano. Adakhala padziko Lapansi kalekale ma dinosaurs asanafike. Mitundu ina ilibe vuto lililonse, pomwe ina imatha kupha kamodzi kokha. Anthu omwe amabzala nsomba amasunga nsomba zam'madzi m'madzi, ndikuwona momwe moyo wawo ulili.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Medusa
Malinga ndi kafukufuku, moyo wa jellyfish woyamba udachokera padziko lapansi zaka zopitilira 650 miliyoni zapitazo. Asanatuluke nsomba pamtunda. Kuchokera ku Chigriki μέδουσα kumasuliridwa ngati woteteza, woyang'anira. Chilengedwechi chidatchulidwa ndi katswiri wazachilengedwe Karl Linnaeus pakati pa zaka za zana la 18 kulemekeza Gorgon Medusa chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake akunja. Mbadwo wa Medusoid ndi gawo lazoyenda. Ndi amtundu wa Medusozoa. Zonsezi, pali mitundu yoposa 9,000.
Kanema: Medusa
Pali mitundu itatu ya nkhono, zomwe zimatchulidwa molingana ndi kapangidwe kake:
- nsomba zam'madzi;
- nsomba zamadzi;
- scyphomedusa.
Chosangalatsa: Jellyfish yakupha kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndi ya gulu la ma jellyfish. Dzina lake ndi Sea Wasp kapena Box Medusa. Poizoni wake amatha kupha munthu pafupifupi mphindi zochepa, ndipo mtundu wake wabuluu umakhala wosawoneka pamadzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ziwonekere mosavuta.
Turritopsis nutricula ndi ya hydro-jellyfish, mtundu womwe umawonedwa ngati wosafa. Atakula, amira pansi pa nyanja ndikusandulika. Zipangidwe zatsopano zimayambira pomwe zimatuluka nsomba zonenepa. Amatha kutsitsimutsa kangapo mpaka pomwe wina adadya.
Scyphomedusa ndi akulu poyerekeza ndi magulu ena. Izi zikuphatikiza ndi Cyanei - zolengedwa zazikulu, mpaka kutalika kwa 37 mita ndikukhala m'modzi wokhala kwambiri padziko lapansi. Kuluma kwa zamoyo za scyphoid ndikofanana ndi njuchi ndipo kumatha kubweretsa mantha opweteka.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nsomba m'nyanja
Popeza zamoyozo ndi 95% madzi, 3% mchere ndi 1-2% mapuloteni, thupi lawo limakhala lowonekera, pang'ono pang'ono. Amayenda kupyola minofu ndikuwoneka ngati ambulera, belu kapena chimbale chofanana ndi odzola. Pali zomata m'mphepete. Kutengera mitunduyo, imatha kukhala yayifupi komanso yayitali kapena yayitali komanso yopyapyala.
Chiwerengero cha mphukira chimatha kuyambira 4 mpaka mazana angapo. Komabe, chiwerengerocho nthawi zonse chimakhala chochulukirapo anayi, popeza mamembala a subtype awa ali ndi ma symmetry ozungulira. M'maselo oyendetsa mahemawo, pali poizoni, yemwe amathandiza kwambiri nyama posaka.
Chosangalatsa: Mitundu ina ya jellyfish imatha kuluma kwa milungu ingapo itamwalira. Ena amatha kupha anthu mpaka 60 ndi poizoni mumphindi zochepa.
Mbali yakunja ndiyokhotakhota, yofanana ndi dziko lapansi, komanso yosalala. Yotsikayo imapangidwa ngati thumba, pakati pake pamakhala pakamwa potsegula. Kwa anthu ena zimawoneka ngati chubu, pomwe zina ndi zazifupi komanso zokulirapo, mwa zina zimakhala ngati chibonga. Bowo limathandiza kuchotsa zinyalala za chakudya.
Mu moyo wonse, kukula kwa zolengedwa sikuima. Kukula kwake kumadalira mtunduwo: mwina sangadutse mamilimita ochepa, ndipo atha kufikira 2.5 mita m'mimba mwake, ndi matenti, onse 30-37 metres, omwe amakhala otalikirapo kawiri ngati chinsomba cha buluu.
Ubongo ndi mphamvu zikusowa. Komabe, mothandizidwa ndi maselo amitsempha, zolengedwa zimasiyanitsa kuwala ndi mdima. Nthawi yomweyo, zinthu sizingawone. Koma izi sizisokoneza kusaka komanso kuchitapo kanthu pangozi. Anthu ena amawalira mumdima ndipo amawoneka ofiira kapena abuluu mozama kwambiri.
Popeza thupi la jellyfish ndilachikale, limakhala ndi magawo awiri okha, omwe amalumikizana ndi mesogley - chinthu chomata. Kunja - pamakhala zoyambira zamanjenje ndi majeremusi amkati, amkati - amachita nawo chimbudzi cha chakudya.
