Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe a flycatcher
Pakati pa fuko la nthenga, pali nthumwi zambiri zomwe zimabweretsa phindu losakayika ndipo ndi dongosolo la nkhalango, minda ndi malo osungira nyama, owononga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Izi zikuphatikiza owerenga – mbalame yolemera mpaka magalamu 25.
Amawerengedwa ndi asayansi kwa omwe amangodutsa. Oimira ake amadziwika m'banja lapadera, lomwe limagawidwa ndi akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo m'magulu awiri akuluakulu, otchuka chifukwa cha mitundu yambiri ya zamoyo.
Izi ndi zowona komanso zowuluka mosiyanasiyana. Kukula kwake, mbalame zotere sizifika pamasentimita 15 ndipo ndizofanana kukula kwa mpheta - zomwe zimayambitsa, koma zimawonekera kutengera mawonekedwe ake akunja ndi mtundu wa nthenga zawo, zomwe zimadziwika chifukwa cha kusiyanasiyana kwake komanso kutengera mtundu wa mbalamezi.
Nthawi zambiri, owerenga mbalame zenizeni amakhala ndi mitundu yobisika, pakati pawo ndi bulauni, imvi, mitundu ya azitona yoyera ndi yakuda imatha kusiyanitsidwa. Koma mitundu ya oponya maulendo angapo ndi yolemera kwambiri. Oimira amtunduwu ndi ofiira, a lalanje, abuluu ndi achikasu, ndipo amadziwika ndi masikelo ena owala a nthenga.
Mapiko a birdies oterowo, omwe kutalika kwake ndi pafupifupi masentimita 20, amawoneka otalikirapo poyerekeza ndi kukula kwa thupi lawo laling'ono, koma silotambalala konse. Miyendo yawo ndi yofooka ndipo salola kuti eni ake asunthire patali komanso mwachangu.
Mlomo ndi wamphamvu ndipo uli ndi dongosolo lodabwitsa, osatchula kuti ndi uti Kufotokozera kwa flycatcher sadzakhala okwanira. Ndi yotakata ndi yolimba; chokwera chimawonekera pakamwa.
Zotanuka zimatha kuwona m'mphepete mwa mlomo komanso pansi, zomwe zimaphimba mphuno mwa mitundu ina. Mchira mumitundu yambiri imakhala yolunjika komanso yayifupi, nthawi zambiri imathera podulidwa.
Mbalame zamtunduwu ndizambiri. Ku Europe, mbalamezi zimapezeka pafupifupi konsekonse ku Africa. Kum'mawa, malo awo amakhala mpaka kukafika paphiri la mapiri a Ural ndikupitilira madera aku Siberia.
Amapezekanso ku Central ndi South Asia, kuthawira ku Caucasus ngakhale kumwera kwenikweni, ngakhale ku Africa, komwe kumapezekanso mbalame ya flycatcher... Koma chani kusamukira kapena nyengo yozizira nthumwi iyi yamtundu wa nthenga, zimatengera komwe amakhala.
Oyendetsa mapiko okhala kumadera akumpoto amasamuka nthawi zosasangalatsa, amapita ku India nthawi yozizira, pang'ono kumadzulo - ku Pakistan, Iraq, Syria komanso kumwera chakumwera - kumayiko aku Africa. Pachifukwa ichi, mbalamezi nthawi zambiri zimawerengedwa kuti zimasamukira kwina.
Mitundu ya Flycatcher
Zonsezi, pali mitundu pafupifupi mazana atatu a mbalamezi padziko lapansi, koma m'madera a Russia pali zochepa kwambiri, makamaka - zosapitirira khumi ndi zisanu. Odziwika kwambiri mwa iwo amatha kuwonedwa pachithunzichi. Wosaka ndege mtundu umodzi umasiyana ndi wina, makamaka, mumtundu wa maula.
Mitundu yomwe iyenera kutchulidwa makamaka ndi iyi:
1. Wotchera mvi... Mtundu wa mitunduyi ndiwosaoneka bwino komanso wowoneka bwino: pamwamba pake pamakhala bulauni-imvi, ndipo mabatani ang'onoang'ono amawoneka pansipa. Osakhala ndi chizolowezi chobisalira anthu, mbalamezi nthawi zambiri zimakhala kutali ndi nyumba zakumidzi, zimapezeka m'mabwalo ndi m'mapaki.
