Ndevu zamwamuna - mbalame yapadera yamtundu wake munthawi yeniyeni ya mawuwo, chifukwa ndi mitundu yokhayo pamtundu wa ndevu. Iye ali pafupifupi wosiyana ndi ena am'banja la mbewa. Mwambiri, mbalameyi imawoneka yachilendo poyerekeza ndi nyama zina zonse. Lero limawoneka osati m'malo ake wamba, komanso m'malo ambiri osungidwa m'maiko osiyanasiyana. Patsamba lino, tidzafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane nthawi zofunika kwambiri pamoyo wa ndevu.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Ndevu
Choyamba ndevu anapeza ndi munthu ngati Karl Linnaeus mu 1758. Adalemba za mbalame iyi mchikhumi cha mutu wake wotchuka wotchedwa Systems of Nature. Pogwira ntchitoyi, Karl anapatsa mbalameyo dzina lake loyamba lachilatini - Vultur barbatus. Patapita nthawi, makamaka mu 1784, dokotala waku Germany komanso katswiri wamagetsi Gottlieb Konrad Christian Shtohr adasankha mtundu uwu kukhala mtundu wina - Bearded (Gypaetus).
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, mu Russia, mbalameyi imakhalanso ndi dzina lapakati - mwanawankhosa. Ndikutanthauzira kuchokera kumasulira kwa Western Europe. Kumeneku mtundu uwu udatchulidwa chifukwa cha lingaliro la abusa kuti imapha nkhosa.
Munthu wandevu ndi mbalame yayikulu. Kutalika kwake kumatha kufikira masentimita 125, ndipo kulemera kwake kumatha kutalika kuchokera pa 5 mpaka 8 kilogalamu. Mapikowo amakhala otalika masentimita 77 ndipo amakhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 290. Kukula kwawo kungafanane ndi fretboard.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Ndevu
Ndevu zamwamuna ali ndi mawonekedwe achilendo kwambiri komanso mtundu. Mwachitsanzo, mu mbalame yayikulu, mutu, khosi komanso pamimba zokha ndizowala. M'malo ena, utoto woyera umasinthira kukhala mtundu wofiyira wowala. Kuyambira pakamwa kufika pamaso pali mikwingwirima yakuda ndi yoyera, ndipo pansi pa mulomo womwewo pali nthenga zingapo zakuda, zomwe poyang'ana koyamba zimafanana ndi ndevu. Iris wamwamuna wandevu ndi yoyera kapena wachikaso wokhala ndi malire ofiira. Mwa njira, mulomo womwewo uli ndi imvi. Msana wa mbalameyi waphimbidwa ndi nthenga zakuda ndi zoyera, ndipo mchira wake ndi wautali komanso wopindika ngati mawonekedwe ake. Zingwe za amuna omenyera ndevu zawo ndi zotuwa.
Achinyamata amtunduwu amasiyana pang'ono ndi achikulire momwe amawonekera. Anapiye a ndevu ndi akuda kwambiri. Mimba yawo ndi yoyera mopepuka, koma thupi lonse limakhala lofiirira. Ali ndi mlomo wabuluu ndi miyendo yobiriwira.
Mwa njira, mawonekedwe azakugonana ndimunthu wamwamuna wandevu, ndiye kuti, chachikazi ndi chachimuna sichimasiyana mosiyana wina ndi mzake m'maonekedwe ndi kukula kwa thupi.
Ngati mwadzidzidzi muwona nyama zamtunduwu kapena malo a Russia, mwina simungathe kusiyanitsa ndi malongosoledwe awa. Izi zimafotokozedwa mosavuta. Ngakhale tidafotokoza bwino nthenga zawo, zimatha kusiyanasiyana mumithunzi. Mwachitsanzo, mbalame imatha kukhala ndi nthenga zoyera zochepa chabe, ndipo zina zonse sizikhala zachikasu, koma lalanje.
