Nyama yowopsya, yayikulu kwambiri mwa nyama zakutchire, yakhala chizindikiro cha kuya kwa taiga, nkhalango zowirira. Khalidwe lamphamvu la chimbalangondo nthawi zonse ladzetsa chidwi ndi ulemu kwa anthu.
Sizodabwitsa kuti chithunzi cha mbuye wamphamvu wa taiga adalowa mu chikhalidwe cha anthu ambiri. Chimbalangondo chofiirira Ndizodziwika bwino kwa anthu okhala kumapiri akumayiko ambiri, koma amadziwika ku Russia.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Maonekedwe a chimbalangondo akuchulukirachulukira, mawonekedwe a chilombo chenicheni. Kuchuluka kwa wokhala m'nkhalango kumafikira makilogalamu 350-400, kutalika kwa thupi pafupifupi 2 mita. Ku Far East, kuli zimphona zitatu za mita. Kamchatka bulauni bulauni amalemera oposa 500 makilogalamu.
Wolemba zolemera zolemera ku Berlin Zoo anali wolemera 780 kg. Pakati panjira, woimira banja la chimbalangondo amakhala wocheperako poyerekeza ndi abale ake - olemera mpaka 120-150 kg. Amuna amakula pafupifupi nthawi imodzi ndi theka kuposa akazi.
Thupi lopangidwa ndi mbiya lomwe limafota limafota ndi zikoko zazitali zazitali zisanu zokhala ndi zikhadabo zosabweza mpaka masentimita 12. Mapazi a zala zisanu ndi otakata. Palibe mchira, kutalika kwake ndikochepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi thupi, masentimita 20. Makutu ndi maso ang'onoang'ono ali pamutu waukuluwo. Pamwamba pamphumi. Pakamwa pamakhala patali.
Mtundu wa malaya akudawo umasiyanasiyana kutengera malo okhala: kuchokera pamthunzi wamtambo kupita kumtunda wakuda wakuda. Chofala kwambiri ndi zimbalangondo zofiirira. Zimbalangondo zakuda zimakhala ku Syria. A pachimake imvi amapezeka anthu Himalaya. Molting imatha kuyambira kasupe mpaka nthawi yophukira, mpaka ikaikidwa m'manda. Nthawi zina nthawi imagawika magawo awiri:
- koyambirira - mwamphamvu, nthawi yamkati;
- kuchedwa - pang'onopang'ono, panthawi yozizira.
Nyengo ndi nthawi yofunika kwambiri m'moyo wa chilombo. Kodi chimbalangondo chofiirira chimatenga nthawi yayitali bwanji? - zimadalira zinthu zakunja. Kugona m'nyengo yozizira kumatenga miyezi iwiri mpaka 6, koma m'malo ofunda okhala ndi zipatso zambiri za mtedza ndi zipatso, zimbalangondo sizigona konse.
Chimbalangondo chimakonzekera malo okhwima a taiga kuyambira nthawi yachilimwe - chimayang'ana malo, chimachikonzekeretsa, chimakhala ndi mafuta ochepa. Mahema nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'maenje pakati pa mizu ya mkungudza, firs, m'malo amitengo yosunthidwa, pansi pazitsime.
Mapanga odalirika kwambiri a nyama zolusa ndi zopakidwa utoto, zomwe zimalowa pansi kwambiri. Alenje amazindikira malo amenewa ndi maluwa achikasu pamitengo ndi tchire mozungulira dzenjelo. Mpweya wotentha wa chimbalangondo umakhazikika pama nthambi ngati chisanu.
Makolowo amalimbikitsidwa ndi nthambi zowongoka mkati. Ndizo, nyama zimadzaza pakhomo, kutseka kuchokera kunja mpaka masika. Chivundikiro chomaliza chisanachitike, mayendedwewo amakhala otanganidwa kwambiri.
Brown chimbalangondo mu taiga hibernates, wokutidwa. Miyendo yakumbuyo imalowerera m'mimba, ndipo ndimiyendo yakutsogolo imakutira kummero. Zimbalangondo zapakati zimapita ku hibernation ndi ana a chaka chachiwiri cha moyo.
Chaka chilichonse olusa amakonda kusintha malo obisalako, koma pakakhala kuchepa kwa "nyumba" amabwerera kumapanga azaka zapitazo. Amakonda kubisala osakonda. Koma zimbalangondo zofiirira za zilumba za Kuril ndi Sakhalin zimatha kulumikizana m'phanga limodzi.
