Nyanja Yakuda ndimadzi amadzi okhala ndi pafupifupi makilomita 430,000. Kutalika kwa mzere wa m'mphepete mwa nyanja kumadutsa makilomita 4,000. Kuchuluka kwa madzi m'nyanja ndi 555 zikwi kilometre. Amakhala ndi mitundu yoposa 180 ya nsomba. Mwa awa, 144 ndi nyanja. Zina zonse ndizakanthawi kochepa kapena madzi amchere. Otsatirawo amasambira ndikudumphira m'mitsinje yomwe ikulowera momwemo.
Nsomba zamalonda ku Black Sea
Nsomba zamalonda ku Black Sea chaka chilichonse amapezeka pafupifupi matani 23,000. Mwa izi, pafupifupi 17,000 ndi mitundu yaying'ono:
1. Tulle. Ndi a banja la herring. Kuphatikiza pa Wakuda, mitunduyo imakhala m'nyanja za Caspian ndi Azov. Nsombayo imasiyanitsidwa ndi mutu waufupi komanso wokulirapo, wobiriwira wobiriwira wobiriwira wophatikizidwa ndi mbali za silvery ndi pamimba.
Kulemera kwa tulka imodzi kumakhala pafupifupi magalamu 30 okhala ndi thupi lokwanira masentimita 12-14. Nyama ya nsomba ndiyofewa, yotchuka ndi kapangidwe kake koyenera. Lili ndi mafuta ambiri osakwaniritsidwa, mavitamini a B, omwe amafufuza.
2. Gobies. Izi Nsomba Yakuda Nyanja osafa ndi chitsulo. Chipilalachi chikuyimira ku Berdyansk. Uwu ndi mzinda wa dera la Zaporozhye ku Ukraine. Nsomba zopangidwa ndi mkuwa zikuimira wopezera chakudya anthu wamba, mitundu yayikulu yamalonda.
Oimira ake ali ndi mutu wawukulu mu gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a thupi. Chachiwiri chimafuna kulimba mtima. Mitundu ingapo ya gobies imagwirizanitsidwa pansi pa dzina limodzi. Martovik yayikulu kwambiri imafikira kilogalamu 1.5 zolemera.
Komabe, ma gobies ambiri samapitilira magalamu 200, ndipo amakhala pafupifupi masentimita 20 kutalika. Mbali inayi, nsomba zam'maguluwa ndizofala, zimapanga gawo la mkango, ndipo zimadya. Izi zikutanthauza kuti simudzasowa ndi njala.
3. Sprat. Nsombayi imakhala ndi msana wobiriwira wabuluu komanso mbali zake ndi mimba. Nyamayo imasiyanitsidwa ndi kotsekemera kamodzi kotsekemera komwe kumasunthira kumapeto kwa caudal, pakamwa lalikulu ndi maso akulu. Kwa anthu omwe sadziwa mitundu ya nsomba, sprat ali ngati tulka ndi anchovy.
Komabe, zipilala zawo zamangidwa kunja. Sprat amafa mumzinda wa Mamonovo waku Russia. Pali tebulo la marble lokhala ndi chitsulo. Ili ndi ma sprats. Pamutu pa nsomba imodzi pali chisoti chachifumu. Izi zikuwonetsa kufunika kwa malonda amtunduwu.
4. Hamsa. Amatchedwanso gavros. Nsomba zokhala ku Black Sea khalani olimba, othamanga thupi mpaka masentimita 17 kutalika ndikulemera pafupifupi magalamu 25. Nyamayo imakhala ndi pakamwa lalikulu, yakuda buluu wakuda komanso mbali zake.
Kunja, anchovy ndi ofanana ndi sprat, sprat, sprat, koma ali ndi nyama yofewa kwambiri. Kotala la kilo patsiku ndikwanira kuthana ndi zofunikira tsiku ndi tsiku zamatumba amtengo wapatali monga methionine, taurine, tryptophan.
5. Kupopera. Amatanthauza hering'i, ali ndi mamba yaminga pamimba. Amalemba keel. Mzere wake wosongoka umawonjezera mawonekedwe osunthika kwa sprat ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yosawoneka mukayang'ana mozama. Nsomba mu Nyanja Yakuda ali ndi kutalika kwapakati pa masentimita 10, akulemera pafupifupi magalamu 20.