Kodi ndevu zimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Ndevu
Malo okhala mtundu wa nkhandwe, makamaka, ndi ofanana ndi banja lonse. Mwamuna wandevu amatha kupezeka m'malo ngati kontinenti monga Kummwera kwa Europe, Kum'mawa ndi Kummwera kwa Africa, ku Central Asia. Zaka zingapo zapitazo, mbalame zingapo zidatengedwa kupita ku Alps kuti zikawone momwe zimakhalira kumeneko. Kuyesera kunachita bwino, koma mitunduyo imakulabe bwino ku Europe. M'dera la Russia, ndevu zimatha kuwona ku Altai kapena ku Caucasus.
Mwamuna wa ndevu kwenikweni ndi mbalame yam'mapiri, chifukwa chake saopa malo okwera. Imatha kukhala pamwamba pamapiri komanso m'mphepete mwa zigwa, koma kuti ungokhala pafupi ndi nyamayo. Kutalika kwa kukhala kwake pamiyala yamiyala kumasiyana pakati pa 500 mpaka 4000 mita. Izi ndiye zovomerezeka, koma monga zidapezeka kalekale, mbalameyi imatha kukhala pamwamba pa manambala omwe atchulidwa. Osati kale kwambiri, gulu la ofufuza lidapeza mtundu uwu pamtunda wa mamita 7000 pamwamba pa nyanja. Pamalo okwera kwambiri, mbalame zimasankha malo ena otetezedwa, monga mapanga kapena maenje, kuti azithawirako mvula kapena dzuwa lotentha.
Ameta ndevu amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Ndevu
Zakudya za mbalame ngati yamamede sizimasiyana mosiyanasiyana. Kwa moyo wake wonse, woimira nyama amadyetsa nyama zakufa, ndiye kuti zovunda. Pazakudya zake, ndizofanana ndi mitundu ingapo kuchokera kubanja la mphamba. Mbalame nthawi zambiri zimapeza mafupa, omwe munthu amaponyera akamaliza kudya, kapena amadyetsa nyama zomwe zafa mwachilengedwe pafupi ndi komwe amakhala.
Nthawi zina, bambo wandevu amatha kudya nyama yaying'ono, monga kalulu. Izi zimachitika ngati mtundu uwu uli ndi njala. Nthawi ndi nthawi, bambo wandevu amatha kuyesa kugwira chiweto chomwe chatayika.
Chifukwa cha nthenga zake zolimba zouluka, bambo wandevu amayesera kukankhira nyama yake kumtunda pomwe ingakhale. Nyama yaing'ono itagwa, mbalameyo imawulukira mmwamba kukafufuza ngati ili ndi moyo. Pokhulupirira zosiyana, bambo wandevu uja akuyamba kudya.
Pamwambapa, tafotokoza zambiri zomwe bambo wandevu amaukira mnzake, koma chokoma chomwe amakonda kwambiri ndi mafupa a nyama, makamaka ubongo. Mimba yawo imagaya mosavuta chifukwa cha acidity.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Ndevu
Amuna a ndevu ngakhale kuti ndi aukali, amakhalabe m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Mikangano pakati pawo ndi yosowa. Chifukwa cha chidziwitso chawo, amatha kuuluka kwambiri kwakuti kwa munthu amene waimirira pansi, mbalame imatha kuwoneka ngati chinthu chosamvetsetseka kumwamba. Mwamuna wa ndevu amawuluka bwino kwambiri mwakuti nthawi zina ngakhale mawu ena amveka, omwe amawapanga ndi nthenga kudula mlengalenga.
Mawu amunthu wandevu ndi okhwima kwambiri. Ngati simunamvepo mbalame iyi ikufuula kale, ndiye kuti simungathe kumvetsetsa kuti ndiye mtundu uwu. Zimamveka ngati mluzu. Amatha kukhala mokweza kapena mwakachetechete. Asayansi amati mawuwo amatengera mtundu wa mbalameyo pakadali pano.
Chosangalatsa: wamwamuna wokhala ndi ndevu amawonetsedwa pa sitampu yaku Azerbaijan ya 1994.