Kugona koyipa kwa chilombocho kumasokonezeka, nthitizi zimasokoneza zolusa ndikuwakakamiza kuti achoke m'mapanga awo. Nyama zina sizingagone m dzenje kuyambira nthawi yophukira chifukwa chosowa chakudya.
Zimbalangondo zazing'ono zimakhala zolusa kwambiri m'nyengo yozizira - njala imapangitsa nyamayo kukhala yoopsa. Kukumana naye ndikowopsa. Ndodo yolumikizira ilibe mwayi wopulumuka mpaka masika. Kufooka kwakuthupi kwa nyama, kusowa kwa chakudya ndi kuzizira kumapangitsa chiweto kukhala pachiwopsezo.
Mitundu
Makonzedwe amakono a zimbalangondo zofiirira sanabwere mwachangu chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu. Masiku ano, mtundu umodzi ndi mafuko makumi awiri (subspecies) amadziwika, osiyana mitundu, kukula, ndi malo ogawa.
Zimbalangondo zotchuka kwambiri ndi izi:
Chimbalangondo chofiirira ku Europe (Eurasia kapena wamba). Anthu ambiri apanga wolamulira wamphamvu kukhala mulungu. Wokhala m'nkhalango zowoneka bwino komanso zokhazikika amakhala m'malo opezeka tundra kumpoto ndipo amakwera mapiri mpaka 3000 mita kumwera kufunafuna kuzizira.
Imagwira usana ndi usiku, pomwe pali zipatso zambiri ndi zipatso m'chilengedwe. Amakonda kuwononga uchi. Mitunduyi imakhala yofiirira mpaka yakuda.
Chimbalangondo cha California (grizzly). Kutha ndikufika kwa azungu, ma subspecies akuwonetsedwa mu mbendera ya California. Chinali chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pachilengedwe m'derali. Subpecies adaphedwa ndi alenje. Pali chizindikiro cha boma.
Chimbalangondo chofiirira cha ku Siberia... Ndi subspecies izi zimatchedwa mbuye wa taiga Russian. Wodziwika ndi mtundu wakuda bulauni wokhala ndi malaya ofunda pamapazi. Wolamulira chakum'mawa kwa Siberia, wopezeka ku Mongolia, Kazakhstan.
Atlas Nyamuliranani... Subpecies zakufa. Amakhala m'magawo a mapiri a Atlas, kuyambira ku Morocco kupita ku Libya. Chimbalangondo chinali ndi malaya ofiira ofiira. Adadya mizu yazomera, zipatso zamtengo, mtedza.
Gobi chimbalangondo (kupaka). Okhala mosowa m'mapiri achipululu ku Mongolia. Mtundu wofiirira wonyezimira, nthawi zonse pamakhala mzere wopukutira pang'ono pachifuwa, mapewa ndi mmero. Chimbalangondo cha Brown pachithunzichi wachisomo komanso wodziwika.
Chaku Mexico (grizzly). Nyama yosawerengeka yomwe ili pachiwopsezo chotha. Makulidwe a chimbalangondo chofiirira chachikulu. Predator wokhala ndi hump yotchulidwa m'mbali mwa masamba amapewa. Amakonda kusambira pansi pamapiri, m'nkhalango zamapiri pamtunda wokwera mpaka mamita 3000. Chidziwitso chomaliza chodalirika chokhudza grizzly chinali mu 1960.
Tianshan chimbalangondo chofiirira... Ma subspecies osowa omwe amakhala m'mapiri a Himalaya, Pamir, Tien Shan. Mbali yaikulu ndi zikhadabo zowala za zikhomo zakutsogolo. Kutetezedwa ndi nkhokwe ku Kazakhstan.
Ussuri (Himalayan) chimbalangondo... Nyamayo ndi yaying'ono poyerekeza ndi abale ake. Kulemera sikupitilira makilogalamu 150, kutalika ndi pafupifupi masentimita 180. Mtunduwo ndi wakuda, pachifuwa pamakhala mawanga atatu amtundu woyera kapena wachikasu.
Wokhala m'nkhalango za Primorsky ndi Khabarovsk Madera, zilumba za Japan, Pakistan, Iran, Korea, China, Afghanistan. Amakwera bwino mitengo, amasambira.
