Imodzi mwa nsomba zachilendo kwambiri komanso zodabwitsa, zomwe zidatchulidwa koyamba m'mabuku asayansi mu 1822, zowoneka bwino kukula kwake komanso kufunika kwa nyama ya nsomba, ndi arapaimaokhala m'madziwe amadzi opanda mchere a nyengo yotentha.
Makhalidwe a arapaima ndi malo ake okhala
Giant arapaima, kapena piraruku, amapezeka kwambiri m'madzi abwino a Amazon. Mitunduyi idadziwika ngakhale ku Guiana ndi amwenye aku Brazil ndipo adapeza dzina kuchokera ku mtundu wofiira-lalanje wa nyama ndi malo ofiira owoneka bwino pamiyeso ("pirarucu" - nsomba zofiira).
Malo okhalamo amatengera nyengo ndi chilengedwe cha nsombazo. M'nyengo yamvula, amakhala pansi penipeni pa mitsinje, chilala chimaboola mumchenga ozizira komanso matope, amatha kupulumuka mosavuta ngakhale m'madambo.
Nsomba za Arapaima, Ndi imodzi mwamadzi akulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Malinga ndi zomwe akatswiri ena anena, kulemera kwa anthu ena kumatha kufikira magawo awiri, ndipo kutalika kwake kumatha kupitirira mamita awiri.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikuluzikulu za fanizoli ndi mphamvu yodabwitsa ya mamba a ribbed, ndiyolimba kakhumi kuposa mafupa ndipo ndizovuta kuti idutsike, ndiyofanana ndi chipolopolo. Zinali izi zomwe zidalola kuti piranha azolowere kukhala pafupi ndi ma piranhas.
Kutchuka kwa mtundu uwu wa nsomba m'malo awo kumachitika osati chifukwa cha kukula kwake kokha, komanso chifukwa choti sikutheka kukumana ndi munthu wamkulu kuthengo.
Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, nsomba iyi imadziwika kuti ndiyo chakudya chachikulu cha mafuko aku Amazonia. Anali kukula kwakukulu kwa nsombayo komanso kuthekera kwake kukwera mobwerezabwereza pamwamba pamadzi ndipo ngakhale kulumpha mmenemo kufunafuna nyama yomwe idakhala yowononga - idachotsedwa m'madzi mothandizidwa ndi maukonde ndi zisipuni.
Zachilendo dongosolo la arapaima amalola kuti nsombazi zizisaka bwino: mawonekedwe osinthika a thupi ndi mchira, zipsepse zokhala bwino zimakupatsani mwayi wothana ndi nyama mwa liwiro la mphezi ndikuigwira. Pakadali pano, kuchuluka kwa anthu a Piraruka gigantea kwachepetsedwa, ndipo kuwedza arapaima ndikoletsedwa.
Chikhalidwe ndi moyo wa arapaima
Nsomba za Arapaima - chilombo chachikulu kwambiri cham'madzi, chimakhala m'madzi oyera a Amazon, komwe munthu wotukuka amawoneka kawirikawiri: m'nkhalango za Brazil, Peru, Guyana. Imadyetsa osati nsomba zapakatikati ndi zazing'ono zokha, komanso sizengereza kupindula ndi mbalame ndi zovunda m'nyengo yadzuwa. Thupi, lodzaza ndi mitsempha yaying'ono yamagazi yomwe ili pafupi ndi mamba a nsomba, imalola kusaka pamwamba pamadzi pomwepo.
Chodziwika bwino cha kapangidwe ka chikhodzodzo (ovoid) ndi thupi lopapatiza zimathandizira kupulumuka chilala mosavuta, kuzolowera zovuta zachilengedwe, komanso kusowa kwa mpweya.
Chifukwa chakuchepa kwambiri kwa okosijeni m'madzi a Amazon, arapaima amakakamizidwa kuyandama pamwamba pamphindi 10-20 zilizonse kuti amenye mphepo mwaphokoso. Nsombazi sizingatchedwe kuti nsomba za m'nyanja yam'madzi, komabe, lero zimasungidwa mu ukapolo. Inde, sichingafikire kukula kwakukulu ndi kulemera kwa thupi, koma pang'ono kuposa theka la mita ingapezeke mosavuta.
Ulimi wopanga nsomba, ngakhale uli wovuta, wafalikira ku Latin America, Europe ndi Asia. Amatha kupezeka m'madzi akuluakulu, malo osungira nyama, malo osungiramo nsomba.
