Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Mwa nyama, gulu lomwe limatchedwa mileme limaonekera. Oimira ake ndi apadera chifukwa ndi okhawo ochokera m'gulu la zinyama zomwe zimatha kuuluka, komanso bwino komanso mwakhama, okhala ndi mapiko. Dongosololi ndi losiyanasiyana ndipo limawerengedwa kuti ndi lachiwiri lalikulu kwambiri m'kalasi lomwe latchulidwa pambuyo pa makoswe. Mamembala ake amadziwika ndi zina zochititsa chidwi.
Choyamba ndikuwuluka. Koma zimasiyana kwambiri ndi kayendedwe kofananira ka mbalame. Kuyenda mlengalenga kumeneku kumalola mileme kuwonetsa kuyendetsa bwino komanso kuwuluka bwino kwa mpweya, komanso kukhala ndi liwiro lalikulu kwambiri kwa zolengedwa zouluka zapadziko lapansi.
Katundu wawo wina wosangalatsa ndi kuthekera kwapadera kwakumverera malo ozungulira ndi zinthu zomwe zili mmenemo. Amatchedwa echolocation. Zolengedwa izi ndizosangalatsa kotero kuti sayansi yonse idadziphunzira - chiropterology.
Banja la mileme ndi la gulu ili. Mamembala amtundu wina (pteropus) amatchedwa nkhandwe zowuluka. Oimira ena (rosetus) amatchedwa: usiku mileme, agalu owuluka - ili ndi dzina lachiwiri la zolengedwa izi.
Asayansi, popanda chifukwa, amatumiza magulu onsewo m'gulu lachikale kwambiri pakati pa achibale awo. Amasiyana ndi mileme ina yomwe ili ndi mafupa akale. Komanso mileme yazipatso sitha kudzitama ndi luso lotukuka. Koma tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane pambuyo pake.
Kapangidwe ka mapiko a zamoyozi ndi kosiyana kwambiri ndi kapangidwe ka mbalame. Mofanana ndi zinyama zonse, zili ndi miyendo inayi, koma zimasinthidwa ndikuwoneka ngati mafupa a mapiko. Otsatirawa ndi khungu lopyapyala pakhungu, lakuda, labulauni kapena lachikaso lalanje ndi mitsempha yakuda, yotambasulidwa ngati lamba pakati pa miyendo yonse ndi mchira, koma nthawi yomweyo, pakufunika, limapinda momasuka.
Poyenda mlengalenga, zolengedwa izi zimapepheza mapiko awo mwachangu, ndipo nembanemba ya khungu ndiyotambasuka kwambiri, ndipo dera lake limakulirako pafupifupi kanayi. Kapangidwe kameneka kamapereka zabwino zakunyamuka m'malo osiyanasiyana, komanso kumawonjezera kuthamanga komanso kuyenda kwamaulendo apandege. Mileme imayenda mumlengalenga usiku osatulutsa phokoso, ndipo imatha kuphimba mpaka 100 km osapumira.
Dzina la zinyama zoyambirira: galu wowuluka, mosakayikira chifukwa cha kufanana kwakunja ndi cholengedwa chomwe chatchulidwa dzinalo, chodziwika bwino kwa munthu. Nyama zoulukazi zimakhala ndi mphuno yowongoka yokhala ndi mphuno yomwe imafanana kwambiri ndi galu; otseka pafupi, maso akulu, ozungulira; makutu ang'onoang'ono; thupi lokutidwa ndi zofiira, zofiirira, zachikasu, ngakhale zobiriwira zobiriwira kapena zakuda, m'chigawo chakumunsi cha thupi ndi zowunikira zowonekera.
Mchira wawo, monga lamulo, ndi waufupi, ndipo mwina sangakhalepo kwathunthu. Pazotsogola, zala zakumakalata zimakhala ndi zikhadabo. Kukula kwa thupi la zolengedwa izi kumatha kukhala kosiyana kwambiri: kuyambira zazing'ono (pafupifupi 6 cm) mpaka pafupifupi theka la mita. Mapiko a mileme yayikulu kwambiri yazipatso amatha kukhala osakwana mita ziwiri.
Zolengedwa zoterezi zimakhala m'makontinenti aku Asia ndi Africa, komanso ku Australia, ndipo amakhala makamaka m'malo otentha, koma nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'malo otentha. Mtundu wawo umaphatikizapo, makamaka Iran, Japan, Syria, Maldives, Oceania. Zochitika zonse za kapangidwe kake zikuwonekera pa chithunzi cha galu wouluka.