Kodi nsomba zam'madzi zimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: nsomba zam'madzi m'madzi
Zamoyozi zimangokhala m'madzi amchere, kotero mutha kupunthwa pa iwo pafupifupi nyanja iliyonse kapena nyanja (kupatula nyanja zamkati). Nthawi zina amapezeka m'madzi otsekedwa kapena m'madzi amchere pazilumba za coral.
Oimira ena amtunduwu ndi a thermophilic ndipo amakhala m'malo osungiramo madzi otenthedwa bwino ndi dzuwa, monga kukwera pagombe, pomwe ena amakonda madzi ozizira ndikukhala mozama kokha. Malowa ndi otakata kwambiri - kuyambira ku Arctic mpaka kunyanja yotentha.
Mtundu umodzi wokha wa nsomba zam'madzi umakhala m'madzi oyera - Craspedacusta sowerbyi, wochokera ku nkhalango za Amazonia ku South America. Tsopano mitunduyi yakhazikika m'maiko onse kupatula ku Africa. Anthu amalowa m'malo atsopano okhala ndi nyama kapena zomera zomwe zonyamulidwa kunja kwa msinkhu wawo.
Mitundu yakufa imatha kukhala munyengo zosiyanasiyana ndikufikira kukula kulikonse. Mitundu yaying'ono imakonda magombe, madoko, malo opumira. Lagoon Jellyfish ndi Blue Executioner ali ndiubwenzi wopindulitsana ndi ndere zamtundu umodzi, zomwe zimalumikizana ndi thupi lanyama ndipo zimatha kupanga chakudya kuchokera ku mphamvu ya kuwala kwa dzuwa.
Jellyfish amathanso kudyetsa mankhwalawa, kupititsa patsogolo njira ya photosynthesis, chifukwa chake amakhala pamwamba pamadzi nthawi zonse. Anthu amtundu wa mangrove amasungidwa m'madzi osaya m'mizu ya mangrove ku Gulf of Mexico. Amakhala nthawi yayitali m'mimba mwawo kuti algae alandire kuwala kokwanira momwe angathere.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe nsomba zam'madzi zimapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi jellyfish imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Blue jellyfish
Nyama zimawerengedwa kuti ndi nyama zowononga kwambiri padziko lathuli. Popeza kuti zolengedwazi sizikhala ndi ziwalo zogaya, chakudya chimalowa mkati, chomwe, mothandizidwa ndi michere yapadera, chimatha kugaya zinthu zofewa.
Zakudya za Jellyfish zimakhala ndi plankton:
- zing'onoting'ono zazing'ono;
- mwachangu;
- caviar ya nsomba;
- zooplankton;
- mazira a zolengedwa za m'nyanja;
- anthu ang'onoang'ono.
Pakamwa pa nyama zimakhala pansi pa thupi lopangidwa ndi belu. Imathandizanso kutulutsa zotulutsa m'thupi. Zakudya zosafunikira zimasiyanitsidwa ndi dzenje lomwelo. Amagwira nyama zolimbitsa thupi. Mitundu ina imakhala ndi timaselo tomwe timatulutsa tinthu tofa ziwalo.
Ma jellyfish ambiri ndi osaka nyama. Amayembekezera kuti wovulalayo asambe payekha kuti awawombere ndi ma scion awo. Chakudya chimasegulidwa nthawi yomweyo mumimbamo yolumikizidwa pakamwa. Mitundu ina yamtunduwu imasambira mwaluso kwambiri ndipo imatsata nyama yawo "kuti ipambane."
Chifukwa cha kusowa kwa mano, sizomveka kugwira nyama zazikulu kuposa iwe. Medusa sadzatha kutafuna chakudya ndipo amangothamangitsa zomwe zingakwane mkamwa mwake. Anthu ang'onoang'ono amagwira zomwe sizikulimbana nazo, pomwe zazikuluzikulu zimasaka nsomba zazing'ono ndi anzawo. Zolengedwa zazikulu kwambiri m'moyo wawo wonse zimadya nsomba zoposa 15 zikwi.