Piraruku imakhazikika padera ndi mitundu ina (kupewa kuyidya), kapena ndi nsomba zina zikuluzikulu zolusa. M'mikhalidwe ya nazale, arapaima amatha kukhala zaka pafupifupi 10-12, mu ukapolo.
Chakudya cha nsomba cha Arapaima
Nsomba zazikulu za arapaima ndi nyama yodya ndipo imangodya nyama yokha. Piraruka wachikulire, pansi pazikhalidwe zabwino, amasankha kusankha chakudya, monga lamulo, chakudya chake chimaphatikizapo nsomba zazing'ono ndi zazing'ono, nthawi zina mbalame ndi nyama zapakatikati zimakhala pamitengo kapena zikutsikira kuti zimwe madzi.
Nyama zazing'ono zimakhala zolimba, panthawi yakukula mwachangu zimadya chilichonse chomwe chingapezeke: mphutsi, nsomba, zovunda, tizilombo, tizilombo tosafulumira, njoka zazing'ono, mbalame ndi zinyama.
Kubereka ndi chiyembekezo chamoyo wa arapaima
Kunja, wamwamuna ali wamng'ono samasiyana kwambiri ndi arapaima wamkazi. Komabe, munthawi yakutha msinkhu ndikukonzekera kubereka, thupi lamwamuna, lodzaza ndimitsempha ndi zipsepse, limakhala lakuda kwambiri komanso lowala kuposa la mkazi.
Kaya mkazi ali wokonzeka kubereka ana atha kuweruzidwa ndi kutalika kwa thupi lake: ayenera kukhala wazaka zosachepera zisanu osafupikitsa mita imodzi ndi theka. M'nyengo yotentha ndi yotentha ya Amazon, kubereka kumachitika kumapeto kwa February - koyambirira kwa Marichi.
Nthawi zambiri, panthawiyi, yaikazi imayamba kudzikonzekeretsa malo omwe amaikira mazira pambuyo pake. Piraruka wamkazi nthawi zambiri amasankha izi pansi pamchenga, pomwe kulibe chilichonse, ndipo kuya sikuli kwakukulu.
Ndi thupi lake lalitali komanso lofulumira, mkazi amatulutsa dzenje lakuya (pafupifupi 50-80 cm), pomwe amaikira mazira akulu. Nyengo yamvula ikangoyamba, mazira omwe adayikidwa kale asanaphulike, ndipo mwachangu amatuluka.
Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti arapaimamonga nsomba zamadzi ambiri, sizimasiya mazirawo, koma zimawasamalira kwa miyezi itatu ina. Komanso, chachimuna chimakhalabe ndi chachikazi, ndipo ndi amene amaonetsetsa kuti mazirawo asadye ndi nyama zolusa.
Udindo wa mkazi akaika mazira amachepetsedwa kuti ateteze malo ozungulira chisa; amapitiliza kuyang'anira malowa mozungulira pamtunda wa mita 15 kuchokera pachisa. Chinthu chapadera choyera chopezeka pamutu wamwamuna (pamwambapa pamaso) chimakhala chakudya cha ana.
Chakudyachi ndi chopatsa thanzi kwambiri, ndipo patangotha sabata imodzi kuchokera mwachangu kubadwa kwa mwachangu kumayamba kudya chakudya "chachikulire" ndikumwazikana, kapena m'malo mwake kusokonekera, mbali zonse. Kukula kwachichepere sikukula msanga, pafupifupi, kuwonjezeka kwakukula pamwezi sikuposa masentimita asanu, ndipo sikulemera kupitirira magalamu 100.
Chifukwa chake, ngakhale amaoneka osakopa, arapaima imakopa chidwi cha akatswiri am'madzi ndi okonda kusodza. Izi zikugwirizana ndi chakuti chilombocho chimatha kufika pamlingo waukulu kwambiri, ndipo izi sizinaperekedwe kwa nsomba zamadzi zonse.
Ndikokwanira kuyang'ana kamodzi kokha kuwoneka kwa piraruka kuti tikumbukire kwamuyaya momwe mtundu uwu wa nsomba umawonekera. Msodziyu ndiwomwe amapezerapo mwayi, ndi mkhalidwewu womwe udawalola, wodziwika kale m'masiku amwenye aku Brazil ndi Guiana, kuti apulumuke mpaka lero.
M'mikhalidwe ya aquarium kuswana arapaima Zovuta kwambiri chifukwa chakuti amafunikira ma aquariums akulu kwambiri okhala ndi malita opitilira chikwi, kusefera kwamadzi kosalekeza komanso kutentha kwapadera kosachepera madigiri 23 ndikulimba kosapitirira 10.