Mitundu
Zatchulidwa kale kuti mileme yazipatso sangathe kudzitama ndi luso lochititsa chidwi la echolocation, mosiyana ndi mileme. Ngati apatsidwa nawo, ndiye kuti ndi achikale kwambiri. Mtundu wazomwe mumlengalenga pobereka mayendedwe angapo (akupanga) mafunde amapezeka mumitundu ina yokha.
Pofuna kukhala ndi chidziwitso cha zinthu zoyandikana nazo zikuuluka mumdima, oimira mitundu ina amatulutsa mawu amawu omwe angatchulidwe kuposa oyamba. Mwachitsanzo, a Rousetus amatulutsa mawu omwe amafanana kwambiri ndi kukokota kwa wotchi. Mafunde akumveka amawonetsedwa kuchokera kuzinthu ndikusintha zinthu mumlengalenga ndipo zimawoneka ndi omwe adatumizidwa. Zotsatira zake, chithunzi cha zozungulira zikuwonekera m'mabongo awo.
Koma phokoso lomwe limatulutsidwa ndi agalu akuuluka, monga lamulo, silikhala la omwe akupanga. Kumbali inayi, mitundu ya mileme yazipatso, yomwe ilibe kuthekera kophunzitsira, yakula bwino kununkhiza, masomphenya ndi zina mwa ziwalo zisanu zomverera zomwe zimapezeka m'zinthu zapadziko lapansi. Ndiwo omwe amathandizira kuwongolera kwawo komanso moyo wawo.
Galu wowuluka waku Egypt
Banja lonse la mileme yazipatso limaphatikizapo mitundu pafupifupi 170. Kenako amalumikizana kukhala genera, pomwe pali pafupifupi khumi ndi anayi. Pakati pawo, mitundu ya agalu owuluka (rosetus) imayimiridwanso mozama kwambiri. Talingalirani za mitundu yosangalatsa kwambiri ya zolengedwa izi.
1. Galu wowuluka waku Egypt... Oimira mtundu uwu ali ndi kutalika kwa thupi pafupifupi masentimita 15. Ali ndi mchira wawufupi, osapitilira sentimita imodzi. Kulemera kwawo ndi pafupifupi magalamu 130. Pakatikati pa mphuno mwawo pali maso akulu ozungulira omwe amatha kuwona bwino kwambiri. Chovalacho ndi chofewa kwambiri ndipo chimamverera ngati silky kukhudza. Zamoyo zoterezi zimapezeka ku Turkey, Middle East komanso ku Egypt komanso madera ozungulira North Africa.
Mbiri ya anthu aku Kupro ndichomvetsa chisoni. Nthawi ina m'mbuyomu, idafafanizidwa kwathunthu ndi alimi akumaloko. Tsopano ku Kupro pali, monga mukudziwa, pali gulu laling'ono la zolengedwa izi, kukula kwake kukuyerekeza anthu angapo. Zamoyo zouluka sizimatha kupanga ma sign a akupanga, koma poyang'ana zimatulutsa phokoso, makamaka - zimangodina lilime.
2. Mbalame ya m'mapanga. Imatulutsa chizindikiro cha akupanga m'njira yawo yosavuta kwambiri kuti imuthandize kuyenda. Kuchuluka kwa zolengedwa zotere nthawi zambiri kumakhala osapitirira 100 g. Mitunduyi imapezeka ku China, Pakistan, India, Nepal ndi mayiko ena omwe ali ndi nyengo yofananira.
Popeza zamoyozi zimakhala m'mapanga akuda amdima, zili ndi zina zomwe zimawathandiza kuzolowera moyo woterewu. Maso awo amawala kwambiri madzulo ndipo amatulutsa kuwala kwa phosphoric. Amapuma, ngati mileme, atayang'ana mozondoka, atamangiriridwa ndi zikhadabo zolimba m'chipinda cha phanga. Ngati munthu ali pamalo ena ake, atha kunyamula nyama yotere. Iwo saopa anthu.
Mbalame yamphanga
3. Kalong - galu wamkulu wouluka... Kukula kwa oimira mitundu iyi kumafika masentimita 40 ndipo ndikofunikira kwambiri. Zamoyo zoterezi zimapezeka ku Japan, Iran, Syria ndi Egypt. Malo oyandikana nawo amapatsa anthu mavuto, chifukwa amatha kuwononga kwambiri minda yazipatso. Koma a Kalong adavutika ndi anthu chifukwa chakulawa kwa nyama yawo, yomwe imadziwika kuti ndiyabwino kudya.
Kalong wouluka galu
4. Mleme wa zipatso. Dzina la cholengedwa ichi silisocheretsa. Izi ndizoyimira zochepa kwambiri zamtunduwu. Komanso, ndiye wochepetsetsa pakati pa anzawo. Kukula kwake ndikofanana ndi tizilombo tambiri. Zamoyo zoterezi zimakhala ku South Asia.