Sprat amakhala m'magulu, samapezeka mu Nyanja Yakuda yokha. Mwachitsanzo, kufupi ndi gombe la England, nsomba zinagwidwa mopitirira muyeso wa chakudya, komanso ankaloledwa kuthirira manyowa. Umu ndi mmene zinthu zinalili m'zaka za m'ma 1800. Mu 21, chiwerengero cha sprat chimachepa.
6. Mullet. Nsombazo zimasiyanitsidwa ndi malo amphuno ndi dorsal fin pamzere umodzi. Izi ndi zotsatira zakumbuyo kwa nyama. Ili ndi thupi lamtundu wa imvi. AT Mitundu ya nsomba zam'nyanja Yakuda Mullet imathandizira pafupifupi matani 290 okololedwa pachaka.
Nsomba iliyonse ili ndi mutu wopotoloka wokhala ndi mphuno yakuthwa. Pakamwa pa chinyama ndi chaching'ono, chopanda mano. Pali anthu omwe amalemera mpaka 7 kilogalamu. Komabe, nsomba zambiri zimalemera pafupifupi magalamu 300.
7. Pelengas. Ili ndi thupi lofanana ndi torpedo lokhala ndi mamba yayikulu, yayikulu yomwe imaphimba kumutu kwake. Mtundu wa ma mbalewo ndi bulauni ndi dontho limodzi lakuda pamlingo uliwonse. Pali khola lachikopa kuseri kwa m'kamwa mwa pelengas, ndipo pali chikope chonenepa m'maso.
Kutalika kwake, nsombayo imafika masentimita 60, imatha kulemera mpaka 3 kilogalamu. Pafupifupi matani 200 amatengedwa chaka chilichonse.
8. Tambala wanyanja. Zimatanthauza maumboni. Pali mitundu yambiri ya tambala wanyanja. Mmodzi amakhala ku Black Sea. Kutalika kwake, nsombayo imafika masentimita 35. Kunja kwa dziwe kuli atambala a theka la mita.
Dzinali limalumikizidwa ndi utoto wowala wa zipsepsezo. Pali masingano akuthwa pachifuwa, 3 pachilichonse. Pokumenyetsa zipsepse mumchenga, nsomba imatenga nyama zing'onozing'ono, ngati pa skewers. Komabe, kamwa yayikulu imalola atambala kusaka nsomba zazikulu.
Ngakhale ndizosawoneka bwino, nyama zokhala ndi zipsepse zowala zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kukoma kwawo ndipo zimapatsidwa malo odyera.
Nsomba zingapo zamalonda zamsungidwe ndizochepa-anadromous. Kutha koteroko m'dera lamitsinje, m'mbali mwa nyanja. Pobereka, nsomba zimathamangira kumalo otsika a mitsinje. Ndi za:
- nsomba yokhala ndi mikwingwirima yopingasa pa thupi lokhalitsa
- bream, wodziwika pakati pa carp ndikukhala ndi thupi lokwera, lotsindika mwamphamvu pambuyo pake
- nkhosa yamphongo, yofanana ndi vobla, koma yokulirapo, imatha kutalika masentimita 38, ndipo imatha kulemera 1.5 kilogalamu
- mirone-barbel, yolemera pafupifupi makilogalamu 10 ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 80, angapo omwe ndi masharubu pakamwa chapamwamba cha nyama
Mosapitilira matani 300 a mitundu ya mahatchi omwe amadulidwa mchipindachi pachaka. Usodzi mu Nyanja Yakuda, potero zimawerengera pafupifupi 1.3% yazokolola zonse.
Pafupifupi matani 1,000 a nsomba zamtengo wapatali amatengedwa ku Black Sea pachaka. Nsomba zachepetsedwa chifukwa cha zoletsa zingapo ndikuletsa. Nsomba zomwe zimaphatikizidwa mu Red Book sizigwidwa pamalonda. Mwa iwo omwe manambala awo akadali okhazikika, tikulemba:
1. Swordfish. Ndi ya chimbudzi, ili ndi mphuno yolimba, yomwe ndi mulomo wapamwamba. Kwa iye nsomba zolanda Nyanja Yakuda kuboola nyama. Komabe, nthawi zina mphuno za lupanga zimangokhala zopinga zopanda moyo, mwachitsanzo mabwato.