Nyama sizingawone mtundu wa nyama zomwe zikutsata. Chifukwa chake, pogwira nyama mwa mphukira, amamva. Mumitundu ina, madzimadzi obisika kuchokera kumahemawo amamamatira kwa wodwalayo kuti asatuluke. Mitundu ina imamwa madzi ambiri ndikusankha chakudya kuchokera mmenemo. Nsomba zotulutsa nsomba ku Australia zimasungitsa madzi matani 13 patsiku.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nsomba zofiira
Popeza anthu sangathe kulimbana ndi mafunde apanyanja, ofufuza amawaika ngati oimira plankton. Amatha kusambira motsutsana ndi nyengoyi pongopindika ambulera ndikukankhira madzi kuchokera kumunsi kudzera kupyola minofu. Ndege yotsatirayo imakankhira thupi patsogolo. Mawonekedwe ena okokota amaphatikizidwa ndi zinthu zina. Matumba omwe anali m'mphepete mwa belu amakhala ngati balancer. Ngati thunthu ligwera mbali yake, minofu yomwe matendawo amathandizira ndiyomwe imayamba kugwirana ndipo thupi limagwirizana. Ndi kovuta kubisala kunyanja, chifukwa kuwonekera poyera kumathandiza kubisa bwino m'madzi. Izi zimathandiza kuti tipewe kugwidwa ndi zilombo zina. Zamoyo sizigwira anthu. Munthu amatha kudwala jellyfish pokhapokha akasamba kumtunda.
Chosangalatsa: Jellyfish imatha kupanganso ziwalo zina zotayika. Ngati agawika magawo awiri, magawo onse awiri adzapulumuka ndikuchira, ndikusandulika anthu awiri ofanana. Pamene mphutsi zalekanitsidwa, nyongolotsi yomweyo idzawonekera.
Nthawi yamoyo wa nyama ndiyachidule. Okhazikika kwambiri mwa iwo amakhala chaka chimodzi chokha. Kukula mwachangu kumatsimikizika ndikudya nthawi zonse. Mitundu ina imakonda kusamuka. Golden jellyfish, yomwe ili m'nyanja ya jellyfish, yolumikizidwa kunyanja ndi ma tunnel apansi panthaka, imasambira kupita kugombe lakummawa m'mawa ndikubwerera madzulo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Nsomba zokongola za jellyfish
Zolengedwa zimaberekana mwakugonana kapena moperewera. M'mitundu yoyamba, umuna ndi mazira zimakhwima mu ma gonads, pambuyo pake zimatuluka mkamwa ndikudzipangira feteleza, pomwe pulani imabadwa - mphutsi. Posakhalitsa, imakhazikika pansi ndikumamatira pamwala wamtundu wina, pambuyo pake umapangidwa ndi polyp, womwe umachulukanso ndikuphuka. Pa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala tomwe timagwirizana. Ikapangidwa ndi jellyfish yodzaza ndi madzi, imatha ndikunyamuka. Mitundu ina imaberekana m'njira yosiyana pang'ono: gawo la polyp kulibe, ana amabadwa kuchokera ku mphutsi. Mu mitundu ina, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timapanga ma gonads ndipo, podutsa magawo apakatikati, ana amawonekera.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Nyama ndi zachonde kwambiri moti zimatha kuikira mazira oposa zikwi makumi anayi patsiku.
Jellyfish yomwe yangobadwa kumene imadyetsa ndikukula, ndikusanduka munthu wamkulu wokhala ndi maliseche okhwima komanso wofunitsitsa kubereka. Chifukwa chake, kuzungulira kwa moyo kutsekedwa. Pambuyo pobereka, zamoyo zimafa nthawi zambiri - zimadyedwa ndi adani achilengedwe kapena kutsuka kumtunda.
Zoberekera zamwamuna zimakhala zapinki kapena zofiirira, akazi ndi achikaso kapena lalanje. Mtundu wowala kwambiri, wocheperako payekha. Kamvekedwe kamatha ndi msinkhu. Ziwalo zoberekera zili kumtunda kwa thupi momwe zimakhalira.
Adani achilengedwe a nkhono
Chithunzi: Nsomba zazikulu zazikulu
Kuyang'ana jellyfish, ndizovuta kuganiza kuti wina akudya nyama yawo, chifukwa nyama zimakhala zopangidwa ndimadzi ndipo mulibe zodyera pang'ono. Ndipo, mdani wamkulu wachilengedwe wazilombo ndi akamba am'nyanja, ma anchovies, tuna, kudzimbidwa, nsomba zam'madzi zam'madzi, nsomba, nsombazi, ndi mbalame zina.
Chosangalatsa: Ku Russia, nyama zinkatchedwa mafuta anyama. Ku China, Japan, Korea, jellyfish imagwiritsidwabe ntchito ngati chakudya ndipo amatchedwa nyama ya kristalo. Nthawi zina mchere umakhala wopitilira mwezi umodzi. Aroma akale amawaona ngati chakudya chabwino ndipo amatumikiridwa patebulo pamaphwando.
Kwa nsomba zambiri, nsomba zam'madzi ndizofunikira ndikuzidyetsa chifukwa chosowa chakudya chokhutiritsa. Komabe, kwa mitundu ina, nyama zotchedwa gelatinous ndiye chakudya chachikulu. Moyo wongokhala umalimbikitsa nsomba kuti zizidya nsomba zam'madzi, zomwe zimasambira momwe zimayendera.