Kodiak... Chimodzi mwazilombo zazikulu kwambiri pamtunda. Unyinji wa zimphona zili pafupifupi theka la tani. Chakudya chochuluka, nyengo yachisanu imakhala yochepa m'malo awo - zilumba zazilumba za Kodiak. Kumva kununkhiza komanso kumva mwatcheru kumathandiza nyamayo kusaka. Chilombocho ndi chodabwitsa. Kuphatikiza pa nsomba ndi nyama, sasamala kudya zipatso, mtedza, ndi zipatso zowutsa mudyo.
Chimbalangondo cha Chitibeta (wakudya pika). Lili ndi dzina lake chifukwa chodya zitsamba ndi mapiki paphiri la Tibetan. Ma subspecies osowa kwambiri, ofotokozedwa m'zaka za zana la 19. Subpecies amatha kusungidwa pamwamba pamapiri. Zitsanzo za Yeti. Chidutswa chaubweya, chopezeka chothandizira nthanoyo, chinali cha chimbalangondo chofiirira.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Wokhala m'nkhalango amakonda mathirakiti okhala ndi mphepo, kukula kwaudzu ndi tchire m'malo opsereza. Madera, tundra, m'mphepete mwa nyanja amakonzedwanso ndi chilombo. Kamodzi kufalitsa kofiira kofiira kudalembedwa kuchokera ku England kupita ku Japan.
Koma kusintha kwa magawo okhala, kuwonongedwa kwa chirombo kunadzetsa kupsinjika kwakukulu m'derali. Madera a nkhalango chakumadzulo kwa Canada, Alaska, Russia Far East ndi malo omwe amakhalako.
Chimbalangondo chilichonse chimakhala ndi gawo lakelake, kuyambira kukula kwake kuchokera 70 mpaka 140 km², wokhala ndi fungo, wozunza pamitengo. Dera lamphongo ndilokulirapo kasanu ndi kawiri kuposa lachikazi. Amateteza malowa kuchokera kwa akunja. Kukula kwachichepere komwe kwasungidwa posaka bwenzi lanu kumatha kuyendayenda kunja kwa tsambalo.
Nyamayo imagwira ntchito masana, nthawi zambiri m'mawa ndi madzulo. Pofunafuna chakudya, nyama yokhazikika nthawi zina imayenda mozungulira nyengo zawo, kutsata madera omwe zipatso ndi mtedza zimapsa.
Ngakhale kuti nyamayo ndi yayikulu kwambiri komanso yowoneka yosalongosoka, nyamayo imathamanga msanga. Avereji liwiro la chimbalangondo chofiirira ndi 50-60 km / h. Zochita zolimbitsa thupi ndi pulasitiki wa nyama zimawonetsedwa pakukwera mitengo, kusambira pamitsinje, ndikugonjetsa mtunda wautali.
Chimbalangondo chimatha kufikira nyamayo mwakachetechete, ndikuyenda pang'ono. Ndikumenyetsa mwamphamvu kwa khasu, imatha kuthyola msana wa mbawala, nguluwe yamtchire.
Mphamvu ya kununkhira imalola kuti nyama imve fungo la kuwola kwa 3 km. Kumva kumakhala kovuta. Chimbalangondo nthawi zambiri chimayimirira ndi miyendo yake yakumbuyo ndikumamvetsera komwe chikuzungulira, chimamva fungo. Chophimba chachikulu cha chisanu ndichopinga chovuta kwa chimbalangondo.
Moyo wa chilombo umakhala ndi nyengo yake. M'chilimwe, zimbalangondo zodyetsedwa bwino zimakhala pansi, pakati pa ziboliboli, zimawotcha padzuwa, ndikusamalira ana awo. M'dzinja, ali otanganidwa kufunafuna malo othawirako nthawi yachisanu, makonzedwe ake, kudzikundikira kwamafuta ochepa.
M'nyengo yozizira, munthu amagona pang'ono, komwe kumakhala mwezi umodzi mpaka sikisi, kutengera zinthu zambiri. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti gawo lanyama la nyama (kugunda, kutentha, ndi zina zambiri) silisintha, mosiyana ndi zinyama zina.