"Nangula" wotereyu ndi 4 mita kutalika ndipo akulemera makilogalamu 500. Mu Nyanja Yakuda, nsomba zam'madzi zimawonekera mukamachoka m'madzi am'malo otentha. Chifukwa chake, nsomba ndizochepa, zochepa.
2. Pelamida. Ya mackerel, yosiyana ndi mafuta ofanana, nyama yoyera. Nyamayi yochezeka imatha kutalika mita imodzi, imalemera pafupifupi 9 kilos. Bonito ilowa mu Nyanja Yakuda kudzera ku Bosphorus.
Mackerel ikapanda kubwera m'madzi aku Russia, ndiye kuti imakhalabe yobereka. Komabe, kugwa, bonito amathamangira kubwerera ku Bosphorus.
3. Buluu. Izi nsomba za ku Black Sea pachithunzichi sizimawoneka konse, koma ndi za tuna, okhala ndi nyama yokoma yomweyo. Nsombazo ndi zazikulu, zimatambasula masentimita 115, zimalemera pafupifupi makilogalamu 15.
Thupi la chilombo ndi flattened ku mbali, mkulu. M'kamwa mwa buluu mumakhala mano akuthwa.
4. Nsomba zofiirira. Zimayimira ma salmonid mosungira, omwe amatchedwanso trout. Mu Nyanja Yakuda, nsomba ndi anadromous, imatha kutalika kwa mita imodzi ndikulemera makilogalamu 10-13. Mitundu ina yamchere yamchere imakhala yocheperako katatu. Salmon yonse imakhala ndi nyama yofiira, yokoma.
5. Katran. AT Mayina a nsomba zakuda kugwidwa ndi nsombazi. Katran sichipitilira 2 mita m'litali ndi 15 kilogalamu ya kulemera, sichikuwopsa anthu, koma ndichokoma. Nyama yoyera ya nsomba ndi yopepuka, yofewa.
Chifukwa cha kusodza, kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi kukucheperachepera. Funso lakuwonjezera katran pamndandanda wa nsomba zotetezedwa lathetsedwa.
6. Chosokonekera. Masitolo nthawi zambiri amakhala ochepa. Komabe, zimphona zoposa 4 mita kutalika nazonso zimagwidwa. Kuchuluka kwa nsomba zotere kumapitilira makilogalamu 300. Koma, kunja kwa Nyanja Yakuda.
Mmenemo, mtundu waukulu kwambiri wazitsulo wotchedwa kalkan umatalika masentimita 70, ndipo umatha kulemera mpaka 17 kilos.
7. Sargan. Thupi la nyama limapangidwa ngati muvi. Kutalika kwake ndi pafupifupi 70 sentimita. Nsombayi ili ndi nsagwada zazitali komanso mutu wonse. Pakamwa pake pakhala mano akuthwa. Ichi ndi chizindikiro cha chilombo. Chofunika kwambiri ndi hamsa.
Kumbuyo kwake kwa garfish kumakhala kobiriwira, ndipo mbali ndi pamimba zimakhala zoterera. Nyama ya nsomba ndi yoyera, ya zakudya. Omwe sadziwa garfish amasokonezeka ndimtundu wobiriwira wa msanawo. Komabe, mulibe poizoni m'mafupa.
8. Herring. Zakudya zophika kwambiri za nsombazi "zaphimbidwa" chifukwa cholephera kukhalabe zatsopano. Ndicho chifukwa chake hering'i imathiridwa mchere ndi kusuta. Nsomba yatsopano imangofika patebulo la asodzi ochokera kumidzi yakunyanja.
Kumeneko "adayambitsa" chisokonezo pakumvetsetsa mtundu womwe wafotokozedwa. M'malo mwake, ili ndi banja la nsomba za hering'i. Komabe, asodzi amatchedwanso sprat. Ng'ombe zazing'ono zimatchedwa hering'i. Nsomba yapadera yamchere amatchedwa anchovy.
Ndipo asayansi amatcha banja losiyana lomwe siligwirizana ndi hering'i. Kaya zikhale zotani, pali hering'i yowona. Ndi wautali masentimita 40 kutalika, uli ndi mafuta, nyama yokoma, thupi lokulungika komanso lotambalala lokhala ndi sikelo zasiliva, zakuda kumbuyo.
Pano ndi nsomba zamtundu wanji zomwe zimapezeka ku Black Sea ndipo amathera m'masitolo, m'malesitilanti. Komabe, pali mitundu ina yomwe nthawi zina imagwera pamitengo yausodzi ndi maukonde a anthu amderalo, koma ilibe phindu lililonse.
