Wachibale wa nkhunda yamzindawo, wachibale sangathe kudzitamandira ndi mitundu yowala komanso kukonda anthu. Klintukh mbalame - wokhala m'mapiri akutali, womwe ndi mtundu wawung'ono m'banja la njiwa.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Maonekedwe a klintukh ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe a nkhunda, omwe aliyense amadziwa popezeka nthawi zonse m'mapaki, m'mabwalo, ndi m'misewu yamizinda. Oyimira mitunduyo sanakulitse kukula kwake, ochepera pang'ono kukula ngati thanthwe lanyama - kutalika kwa thupi mpaka 36 cm, kulemera pafupifupi 300 g, mapiko ake otalikirapo 70 cm.
Mosiyana ndi kubadwa kwake, clintuch ili ndi mutu wokulirapo pang'ono ndi mchira wofupikitsa. Mndandandanda wa nkhunda zakunja, cisar, Eurasia nkhunda nkhuni ndi klintukh nthawi zambiri amafanizidwa ndi wina ndi mnzake. Mitundu itatu yonseyi imadziwika ndi nthenga zaimvi-buluu, utoto wamkuwa pakhosi.
Klintukha imasiyanitsidwa ndi utoto wambiri, womwe umasungunuka pang'ono ndi mikwingwirima yosaoneka pamapiko. Nthenga zouluka komanso m'mphepete mwa mchira ndizodera. Mukayang'ana mbalameyi kuchokera pansi, ndiye kuti mbali yakumbuyo yamapiko imawoneka ngati mtovu mumthunzi, m'mimba mwake mumakhala chimodzimodzi. Palibe mawanga owala, ngati nkhunda, mu nkhunda. Palibe kusintha kwakanthawi kwamitundu.
Ndalamayi ndi yofiira, yachikasu kumapeto. Maso ndi akuda, pafupifupi akuda. Mu mbalame zazikulu, miyendo ndi yofiira, mwa ana, miyendo ndi yaimvi. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa amuna ndi akazi ndi kovuta. Akazi amasiyanitsidwa ndi mlomo wakuda ndi nthenga, womwe ndi theka lamayendedwe opepuka kuposa amphongo.
Zinyama zazing'ono zimatha kudziwika ndi mtundu wa bulauni. Alibe chitsulo chachitsulo m'khosi mwawo panobe. Mitundu ya mbalame imaphunziridwa pang'ono. Koma chiwembucho chimayandikira nkhunda za mitundu ina - kusintha kwathunthu kavalidwe kumachitika kamodzi pachaka. Kuuluka kwa nkhunda zakutchire ndi kwamphamvu. Pakunyamuka, kulira kwa mluzu kwamapiko kumamveka, kofanana ndi nkhunda zofiirira.
Mbalame yam'nkhalango imasamala kwambiri, ikabisala pamiyala yamitengo pangozi iliyonse. Mutha kukumana ndi klintukh m'nkhalango za Europe, Asia, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa. Amapewa madera okwera kwambiri. Ku Russia, clintuch imagawidwa m'nkhalango, m'mphepete mwa nkhalango. M'madera a Urals, Western Siberia, klintukh kulibenso.
Kutengera ndi komwe amakhala, mbalameyi imangokhala kapena kusamukasamuka. Chiwerengero cha mbalame zomwe zimasamukira kumadera akumwera kumakulirakulira. Amakhala m'nyengo yozizira kumwera kwa Europe, Middle East. Pandege zopita kokasangalala, amasankha malo oti nyama zolusa zambiri sizifikako, posonyeza kusamala.
Klintukh amachita mwakachetechete, mosawonekera, mobisa. Mutha kumva kupuma kwake kwanthawi yayitali ndikubwereza mawu kwamamvedwe osamveka. Wokhala chete mawu a klintukh imagawidwa kuchokera pansi pa korona, mbalameyo nthawi zambiri imatha kuwona.
Chiwerengero cha nkhunda zakutchire chikuchepa. Kuphatikiza pazinthu zoyipa zachilengedwe, zifukwa zake zimapezeka pazochita za anthu, zomwe mbalame zimapewa kulumikizana, mosiyana ndi abale akumizinda.
Kukhazikika kwamizinda yoyandikana ndi midzi, kukula kwa minda, ndi zoletsa kufesa mbewu kumalepheretsa mbalame kubzala. Ntchito yomanganso yodula mitengo yakale yopanda mphako, makamaka mitengo ya laimu, imabweretsa kuchepa kwa clintuch.
Mitundu
Sub subspecies ya Klintukh imasiyanitsidwa ndi malo awo okhala kum'mawa ndi kumadzulo kwakumtunda. Mbalame zakumadzulo zimakhala pansi, mbalame zakum'maŵa zimasamukira kwina. Mbalame zokhazikika nthawi zambiri, kuwonjezera pa biotopes zachikhalidwe, zimayandikira malo okhala anthu, kudziwa miyala yosiyidwa, malo opangira zisa, mapaki akale, ndi madenga a nyumba zosiyidwa.