Mwamuna wandevu akawona zomwe angathe kumugwira, samagwa pansi kuchokera kutalika, monga ziwombankhanga. Amayamba kuzungulira mumlengalenga ndikutsika pang'onopang'ono. Wopwetekedwayo amenyedwa chapafupi kwambiri ndi nthaka.
Mbalameyi siigwera pansi pokhapokha ngati pakufunika kutero. Chifukwa cha mapiko akulu komanso akulu, kunyamuka kumakhala ntchito yovuta kwa iye. Kuti apumule, amasankha zingwe zingapo pamiyala. Kuchokera kwa iwo, mbalameyo imathamangira pansi ndikutsegula mapiko ake kuti iwuluke kopanda vuto lililonse.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Ndevu
Mosiyana ndi mbalame zambiri, mbalame zamtundu wa ndevu zimaswana m'nyengo yozizira. Pofuna kumanga mazira, mbalamezi zimakonda malo okwezeka okwana mamita 2-3 zikwi m'mapiri, m'mapanga kapena m'miyala. Pakatikati mwa Disembala, mbalame zandevu zimakhala m'dera lalikulu, mpaka kufika ma kilomita angapo.
Zomwe zimakhala pansi pa chisa ndi nthambi, nthambi zamitengo, ndi ubweya, udzu, tsitsi ndizoyenera kuyika. Kale mu Januwale, mkaziyo amakhala wokonzeka kuyika clutch, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mazira a 1-2 oval, omwe mtundu wake uli ndi utoto woyera. Njira ya mazira ndiyosiyana, mawanga abulauni amapezeka nthawi zambiri. Nthawi zina zimakhala za monochromatic. Mazirawo amawombedwa ndi aakazi, koma yaimuna imatenganso nawo mbali. Pambuyo pa masiku 53-58, anapiye omwe akhala akudikirira kwanthawi yayitali amabadwa. Mosiyana ndi achikulire, ali ndi mawu olimba kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri amalira.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, mbalame zimawerengedwa kuti ndi banja limodzi, choncho makolo onse awiri nawonso amatenga nawo mbali polera ana. Amuna ndi akazi amathandizanso kupeza chakudya cha ana. Amapeza mafupa, amawuluka pamwamba, amawaphwanya mzidutswa tating'ono ndikubweretsa anapiye. Chifukwa chake anapiye okhala ndi ndevu amakhala motalika kokwanira - masiku 106-130, kenako makolo awo amachoka pachisa, kupatsa ana awo mwayi wokhala palokha.
Adani achilengedwe a munthu wandevu
Chithunzi: Ndevu
Munthu wamadevu ndi mbalame yayikulu kwambiri komanso yolimba yodya nyama, chifukwa chake titha kunena kuti ilibe adani achilengedwe. Mdani wake yekhayo ndiye yekha. Izi zikufotokozedwa ndikuti nyama zandevu nthawi zambiri zimadya zovunda, koma sizinyama zonse zakufa ndizothandiza kwa iwo. Tsopano munthu akutukuka mwachangu zomangamanga komanso kuwunika pang'ono zachilengedwe. Ndani amadziwa zomwe kalulu adya moyo wake wonse. Thupi lake lakufa likhoza kukhala ndi poizoni ndi zinthu zina zovulaza.