Nsomba za ku Black Sea, osati zamalonda
Monga mitundu yamalonda, mitundu yomwe siyofunika pamafakitale nthawi zambiri imakhala pansi pamamita 200. Pamenepo, mu Nyanja Yakuda, gawo lomwe limadzaza ndi hydrogen sulfide limayamba. Chilengedwe sichithandiza kwenikweni pamoyo.
Nsomba zosungira zomwe zilibe phindu lililonse zimaphatikizapo:
1. Galu yoyera. Kutalika kwa nsombazi kumayambira masentimita 20 mpaka theka la mita. Anthu okulirapo kuposa masentimita 30 sapezeka mu Nyanja Yakuda. Pali makutu achikopa pakona pakamwa.
Galu akatsegula pakamwa pake mwamphamvu, amatambasula. Zotsatira zake ndi kamwa yayikulu yomwe imagwira ndikumayamwa nyama. Nsomba zake zimagwira, zibisala pakati pa miyala yapansi. Agalu amadya, koma osakoma pang'ono, kupatula apo, amfupa.
2. Nyanja yolusa. Ali pazitali masentimita 30. Mitunduyi imasiyanitsidwa ndi kuthekera kwake kosintha mtundu. Zitha kukhala zofiirira mpaka zachikaso, zofiira. Ruff imasinthanso khungu, kutayika pamiyala.
Chakudya chokoma, chofewa choyera pansi pa khungu. Komabe, chifukwa chakuchepa kwake, kukhala kwayekha komanso kapangidwe ka mafupa, mitunduyi siili yamitundu yamalonda.
3. Singano. Nsombazi, zazitali masentimita 60, siziposa magalamu 10 iliyonse. Pali, monga akunena, palibe. Kutalika kwa thupi la singano ndi pensulo. Mtundu wa nyama ndi bulauni kuti umadzibisa m'mitengo yazomera zam'madzi.
Dzinalo "singano" ndi onse. Makamaka, gululi limaphatikizapo masiketi a 20-sentimita omwe amafanana ndi zidutswa za chess.
4. Zvezdochetov. Pali mitundu 15 ya iwo. Mmodzi amakhala ku Black Sea. Ali ndi mutu wolimba ndi maso akulu pafupi ndi pakati. Amayang'ana m'mwamba nsomba zikaboola mumchenga. Izi zimachitika kudikirira nyama yodya nyama. Kuchokera kumbali zikuwoneka kuti nsomba zikuyang'ana nyenyezi. Nyama ili ndi nyama yokoma, yazakudya.
Chifukwa chiyani stargazer sanaphatikizidwe mumitundu yamalonda? Pamaphimba am'madzi mwa nsomba mumakhala minyewa yakuthwa, yakupha. Malo ophulika amapweteka kwambiri, kutupa. Chifukwa chake, asodzi amapewa kuwononga nyenyezi.
Komabe, awa nsomba zakupha za ku Black Sea osayimira. Ngakhale kudya minyewa ya openda nyenyezi, yomwe anthu samayesetsa kuchita, "mudzapeza" poyizoni wazakudya zambiri. Pali ziwopsezo zowopsa ku Black Sea. Za iwo - m'mutu wotsatira.
Nsomba zakupha za Nyanja Yakuda
Mitundu yapoizoni mu Black Sea ndi ochepa. Kuphatikiza pa wamatsenga, ngozi ndiyakuti:
- chinjoka, chofika masentimita 40 m'litali ndikukhala ndi ma spikes owopsa omwe ali pamitsempha ndi pamutu
- stingray, yemwe ndi mbola, wozolowera kubowola mumchenga, kusiya mchira wokha pamwamba pake ndi singano wa masentimita 35 wodzazidwa ndi poyizoni
- Nyanja Yakuda scorpionfish, mpaka 1.5 mita m'litali, yokhala ndi ma supra a diso lalitali komanso zotumphukira zapoizoni, singano pathupi
Pano nsomba ziti mu Nyanja Yakuda owopsa. Poizoni wa stingray yekha ndi yemwe angayambitse imfa, kenako ngati wovulalayo ali ndi zisokonezo pantchito yamtima ndi kupuma. Poizoni wa stingray wamkulu amathanso kupha mwana kapena nkhalamba popanda chithandizo choyenera komanso chanthawi yake.