Mleme wazipatso wa Pygmy
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Mitundu yambiri ya mileme yomwe imadya zipatso usiku womwe imaweruzidwa mosavuta ndi anthu. Izi zikuphatikiza, choyambirira, oimira Aigupto amtundu wa zinyama (kupatula zomwe zatchulidwazi, dzina lina limagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zotere - mileme yazipatso ya Nile). Zolengedwa izi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi munthu wosakhutira komanso luso lachilengedwe, zimatha kulumikizana kwambiri ndi mbuye wawo.
Agalu akuwuluka kawirikawiri ndi okonda zolengedwa zosowa amasungidwa mnyumba yayikulu yayikulu. Kuphatikiza apo, amatha kukhala m'chipinda chochezera m'mbali mwake. Popeza chikhalidwe cha ziwetozi, ndibwino kukhala opanda imodzi, koma agalu angapo owuluka nthawi imodzi.
Kupanda kutero, pali kuthekera kwakukulu kuti cholengedwa chosungulumwa chimayamba kudzikakamiza. Udzu wamba ndi woyenera ngati zofunda pansi pogona, mutha kugwiritsanso ntchito matabwa ang'onoang'ono. Zakudyazo zimadalira mitundu.
Mileme ya zipatso za mumtsinje wa Nile nthawi zambiri imadyetsedwa ndi compote, masamba owuma, ndi phala la zipatso. Chisoni chokha ndichoti ziweto zotere sizowoneka bwino. Ophwanyawa nthawi zambiri amabalalitsidwa ndi chakudya chodetsedwa komanso zonyansa, kulikonse. Ndipo ndowe zawo zimakhala zosasinthasintha komanso zimanunkhira zosasangalatsa.
Mikhalidwe yachilengedwe, mileme yadzuwa yopanga zipatso imakonda kukhazikika m'nkhalango ndi m'mapanga, komanso m'nyumba zosalimba, m'miyala, m'migodi, m'manda. Galu wouluka – nyama, yomwe imapezeka kumadera otsika ndi kumapiri.
Zinyama zotere zimakonda kukhala m'midzi. Amatha kukhala ocheperako, pafupifupi anthu makumi asanu, komanso akulu, mpaka mamembala zikwi ziwiri momwe amapangidwira. Madera ofanana a mileme ya Nile amatha kupezeka m'mipiramidi yakale yaku Egypt.
Nyama zouluka izi zimagwira ntchito makamaka mumdima. Ndipo pakanthawi kochepa masana amakonda, atapimidwa miyendo pamapazi, amagona mokoma mozondoka. Pakapuma, kugunda kwa mtima kwawo kumakhala pafupifupi theka. Masana, amatha kudzuka ngati akumva kuti kuli obwera m'nyumba zawo.
Kuphatikiza apo, ndi nthawi yamasiku ano pomwe amadziyeretsa, kukonza matupi awo. Mwa adani a nyama izi nthawi zambiri mumakhala mbalame zodya nyama: nkhandwe, akadzidzi a chiwombankhanga ndi ena. Amakhumudwitsidwanso ndi tizilombo toyamwa magazi ndi mitundu ina ya nkhupakupa.
Zakudya zabwino
Kuti zizipeza chakudya chawo, zolengedwa zimenezi zimauluka patatsala pang’ono kulowa. Amapeza kena kake kopindulitsa chifukwa cha fungo labwino komanso kuwona bwino. Zakudya za mileme yazipatso usiku ndizosavulaza kwambiri. Gawo lake lalikulu limapangidwa ndi zipatso zopangidwa kuchokera ku mitengo yakunja yakumwera.
Zina mwa izo ndi nthochi, zipatso, malalanje, nkhuyu, mango. Kodi galu wouluka amadya chiyani? komabe? Amathanso kudya bowa, nthangala, masamba achichepere, komanso kudya tizilombo ngati chakudya. Nthawi zina nyama zotere zimadya maluwa ndi timadzi tokoma, zimayamwa mungu, ngakhale kuti sizomwe zimadya.