Ngakhale ngakhale mbalamezi zikuwonekabe, zimakhalabe zosawoneka bwino, zomwe zimathandizidwa ndi mtundu wawo wosadzichepetsa. Amawathandizanso kumanga zisa ndikulera bwino ana pafupi ndi zizindikilo zachitukuko ndi malo okhala anthu, osadziwika. Mbalame yotere imamveka pang'ono kwambiri, ndipo nyimbo yake ndiyosavuta, komanso mitundu yake.
Oyendetsa ndege akuda
2. Woyendetsa ndege... Amuna amtundu uwu ali ofanana ndi amphaka, okhala ndi nthenga zakuda ndi zoyera, mawanga oyera pamapiko ndi pamphumi, pamimba pamtundu womwewo. Akazi akuda bulauni amawoneka osawonekera kwambiri. Oimira amtundu uwu amadziwika chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chawo cha omnivorous.
Pomanga zisa zawo, opha ntchentche za mbalamezi amadziphatika m'ming'alu ya mitengo ndi maenje. Monga oimira mitundu yomwe tafotokozayi, samawopa anthu ndipo nthawi zambiri amasankha zisa zopangira.
Woyendetsa ndege
3. Wowuluka pang'ono... Kunja, ndi ofanana ndi Zoryanka, mosiyana ndi mitundu ina yomwe ili ndi malo ofiira, omwe amapezeka pachifuwa ndipo amawonekera kwambiri theka laimuna, atayima kukula kwake kwakukulu. Kulemera kwa oimira mitundu yosawerengeka iyi ndi pafupifupi magalamu 11, ndipo kutalika kwa thupi sikungokhala kopitilira muyeso umodzi.
Mukamauluka, mawanga oyera pamchira wa ogwirira zazing'ono amawoneka bwino. Mbalame zamtunduwu zimatha kupanga mawu osangalatsa kwambiri, omwe amayimira mluzu wachisoni, wowopsa.
Wowuluka pang'ono
4. Wosaka Paradaiso... Dzinalo lodziwika bwino la mbalame yochititsa chidwi imeneyi limanena za kukongola kwake kodabwitsa, komwe kumakhala kosalephereka kwa aliyense amene ali ndi mwayi wowona zolengedwa zamapiko ngati izi. Nthenga zake ndizosiyana komanso zowala. Mchira wake ndi waukulu, ndipo umaposa kutalika kwa thupi, mwina kawiri.
Mtundu uwu uli ndi subspecies khumi ndi zitatu. M'dera la dziko lathu lalikulu, zoterezi zimapezeka kokha ku Primorsky Territory. Imapezekanso ku Philippines, Indonesia, China ndi mayiko ena ambiri okhala ndi nyengo yotentha. Mbalame zoterezi zimakhala m'nkhalango zowirira, kuyesera kubisala kutali ndi chitukuko ndi nyumba, komanso kuyang'anitsitsa maso.
Wosaka Paradaiso
5. Woyendetsa ndege wachifumu... Mbalame zoterezi ndizamtundu wa mbalame zodabwitsa kwambiri zomwe zimawoneka zoyambirira komanso zowoneka bwino. Maonekedwe awo amasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino pamutu, wofanana ndi korona (womwe zolengedwa izi zidalandira dzina lotchulidwa).
Koma osunga ntchentche zachifumu samawonetsa zokongoletsa izi nthawi zonse kwa ena, koma munthawi ya chibwenzi komanso kukwatira. Zosiyanazi zimaphatikizapo ma subspecies anayi.
Woyendetsa ndege wachifumu
6. Wosaka mbalame yakuda... Ali mgulu la oimira oopsa a mafuko amphapazi, ndipo ndiye yekhayo, wosiyana ndi ena mwa mtundu wake. Chowonadi ndichakuti amadyetsa tizilombo tapoizoni, motero khungu ndi nthenga zake zimanyowetsedwa mumadzimadzi onyansa owopsa.