Adani achilengedwe a zolengedwazi amakhala ndi khungu lakuda, loterera, lomwe limakhala chitetezo chabwino pobayira. Njira yogwiritsira ntchito ma apuloni ndiyachilendo: amameza nsomba zazing'ono, ndipo mwa anthu akulu amaluma maambulera mbali. M'nyanja ya jellyfish, zamoyo sizikhala ndi adani achilengedwe, chifukwa chake palibe chomwe chimawopseza moyo wawo komanso kuberekana.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Giantfish ya Giant
Kwa onse okhala munyanja, kuipitsa ndi chinthu choyipa, koma izi sizimagwira nsomba. Posachedwa, kuchuluka kwa nyama kumadera onse apadziko lapansi kwakhala kukukulirakulira. Asayansi ochokera ku Yunivesite ya British Columbia aona kuwonjezeka kwa zamoyo za m'nyanja.
Ofufuza awona mitundu 138 ya jellyfish kuyambira 1960. Akatswiri a zachilengedwe adasonkhanitsa deta kuchokera kuzinthu zokwana 45 pa 66 zachilengedwe. Zotsatira zidawonetsa kuti m'madera 62%, anthu awonjezeka posachedwa. Makamaka, ku Mediterranean ndi Black Seas, gombe la kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa United States, nyanja za East Asia, zilumba za Hawaiian ndi Antarctica.
Nkhani yakukula kwa chiwerengero cha anthu ingasangalale kwambiri ngati sizikutanthauza kuphwanya chilengedwe chonse. Jellyfish sikuti imangowononga msika wa nsomba, komanso imalonjeza kuwotcha kwa osambira, imayambitsa kusokoneza magwiridwe antchito amagetsi, ndikutseka m'madzi olowa m'madzi.
M'zilumba zaku Pacific za Palau m'nyanja ya Jellyfish, yomwe ili ndi mamita 460x160, pafupifupi mitundu iwiri ya golide ndi mwezi wa zolengedwa zotchedwa gelatinous live. Palibe chomwe chimalepheretsa chitukuko chawo, kupatula iwo omwe amakonda kusambira munyanja yonga odzola. Ndizosatheka kudziwa kuchuluka kwake, chifukwa dziwe limangodzaza ndi zolengedwa zowonekera.
Kuteteza nsomba
Chithunzi: Medusa wochokera ku Red Book
Ngakhale chiwerengerochi chikuwonjezeka komanso kuchuluka kwa anthu, mitundu ina ikufunikirabe kutetezedwa. Pakati pa zaka za zana la 20, Odessia maeotica ndi Olindias inexpectata anali ofala, ngati sanali wamba. Komabe, kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1970, chiwerengerocho chinayamba kuchepa chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mchere wamchere komanso kuwonongeka kwakukulu, makamaka Nyanja ya Azov. Kukalamba kwa matupi amadzi ndikudzadza kwawo ndi michere kunapangitsa kuti mtundu wa Odessia maeotica utheretu kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Black Sea. Olindias inexpectata yatha kupezeka pagombe la Romanian ndi Bulgaria la Black and Azov.
Mitunduyi idalembedwa mu Red Book la Ukraine, komwe amapatsidwa gulu la nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha, ndi Red Book la Black Sea lomwe lili m'gulu la mitundu yovuta kutetezedwa. Pakadali pano, chiwerengerochi ndi chotsika kwambiri moti ndi anthu ochepa okha omwe amapezeka. Ngakhale izi, nthawi zina ku Taganrog Bay of the Black Sea, zamoyo zidakhala gawo lalikulu la zooplankton.
Pofuna kusamalira zamoyo ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu, kuteteza malo ndi kuyeretsa matupi amadzi ndizofunikira. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti kuwonjezeka kwa ziwerengerozi ndi chisonyezo chakuchepa kwa zamoyo zam'madzi. Ku Korea, gulu la ofufuza lidaganiza zothetsa vutoli mothandizidwa ndi maloboti omwe amagwira zolengedwa paukonde.
Zakale zakufa nsomba zidawoneka modzidzimutsa komanso zopanda mawonekedwe. Popeza zolengedwa zimafunikira ziwalo zonse kuti zikhale ndi moyo, sizokayikitsa kuti mawonekedwe amtundu uliwonse osakhala ndi mikhalidwe yakhalapo. Malinga ndi zowona, nsomba zam'madzi zakhala zikupezeka momwe ziliri kuyambira tsiku lomwe Mulungu adawalenga pa 5 tsiku la sabata (Genesis 1:21).
Tsiku lofalitsa: 21.07.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/29/2019 pa 18:27