Nkhunda zakutchire zimasiya malo awo m'nyengo yozizira kuyambira kumapeto kwa Ogasiti, ndikupita kugombe la Black Sea, kupita ku Spain, France. Amabwerako cha m'ma March.
Anthu akum'mawa amadziwika ndi nthenga zopepuka, ngakhale kusiyana kwake kuli kovomerezeka. Nkhunda zosamuka ndi omwe amakhala m'nkhalango zomwe zimapewa malo okhala.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Kuti mukhale ndi moyo wabwino clintuch amasankha nkhalango zochepa zomwe zili ndi udzu wotseguka, magalasi, ndi malo odulira. Kubzala mitengo yodula kunja kwa minda ndi misewu kumakopa mbalame. Clintuchs sichipezeka kawirikawiri m'dera la nkhalango mosalekeza, chifukwa madera akuluakulu amakhudzana kwambiri ndi madera otseguka.
Kukhala m'dera lamapiri ndi njira yokhayo yomwe ingakhale yachilendo. Amadziwika kuti ma clintuchs amapezeka m'mapiri a Atlas pamalo okwera mpaka 2300 m, koma nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'malo athyathyathya okhala ndi malo okwera pang'ono.
Kukhalapo kwa mitengo yakale yopanda mphako ndikofunikira pakukhala mbalame. Chikhalidwe cha nkhalango sichofunikira kwenikweni - mumtengo waukulu, spruce, birch, sedge, beech, malamba osakanikirana a nkhalango, mutha kupeza nkhalango clintuha.
Iyi ndi njiwa yokhayo yomwe imasankha mabowo akuluakulu opangira mazira. Kudula mitengo yakale kumapangitsa mbalame kusiya malo awo omwe zimakhazikika, kukhazikika m'ming'alu, maenje m'mphepete mwa nyanja, nkhalango zosakhazikika nthawi zambiri.
Mbalame sizimasonkhana m'magulu akulu, kupatula nthawi yowuluka. Nthawi zambiri amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a anthu 5-7. Kusuntha kwa mbalame sikumagwirizanitsidwa ndi gulu lililonse lankhondo. Kuti inyamuke njiwa clintuch zakonzedwa kuyambira pakati pa Ogasiti.
Mpaka Okutobala, timagulu tating'ono ta mbalame zimachoka m'malo obisalapo. Samapanga magulu akuluakulu osunthira, amatha kuwuluka awiriawiri kapena amodzi. Ali panjira, mbalamezi zimagona usiku m'malo owoneka bwino, osatsikira pansi, posankha mitengo yokhala ndi korona wandiweyani.
Oyang'anira amatenga malo pamwamba pamtengo. Ngati pangozi, amwazikana ndi gulu lonse. Ngati panjira sanapeze malo abwino m'nkhalango, atha kugona paphiri lalitali. Kumalo odyetserako ndi kuthirira, klintukhs nthawi zambiri amasakanikirana ndi nkhunda zamatabwa, nkhunda, nkhunda, ndi nkhunda zofiirira, ndikupanga magulu osakanikirana.
Mwachilengedwe, njiwa ya m'nkhalango ili ndi adani ambiri achilengedwe. Kutsogolo kwa marten wowononga zisa ndi kowopsa makamaka. Pakati pa mbalame, goshawk, mpheta, ndi peregrine falcon akusaka klintukhs.
Adani a klintukh ndi akhwangwala ndi agalu, omwe amalowa m'malo opangira zisa, kadzidzi. Nkhunda zamtchire zimakonda kugwidwa ndi zilombo zambiri nthawi yakusamuka, zikakhala pagulu. Anthu pawokha, chifukwa cha kutha kwa kuwuluka komanso kusamala kwachilengedwe, sangakhale adani a adani.
Clintuch ntchito akuwonetseredwa makamaka masana. M'mawa ndi madzulo, mbalamezi zimatanganidwa kudyetsa m'mapiri, m'mapiri, nthawi yotentha zimabisala m'nkhalango. Siziuluka patali ndi zisa. Magawo otseguka amitsinje ndi madamu ena amasankhidwa kuti athiridwe.
Amayankhulirana mwakachetechete polira, komwe kumamveka m'mawa komanso madzulo. Amakhamukira usiku kunja kukadzayamba, ndipo amakhazikika panthambi ngakhale mdima utayamba.
Zakudya zabwino
Zakudya za Klintukh zili ndi chakudya cha zomera ndi nyama. Ambiri mwa iwo ndi mbewu za zomera zosiyanasiyana: mitundu 29 ya zomera zamtchire ndi mitundu 8 ya kubzala. Mwa zonse zomwe zidaphunzitsidwa, zotsatirazi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa magwiritsidwe:
- tirigu, nandolo za vetch, nandolo zaubweya;
- nandolo zopapatiza, spurge, zikwi-mutu, buckwheat, mapira, rye;
- mphodza, balere, zipatso zamtchire, acorn, mbewu za zomera zakutchire.