Agalu othamanga amakonda kudya zipatso
Mileme yausiku yomwe imadya zipatso nthawi zambiri imakhutitsa njala yawo ikamapachikika pansi pamtengo. Nthawi yomweyo, amamatira ku nthambi ya imodzi mwa ma llamas, ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito inayo, akutola zipatso. Koma nthawi zina zimawagwira kuti adutse, akungowuluka. Amakhutiritsa kusowa kwa chinyezi chakumwa pomwa madzi azipatso. Komanso amamwa madzi. Komanso, nthawi zina amagwiritsanso ntchito mchere. Izi zimafunikira ndi matupi awo apadera.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Nthawi zambiri, mileme yazipatso imaswana kamodzi pachaka. Nthawi yokhwima ya nyama izi imayamba penapake mu Julayi, kutha pakatikati pa nthawi yophukira. Ndikosavuta kutchula agalu achikazi achonde. Nthawi zambiri amabereka osaposa m'modzi, nthawi yayitali - ana awiri. Kutalika kwa mimba yokha kumadalira kukula ndi mtundu. Akuluakulu a banja lino akhoza kubereka ana kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi.
Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti nyama izi zimabereka m'malo awo otchuka komanso omasuka kwambiri kwa mileme yotere - mozondoka. Kuti mwana, osachotsa m'mimba, asagwe, mayi amamukonzekereratu bedi lamapiko ake otsekedwa, komwe mwana wakhanda amakhala bwinobwino.
Zouluka Agalu Cubs
Monga momwe zimayenerera zinyama, chakudya choyamba cha mileme yazipatso zazing'ono ndi mkaka wa amayi. Tisaiwale kuti ana a zolengedwa zimenezi ndi olimbika kwambiri ndipo ndinazolowera moyo. Iwo samangobadwa atakwera pa bere la amayi pawokha, mwadyera atagwira nsonga yamabele, anawo amatha kuwona nthawi yomweyo. Ndipo kuyambira masiku oyamba matupi awo anali okutidwa kale ndi ubweya.
Pa bere la mayi, ana amakhala masiku awo kufikira atakula ndi kupeza maluso onse ofunikira pa moyo wodziyimira pawokha. Nthawi yeniyeni apa ndiyotengera mtunduwo. Mwachitsanzo, kuchokera mleme wazipanga zamphanga, ana amaphunzira kuuluka ndikudya zipatso ali ndi miyezi pafupifupi itatu.
Nthawi yamoyo wa mileme yopuma usiku m'chilengedwe nthawi zambiri imakhulupirira kuti ndi yochepera zaka 8. Ngakhale sayansi ilibe chidziwitso chenicheni pankhaniyi. Agalu omwe agwidwa, komano, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi moyo wautali - kwina mpaka zaka 20, ngakhale mpaka 25.
Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa galu wowuluka ndi nkhandwe zowuluka?
Ndikosavuta kusokonezeka pamawu pankhani ya mileme yazipatso. Chakuti nthawi zambiri dzina lomweli limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa oimira gulu la Rousetus ndi Pteropus: agalu akuuluka. Ndipo uku sikulakwa kwakukulu. Nthawi zambiri motere, deta, oimira ofanana kwambiri ndi banja la mileme, amatchedwa ngakhale m'mabuku olemba. Koma ngati mukuyesetsa kupeza matchulidwe olondola, muyenera kumvetsetsa kuti izi sizofanana.
Galu wouluka
Chani kusiyana pakati pa galu wouluka ndi nkhandwe youluka? Choyamba, iwo ndi mamembala amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Komabe, ali ndi kufanana kofananira pamapangidwe ndi machitidwe. Ankhandwe ndi agalu amadya chakudya chofanana, amakhala masiku awo m'malo amodzi.
Mamembala onse awiriwa alibe luso lotsogola, koma amakhala otsogola m'moyo wawo pakuwona komanso kununkhiza bwino. Pamapiko, aliyense mwa oimirawo ali ndi chala cholozera chokhala ndi claw. Amakhala ndimapangidwe achikale amtundu wa khomo lachiberekero komanso nthiti zosunthika. Izi zikuwonetsa kudziwika mosakayika ndi ubale wapamtima wa agalu ndi nkhandwe zouluka.
Mtundu wa pteropus ndiwambiri ndipo umayimilidwa ndi mitundu 60, iliyonse yomwe ili ndi mawonekedwe ake. Ena amakhulupirira kuti oimira akewo ali ngati nkhandwe, ndipo rosetus amafanana ndi agalu. Komabe, ichi ndi chizindikiro chosamveka komanso chomvera kwambiri.
Nkhandwe youluka
M'malo mwake, magulu awiriwa ndi ofanana kwambiri kotero kuti nthawi zambiri amafotokozedwa kuti ndi amodzi. Ndipo kusanthula kokha kwa majini kumatha kupanga masanjidwe olondola. Nthawi zambiri, ngakhale m'mabuku asayansi, mileme yonse yazipatso amatchedwa agalu owuluka. Nthawi zina agalu ndi nkhandwe zouluka zimaphatikizidwa kutengera momwe zimadyera ndipo zimangotchedwa: mileme yazipatso.