Koma thanzi la mbalame pakati mitundu ya osaka ntchentche kwa choyambirira choyambirira, sichimavulaza, motsutsana ndi ziphe iye ali ndi chitetezo chobadwa ndi cholimba modabwitsa. Amaganiziridwa kuti mwanjira imeneyi, nyamazi zimalandira chitetezo kwa adani owopsa. Mbalamezo zimakhala zakuda lalanje ndipo zimakhala m'chigawo cha New Guinea m'nkhalango zakomweko.
Wosaka mbalame yakuda
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Nthawi zambiri, opha ntchentche amapezeka m'mitengo yazitsamba, m'nkhalango zing'onozing'ono, amakondanso kudzaza nkhalango, posankha malo otseguka: ma glade, glades. Iwo amene akufuna kuwayang'ana m'nkhalango ali ndi mwayi wowonera chithunzichi.
Mbalamezi zimapezeka panthambi, zomwe zimakhala zowongoka, kuchokera pamalo amenewa zikuyang'anitsitsa: ngati tizilombo titha kuwuluka. Nthawi yomweyo, mapiko a alenjewo amanjenjemera ndikunjenjemera, ndipo iwonso ali okonzeka kuwuluka nthawi iliyonse, ndipo akawona nyama yoyenera, amanyamuka kuti akapeze nyama yomwe akufuna mlengalenga.
Vuto lalikulu kwa zolengedwa zazing'onozi likuyimiriridwa ndi zilombo zazikulu zam nthenga. Mbalamezi nthawi zambiri zimakhala moyandikana kwambiri ndi nyumba zopangira komanso malo okhala anthu.
Chifukwa chake, omwe amapezeka m'minda yam'minda komanso m'nkhalango zing'onozing'ono pafupi ndi minda, zimakhala zopindulitsa kwambiri kwa eni ake okhala kumbuyo kwa nyumba, kuwononga mbozi zambiri, mphutsi ndi tizirombo tina tating'ono, makamaka munthawi yolera anapiye.
Zakudya zabwino
Mbalame zoterezi zimatchedwa chifukwa opha ntchentche, chifukwa chakudya chawo chachikulu ndi tizilombo. Kuphatikiza pa ntchentche, awa akhoza kukhala agulugufe, ntchentche ndi ena oimira fuko lino. Sanyozanso akangaude, kafadala, monga tanenera kale, mphutsi ndi mbozi, zomwe zimayang'ana pamasamba a mitengo komanso pakati pa nthambi.
Komabe, mndandanda wa mbalamezi umasiyanasiyana kwambiri ndipo zimadalira ntchito ya tizilombo, nthawi yamasana, nyengo ndi zina. Chipangizo chodabwitsa cha mulomo wa mbalamezi chimathandiza kuti zigwire chida chodyera, chomwe ndi chakudya chachikulu cha mbalamezi, chomwe chikusefukira mofulumira, pa ntchentcheyo.
Njira yosakira, yomwe imapezeka mwa birdies, imawakakamiza kuti azisunga m'modzi m'modzi. Zachidziwikire, chifukwa abale pankhani yakukhuta, potengera zomwe zafotokozedweratu, ndiotsutsana mosakayikira ndipo amangokhala cholepheretsa kupeza chakudya.
Pobisalira munthambi za mitengo, kuyang'anira kachilombo, kumugwira pothawa ndikumuyamwa, mbalame zotere zimathamangira kumalo akale komwe zikufuna nyama yatsopano, zikudikirabe moleza mtima kuti ziwonekere.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Nthawi ya kukaikira mazira imadziwika ndikulemba kuimba oyendetsa ndege amuna, omwe samangokopa akazi ndi nyimbo zoterezi, komanso amasamala madera awo. Ndipo ichi ndi chisonyezo choyambitsa zochita za kubereka.
Kupatula mitundu yokhayo yomwe imagwira ntchentche, makolo onse awiri akukonzekera chisa mwa oimira banja ili la mbalame. Pamodzi, mitundu iwiri ya mbalame nthawi zambiri imagwira ntchito yodyetsa ana, zomwe sizovuta konse.