Masika amadzutsa nyama zofooka. Kuchepetsa thupi m'nyengo yozizira ndikofunikira - mpaka makilogalamu 80. Kudzikundikira kwa mphamvu zamoyo watsopano kumayamba.
Zakudya zabwino
Nyama ndizopatsa chidwi, koma magawo awiri pa atatu aliwonse azakudya amadyetsedwa ndi zakudya zazomera, zomwe amadya munthawi zosiyanasiyana Chimbalangondo chofiirira. Chinyama chimadyetsa acorns, mizu, zimayambira za zomera. Zipatso ndi mtedza ndizokoma. Nthawi ya njala, mbewu za chimanga ndi phala zimasanduka chakudya. Tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, abuluzi, achule, mbewa zamtchire zimalowa mchakudya.
Nyama zikuluzikulu zimasaka nyama zokhala ndi ziboda zofanana - nguluwe zakutchire, nswala, mphalapala, ndi nswala. Kumayambiriro kwa masika, pambuyo pa kugona, chimbalangondo chimakonda chakudya cha nyama, chifukwa muyenera kupeza mphamvu, ndipo chakudya chomera chimakhala chochepa. Nyama imagwira ntchito kwambiri posaka.
Chimbalangondo chofiirira sichidya nyama yayikulu nthawi imodzi, chimayibisa pansi pamtengo ndi kuyiteteza mpaka ikatha. Imasaka nyama zakufa, imatha kutenga nyama kuchokera kuzilombo zazing'ono - mimbulu, akambuku. Pali milandu yodziwika yowukiridwa kwa ziweto ndi ng'ombe zoweta.
Pafupi ndi matupi amadzi, zimbalangondo zimakhala asodzi odziwika bwino, makamaka nthawi yophulitsana nsomba. Kuchuluka kwa nsomba kumabweretsa chakuti chimbalangondo chimangodya nyama zonona zokha, ndikusiya zidutswa zina.
Zimbalangondo zimakumbukira bwino. Malo odyera okhala ndi zipatso zochuluka, bowa, mtedza, mitengo yobala zipatso adzayendera kangapo nyama yolusa ndi chiyembekezo chodya.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Nthawi yokwanira ya zimbalangondo zofiirira imayamba mu Meyi ndipo imakhala miyezi ingapo. Amuna akumenyera akazi, ndewu za omwe akupikisana nawo ndi ankhanza, ndipo amatha kumapeto kwa imfa ya nyama. Munthawi yakuluma, zimbalangondo ndizowopsa mwamakani. Kubangula kwamtchire kukuwonetsa kutsimikiza kwa omwe akupikisana nawo.
Mbewuyo imawonekera m'phanga pambuyo pa miyezi 6-8. Ana 2-4 amabadwa opanda thandizo - dazi, akhungu ndi ogontha. Kulemera kwa ana ongobadwa kumene ndi 500 g okha, kutalika ndi pafupifupi masentimita 25. Patatha mwezi umodzi, ana amatsegula maso awo ndikuyamba kutulutsa mawu. Pakatha miyezi itatu mano a mkaka amakula.
Masika, ana amakhala okonzeka kupeza zipatso ndi tizilombo paokha. Koma amadya mkaka kwa miyezi ina isanu ndi umodzi. Mayi amadyetsa anawo ndi nyama yomwe abwera nayo. Zinyama zazing'ono zili pafupi kwambiri ndi amayi awo, phunzirani kusaka, kukonzekera nyengo yozizira yoyamba.
Abambo samasamalira ana. Moyo wodziyimira wokha wa anawo umayamba zaka 3-4, koma nthawi yakukula imatha zaka 10.
Nthawi ya moyo ya zimbalangondo zofiirira ndi pafupifupi zaka 20-30. Mumkhalidwe wovuta wachilengedwe, anthu ambiri amafa, ndikuvutika chifukwa cha kusaka, kusintha kwanyengo. Zochita za anthu zimakhudza kuchepetsedwa kwa ziwetozo. M'nkhokwe, moyo wa zimbalangondo ukuwonjezeka mpaka zaka 50.
Chimbalangondo chachikulu chachikulu kalekale kuphatikizidwa mu Red Book, kusodza nsomba ndikoletsedwa. Anthu oteteza zachilengedwe akuyesetsa kupulumutsa tizilombo tomwe tili pangozi. Tsogolo la zimbalangondo zofiirira limatetezedwa ndi boma.