A dragons ndi zinkhanira amaluma, kuchititsa kuwonjezera kwa kuyabwa ndi kutupa kwa mabala:
- kutentha
- kupweteka kwa mafupa
- kusanza
- matenda opondapo
- chizungulire
Scorpion ya Nyanja Yakuda nthawi zina imapezeka m'madzi osaya, pafupi ndi gombe, koma nthawi zambiri imakhala yakuya kupitirira 50 mita. Chifukwa chake, msonkhano ndi wokhala m'madzi owopsa sizokayikitsa. Ma stingray ndi ankhandwe akuyenera kuyang'ana pafupi ndi gombe. Singano ya stingray sikudziwika kwenikweni pakati pamchenga. Chinjoka chaching'ono chimafanana ndi goby wamba - mtundu wamalonda. Izi ndizosokoneza.
Nsomba za ku Black Sea, zolembedwa mu Red Book
Kupha nyama mosavutikira sizomwe zimayambitsa kuchepa kwa mitundu yambiri ya Nyanja Yakuda. Mitsinje yomwe ikulowera m'nyanja yaipitsidwa ndi mitsinje ndipo nthawi zambiri imatsekedwa ndi madamu. Yoyamba imayipitsa moyo wamasamba akuda.
Chachiwiri chimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti mitundu ya anadomous ipatseko. Yotsirizira anali chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha sturgeons. Mu Nyanja Yakuda amapezeka:
1. Beluga. Ali ndi kamwa yayikulu yooneka ngati kachigawo, atakankha mutu wake. Ili ndi tinyanga tokhala ndi zowonjezera zooneka ngati tsamba. Kutuluka kwamfupa kumadutsa pansi mthupi lonse, ndikufika mita 6.
Pa nthawi yomweyo, beluga imatha kulemera makilogalamu 1300. Chimphona chotere sichidutsa dziwe. Ma belugas omaliza omaliza mu Black Sea ndi mayendedwe ake adagwidwa pafupifupi zaka zana zapitazo.
2. Munga. Ili ndi mphuno yozungulira yokhala ndi milomo yakuda. Mtundu wofiira umawonekera kumbuyo kwa nsombayo. Mbalizo ndizopepuka. Mimbayo ndi yoyera. Kutalika kwake, chinyama chimafika mamita 2, chimalemera makilogalamu 50.
3. Mbalame zaku Russia. Imafikiranso mamita awiri, koma imalemera makilogalamu 80. Mu Black Sea, anthu opitilira mita imodzi ndi theka ndi 37 kilos sapezeka kawirikawiri. Nsombayo imasiyanitsidwa ndi mphuno yofupikitsidwa, yofiirira.
4. Sevruga. Mofanana ndi Russian sturgeon, koma yochulukirapo, xiphoid. Izi zimakhudzanso thupi ndi mphuno ya nyama. Kutalika kwazitali ndi 60% ya kutalika kwa mutu. Palibe mphonje m'nyuzipepala zazifupi za sturate sturgeon. Pali anthu opitilira 2 mita ndi 75 kilogalamu.
Salimoni wa Black Sea akuphatikizidwanso mu Red Book. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala masentimita 50-70 kutalika. Nsombayo imalemera makilogalamu 3-7. Kutalika kotheka ndi masentimita 110 olemera makilogalamu 24. Amagawidwa thupi lolimba, lophwanyika.
Mwa ma gobies, kusowa kwake kumawopseza goby. Nsomba iyi imakonda madzi okhala ndi mchere wambiri mpaka 30%, chifukwa chake amakhala pafupi ndi nyanja. Madzi apa ndi omwe amaipitsidwa kwambiri, omwe amachititsa kutha.
Nsomba zina za ku Mediterranean nazonso zatsala pang'ono kutha. Adalowa m'Nyanja Yakuda, adazika mizu mmenemo, koma adzapulumuka? Ndi za:
- nyanja
- tambala wanyanja
Malongosoledwe awo adaperekedwa m'machaputala am'mbuyomu. Mulinso mu Red Book of the Black Sea. Asayansi amaganizira kuchuluka kwa nsomba zochuluka. Mwachitsanzo, a Tulka ndi ambiri m'madzi a Russia ndipo amapezeka panyanja pafupi ndi Blolgaria.