Chisa cha mbalame yakuda
Ogwira ntchentche amayenera kuwuluka mpaka anawo, malinga ndi kuyerekezera kosamalitsa, mpaka maulendo mazana asanu patsiku, akumapereka chakudya mkamwa mwa anawo. Kudyetsa kwakukulu kumatha pafupifupi milungu iwiri.
Ndipo panthawiyi, okwatirana ndi omwe amawulukawo ndiopindulitsa kwambiri, kuwononga tizilombo, kulemera kwake komwe kuli makilogalamu angapo, ndipo kuchuluka kwa tizirombo kumafika miliyoni ndi theka. Ndipo ichi mosakayikira ndichopereka chachikulu pantchito yosamalira zomera padziko lapansi.
Oyendetsa ndege akuda amakonda kupanga chisa m'nkhalango. Amayamba kumanga malo obisalira anapiye mochedwa, pofika pakati pa Meyi. Ndipo amamangira nyumba ana oti adzabadwe m'tsogolo, pogwiritsa ntchito udzu wouma, udzu ndi ulusi wazomera.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, mosiyana ndi mitundu yambiri komanso yosiyanasiyana ya banjali, ndi wamkazi yekha amene amatenga nawo mbali pamavutowa. Ndipo monga pogona pogona pa chisa, mbalamezi zimatumikira ubweya ndi nthenga.
Clutch ya mitundu iyi, nthawi zambiri, imakhala ndi mazira sikisi, amathothomathotho, obiriwira, amapezeka mu June. Nthenga za anapiye omwe posachedwa adawonekera padziko lapansi amadziwika ndi khungu lobiriwira kwambiri kuposa la anthu atakula.
Chowotchera cha tiziromboti ndi chosiyana ndi mawonekedwe ake, chili ndi mazira asanu ndi awiri abuluu. Koma nthawi ya makulitsidwe ali, ngati a abale pamwambapa, za kachigawo.
Anaphika mazira oyendetsa ndege
Pofuna kumanga zisa, asodzi ang'onoang'ono amakonda nkhalango zamitengo yokhala ndi mitengo yayitali. Amakweza anapiye awo m'nkhalango zowirira zamafuta, nthawi zina m'malo obiriwira.
Malo ake okhala ndi mazira ndi ochulukirapo poyerekeza ndi obadwa nawo ochokera ku mitundu ina, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala mpaka mamitala mazana atatu. Mazira ndi oyera ndi mabala ofiira. Anapiye amene amaswa pakatha milungu iwiri akudziwiratu amakhala okutidwa ndi imvi.
Atalimbikitsidwa, anawo amakhala kwakanthawi pafupi ndi chisa cha makolo, koma posakhalitsa, atakhala olimba mtima, amayesetsa kukhala moyo wodziyimira pawokha, okhazikika m'nkhalango zowirira. Izi zimachitika kumapeto kwa chilimwe.
Ogwira ntchentche za paradaiso amafuna kubisa chisa chawo, chomangidwa ndi masamba, masamba a udzu ndi nthambi, mumdima wandiweyani wamitengo ya m'nkhalango. Pansi pogona pa anapiye amtsogolo, moss nthawi zonse amakhala pamizere. Clutch yawo nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi mazira asanu.
Anapiye okutidwa ndi imvi
Kutalika kwa moyo wa birdies kumadalira mtundu wawosaka ntchentche. Kawirikawiri amawerengedwa kwa zaka zisanu. Kumtchire, kodzaza ndi zoopsa, nthawi iyi imachepetsedwa ndipo samapitilira ana atatu. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti mitundu yambiri yazamoyo ili pangozi.
Izi zikuphatikiza chowombetsa ndege cha paradiso. Pofuna kubwezeretsa kuchuluka kwa mbalame zodabwitsa izi, pali njira zingapo zomwe zikutsatiridwa, makamaka cholinga chake ndikuteteza chilengedwe chomwe mbalamezi zimakhala. Pachifukwa ichi, nkhalango za phulusa, alder, mapulo ndi thundu zimabzalidwa.
