Kamba wamakala - wapadera ndi osowa mitundu amphibians. Masiku ano, asayansi ambiri akuyesera kuti aphunzire mwatsatanetsatane, koma kamba uyu, monga momwe zinalili, sizovuta kupeza kuthengo kuti adziwe momwe zimakhalira komanso moyo wawo kuthengo. Akamba amakala nawonso amasungidwa m'malo osungidwa, momwe amaphunziridwa mozama ndikuthandizira kuswana. Inde, kuswana kwa ukapolo kumathandiza kwambiri kuti zamoyozi zisungidwe. Tiyeni tiwone bwinobwino za moyo wa amphibiya ngati kamba wamalasha.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Kamba Wamakala
Kamba wamakala inayamba kuonekera ku South America. Njira yomwe mitundu iyi imawonekera yapadera ndi funso lodziwika bwino. Tiyeni tiyambire pachiyambi pomwe. Mwamtheradi mitundu yonse ya akamba idabweretsedwa mu mtundu wina wa Testudo ndi katswiri wazachilengedwe waku Sweden monga Karl Linnaeus. Izi zidachitika mu 1758.
Patangopita zaka 2, mu 1982, asayansi Roger Boer ndi Charles Crumley adasiyanitsa mitundu ya akamba amakala ndi enawo ndipo adadzipatsa mayinawo. Dzinali, mwa lingaliro lawo, likuwonetseratu malo okhala nyama izi. Amasiyana ndi achibale ena pakalibe mbale yama occipital komanso mchira. Maonekedwe ndi zomwe tafotokozazi zidathandizira asayansi kupanga dzina labwinolo la Chelonoidis carbonaria, lomwe likugwirabe ntchito mpaka pano.
Ngakhale kuti kamba wamakala amadziwika kuti ndi mtundu wina wamagulu ake, sizimasiyana kwenikweni ndi abale ake. Mitundu yonse ya zokwawa izi ndizofanana, chifukwa zina mwa izo zimangodziwika ndi anthu ophunzitsidwa mwapadera. Kamba wamakala amakhala ndi chigoba cholimba chomwe chimamuteteza kuti asawonongeke ndi makina, miyendo yayifupi, mutu wawung'ono ndi khosi lalitali. Moyo wake umafanananso ndi akamba ena onse, koma ulinso ndi mawonekedwe ake, omwe tikambirana m'magawo otsatirawa.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kamba Wamakala
Kamba wamakala ali ndi mawonekedwe ake ndi kusiyana kwake poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina ya zokwawa zapadziko lapansi. Iyi ndi kamba yayikulu kwambiri. Kutalika kwa chipolopolo chake kumatha kufikira 45 masentimita.
Chosangalatsa: malinga ndi ofufuza ena, mwa anthu akale, kutalika kwa chipolopolocho kumatha kufikira 70 sentimita.
Mkazi ndi wosavuta kusiyanitsa ndi wamwamuna. Ndi yaying'ono kukula ndipo ili ndi vuto laling'ono pamimba pachikopa choteteza. Ndizosangalatsanso kudziwa kuti m'malo osiyanasiyana, akamba amasiyana mosiyanasiyana kukula komanso utoto. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwa ofufuza ena kudziwa molondola mtundu wa reptile.
Mtundu wa kamba wamakala wamtundu wakuda ndi wakuda. Ilinso ndi mawanga achikasu-lalanje omwe amadziwika ndi zokwawa izi. Mitundu monga ofiira komanso owala lalanje amapezeka pakuwoneka kwa nyama iyi. Mtunduwu umapezeka pamutu ndi miyendo yakutsogolo ya chinyama. Maso ndi akuda, koma mikwingwirima yachikasu imawoneka mozungulira.
Maonekedwe a kamba wamakala amasintha kutengera msinkhu wake. Kwa achinyamata, chipolopolocho chimakhala ndi mitundu yowala kwambiri kuposa achikulire. Popita nthawi, chishango cha zokwawa izi chimasanduka zakuda ndipo pamakhala mawanga achikaso okha.
Kodi kamba wamakala amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Kamba Wamakala
Momwe zidawonekera bwino kuchokera m'magawo omwe ali pamwambapa, kamba wamakala makamaka amakhala ku South America. Mtundu wa reptile umakonda kutentha kwa mpweya kumasinthasintha pakati pa 20-35 degrees Celsius. Komanso, kuchokera pakuwona kwa asayansi, zidapezeka kuti akamba amakonda kukhala m'malo opanda chinyezi komanso mvula yambiri. Kawirikawiri ochita kafukufuku amawapeza pafupi ndi mitsinje kapena nyanja.