Komanso, munthu amatha kutengedwa ndi adani ake. Mbalameyi nthawi zambiri imagwa ndi alenje kuti apange nyama zonyamulidwa. Anthu akukonzekeretsa madera ochulukirachulukira, potero amasuntha nyama zachilengedwe zambiri, kuphatikizapo munthu wandevu. Si mbalame zonse zomwe zimatha kusintha nyengo, motero zambiri zimafa. Kutengera izi, titha kunena kuti munthu yemwe ali ndi kudzikonda kwake amakhala mdani wa mbalame zomwe zili mu ukapolo kuposa mnzake.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Ndevu
Kukumana ndi bambo wandevu sizachilendo. Izi pakadali pano zimakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri, chakudya chidachepa chifukwa chakuchepa kwa anthu osawona nyama zakutchire komanso oweta. Mbalame nthawi zambiri zimagwera mumisampha popanda mwayi wotuluka. Amuna a ndevu amatha kugwera mumsampha wakupha kuposa mbalame zina zodya nyama. Tangoganizirani, kuchuluka kwa anthu kwatsika kwambiri mzaka zapitazi kuti pakadali pano ndi mapiri ochepa chabe mpaka 500 omwe amakhala m'mapiri aliwonse a Eurasia. Zinthu sizili zomvetsa chisoni ku Ethiopia, komwe kuchuluka kwa amuna okhala ndi ndevu m'mizere yawo yonse kuyambira pa 1 one2 mpaka pa zikwi ziwiri. Mbalame zochulukitsitsa kuposa izi zimapezeka m'malo ena a Himalaya. Komanso, kuchepa kwa anthu kunakhudzidwa ndi umunthu, wophatikizidwa pakukula ndi chitukuko cha zomangamanga, zomwe ndi kumanga misewu, nyumba, zingwe zamagetsi. Imodzi mwamavuto omwe amuna ambiri amakhala ndi ndevu ndizomwe zimachitika ndi kugunda kwamagetsi.
Chifukwa cha zinthu zonsezi, mitundu ya mbalame idayamba kutsika kwambiri, zomwe zidapangitsa kuchepa kwa anthu, izi zimawonekera munyama zambiri ndipo ndi chimodzi mwazomwe zimayambitsa kuwoneka kwa mitundu ya nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha. Nthawi zambiri nyama zina zimavutika ndi kutha kwa mtundu umodzi. Chifukwa chake apa, amuna omwe ali ndi ndevu amatenga gawo lofunikira pagulu lazakudya ndipo ndiwo "dongosolo" lachilengedwe. Chifukwa chake, sizinyama zokha zomwe zidzavutike chifukwa chakutha kwa mitundu iyi, komanso madera ozungulira. Izi zitha kubweretsa zovuta, ndichifukwa chake ndikofunikira kusamalira chitetezo chamtunduwu.
Wosunga ndevu
Chithunzi: Ndevu
Ngati mungayang'ane ziwerengero, mutha kuwona kuchepa kwa malo okhalamo ndevu. Izi ndichifukwa chakutha nkhuku komanso chitukuko cha zomangamanga. Mbalameyi yayamba kutha posachedwapa kumadera akumwera ndi kumpoto kwa Africa, komanso madera ena akummawa kwa Europe.
Pakadali pano, bambo ake omwe ali ndi ndevu ali ndi udindo wosamalira NT, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mtunduwo uli pafupi ndi chiwopsezo. Gululi lidaperekedwa kwa mbalame ndi International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), yomwe imasintha mndandanda wake wofiira pachaka. Mulinso nyama ndi zomera zosiyanasiyana.
Mwamuna wa ndevu waphatikizidwa mu Red Book of Russia kwanthawi yayitali. M'dziko lathu, amakula bwino mu ukapolo, koma chifukwa chokhala m'gulu la mitundu yotetezedwa, kuchuluka kwake kukuwonjezeka pang'onopang'ono koma mosakayikira m'chilengedwe cha mbalame.
Ndevu zamwamuna Ndi mbalame yapadera yomwe imafunikira chisamaliro chathu. Pakadali pano, dziko lonse lapansi likusamalira anthu ake. Tisakhalebe opanda chidwi ndi kutha kwa nyama padzikoli. Palibe chifukwa chophwanya chakudya chomwe chilengedwe chidapanga, chifukwa kusapezeka kwa cholumikizira chimodzi kumatha kubweretsa zovuta zazikulu padziko lonse lapansi.
Tsiku lofalitsa: Epulo 15, 2020
Tsiku losintha: 04/15/2020 nthawi ya 1:26