Mbalameyi imalumikiza mitundu yazomera nthawi zambiri masika, kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe, mitundu yamtchire imathandizira mbalame nthawi zonse, makamaka nthawi yophukira, m'minda yopanda kanthu. Zakudyazo zimaphatikizapo mtedza wa beech, njere za paini, zomera zouma - quinoa, sorelo.
Mbalame zimatola chakudya pansi, sizimatulutsa zomera, zimayimilira makutu, sizisokoneza milu yokolola yomwe imayimirira minda. Zokolola za tirigu zomwe zidadulidwa zikuyimira ufulu weniweni wa mbalame.
Gawo laling'ono kwambiri la zakudya ndi chakudya cha nyama. Kufunika kwake kumachitika mchaka, makamaka mwa akazi munthawi yoswana. Tizilombo tambiri, m'madzi, mollusk, mphutsi, zilonda za agulugufe zimakhala chakudya.
Pogaya chakudya, mbalame zimatola timiyala tating'ono. Gastroliths amathandizira kuthana ndi roughage, kuchuluka kwawo kumawonjezeka m'mimba mwa mbalame ndikumayambiriro kwa nthawi yophukira. Nthawi yachisanu miyoyo ya clintuch pafupi ndi zigamba zosungunuka, malo osungira pafupi.
Makhalidwe azakudya a clintuchs amasintha kuchokera kumalo okhalamo. M'mimba mwa mbalame zosiyanasiyana, zidutswa za mpunga, mbewu za chimanga, mpendadzuwa, zikopa za mphutsi, ndi nyemba zinapezeka. Malinga ndi kafukufuku, clintuh imadya kuchokera pa 8 mpaka 28 g ya chakudya pakudya kulikonse, chomwe chimakhala mpaka 9.5% ya kulemera kwake.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Zikafika, ziweto zazing'ono zimagawika m'magulu awiri, zomwe zimayamba kumanga zisa kumayambiriro kwa Epulo. Kusankhidwa kwa tsambalo kumachitika ndi amuna omwe amapeza dzenje loyenera, ngalande isanachitike kapena itatha.
Ngati pali malo okwanira okwanira, ndiye kuti ma clintuchs amapanga zigawo zonse, momwe amathandizana bwino. Mbalame zachilendo zimathamangitsidwa mwamphamvu pamalo awo, zikumenyananso ndi milomo yawo, mapiko awo atagonjetsedwa.
Kuphatikana kwa amuna kumamveka m'mawa ndi madzulo. Chotupa cha mbalame chimatupa kwambiri, ndipo mutu ukugwedezeka mofananamo mpaka kumenyedwa. Nyimboyi imabwerezedwa mpaka 20. Klintukh pachithunzichi nthawi yobereketsa, nthawi zambiri imawonetsedwa ndi mchira wofewa, wofalitsa mapiko.
Mbalameyi ikukonzekera malo otseguka. Ngati msinkhu watayika, clintuch imapanga kusunthika kwakuthwa ndikupitilizabe kuyenda mpaka mtengo wotsatira. Amakhala pamitengo yayitali, ma coo, kenako amathawanso kwina.
Ndege zamakono ndizowonetsera, mbalame zimachoka pamalo obisalira mpaka 500-800 m, koma nthawi zina mtunda wopitilira 2 km. Atakopeka bwino ndi akazi, ndege zimayima. Mkazi amapanga chisa mdzenje, ndipo chachimuna chimabweretsa zofunikira, zopangidwa ndi masamba owuma, nthambi zowonda, ndi moss. Zimatengera masiku 6-10 kuti mumange kanyumba kabowo.
Pofundira nthawi zambiri pamakhala mazira 1-2, omwe nthawi zina amaikidwa pa fumbi lamtengo. M'nyengo yotentha, mbalame zimatha kulera ana atsopano nthawi 2-4, kutengera nyengo.
Makulitsidwe amatenga masiku 18, onse awiri amatenga nawo mbali. Anapiye aswa alibe thandizo ndipo amafunika kuwotcha. Pakatha sabata imodzi, yaikaziyo imasiya anapiyewo okha masana, koma imabwerera usiku kuti igone limodzi.
Kuyambira masiku 4-6 nthenga kukula kumayamba, komwe kumatha pafupifupi mwezi umodzi. Onse makolo amatenga nawo mbali podyetsa. Atabadwa, zinyenyeswazi zimafunikira zakudya 3-4 pa tsiku, pakatha sabata zimasinthiranso kawiri patsiku. Pa tsiku la 25 mpaka 27, anapiye amachoka pachisa, koma kwa sabata lina amakhala pafupi ndi dzenje, pomwe makolo awo amawadyetsa.
Achinyamata amalumikizana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, kufunafuna chakudya pawokha. Kutalika kwa mbalame m'chilengedwe ndi zaka 3-4 zokha. Kukula ndi kukhala kwa mbalame m'malo otetezeka kumawonjezera nthawiyo kawiri. Chidwi cha nkhunda zakutchire zimawalola kusamalira ndi kusunga anthu awo.