Chosangalatsa: sizikudziwika pakadali pano kuti akamba amakala amapezeka m'malo atsopano. Ena amanena kuti winawake anawatengera kumeneku, pomwe ena amati mitunduyi ikukulira malo ake.
Akamba amakala amapezeka chaka chilichonse m'malo osiyanasiyana ku South America. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosatheka kudziwa malo omwe amakhala. Pachiyambi pomwe, mayiko monga Panama, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname ndi Guiana adawonedwa ngati malo awo okhala. Pakadali pano, pali nkhani kuti akamba amakala awoneka ku Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, Argentina ndi Brazil. Mowonjezereka, asayansi akuti za malo atsopano owonekera a zokwawa izi. Imodzi mwa nkhani zaposachedwa ndikuwonekera kwa mitunduyi ku Caribbean.
Kodi kamba wamakala amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Kamba Wamakala
Mofanana ndi zokwawa zina zambiri, kamba wamakala ndi nyama yodya kwambiri. Gawo lalikulu la zakudya zawo ndi zipatso. Nthawi zambiri chokwawa chimawoneka pansi pamtengo wobala zipatso. Ndiye akamba amadikira kuti chipatso chipse ndi kugwa. Pakati pa frkutvoi, kusankha kwawo nthawi zambiri kumagwera zipatso za cacti, nkhuyu, pehena, spondia, annona, philodendron, bromiliad.
Zakudya zotsala za akamba amakala zimaphatikizapo masamba, udzu, maluwa, mizu ndi mphukira. Nthawi ndi nthawi, zokwawa izi zimakondanso kudya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tosiyanasiyana, monga nyerere, chiswe, kafadala, agulugufe, nkhono ndi mphutsi.
Zakudya zamtunduwu zimadalira nyengoyo pakadali pano. Nthawi yamvula ndi chinyezi chambiri, akamba amayesetsa kudzipezera zipatso, ndipo nthawi zowuma, maluwa kapena mphukira zazomera.
Malinga ndi zomwe tafotokozazi, titha kunena kuti kamba wamakala ndi nyama yamtopola kwathunthu. Amatha kudya pafupifupi chomera chilichonse ndi zipatso, koma nthawi zambiri amasankha zomwe zili ndi calcium ndi michere yambiri. Komabe, ngakhale zili choncho, anthu omwe amasunga ziwetozi m'ndende amatsata mtundu wina wa zakudya. Amatenga mbewu monga maziko ndipo nthawi zina amasungunula chakudya ndi zipatso.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kamba Wamakala
Kamba wamakala ambiri osati nyama yocheza kwambiri. Mutha kunena kuti amakhala ndi moyo waulesi. Mitunduyi imakhala yopumula kwa theka la tsiku. Nthawi yonse ya kamba imagwiritsidwa ntchito kufunafuna chakudya ndi malo ogona atsopano. Dziwani kuti, pankhaniyi, mitunduyi ilibe mpikisano uliwonse ndi ma congener. Ngati kamba yamakala ikuwona kuti pamalopo pali winawake, ndiye kuti imangochoka kuti ikadzipezere yatsopano.
Kamba samakhala malo amodzi ndipo samakonzekeretsa mwanjira iliyonse. Atatha kudya, amasuntha nthawi zonse, ndipo akapeza pogona, amakhala mpaka masiku anayi, mpaka chakudya chotsatira.
Chosangalatsa: chithunzi cha kamba wamakala chitha kuwonetsedwa pasitampu yaku 2002 yaku Argentina.
Zokwawa zimayandikira mosamala "msasa" wawo mosamala kwambiri. Sayenera kusiyanasiyana kwambiri ndi nyengo yawo yabwino, koma nthawi yomweyo iyeneranso kuwateteza ku ngozi zakunja. Akamba amakala nthawi zambiri amasankha malo monga mitengo yakufa, maenje osaya, kapena malo obisika pakati pa mizu yamitengo monga malo awo ampumulo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Kamba Wamakala
Kamba wamalasha amabala chaka chonse ngati zikhala bwino. Ali ndi zaka 4-5, mitunduyi imatha msinkhu ndipo imakhala yokonzeka kupanga ana ake. Ngati tikulankhula za akamba omwe ali m'ndende m'malo awo abwino, ziyenera kudziwika kuti ndiye kuti safunika kubisala, chifukwa chake nthawi yopanga mipata yambiri ikukula.
Mwambo wokulira wa kamba wamakala ndi uwu. Apa mwamuna amatsogolera zonse, ndiye amene amasankha chidwi chake chamtsogolo. Koma kuti apeze malo pafupi ndi wamkazi, amuna amamenya nkhondo ndi amuna kapena akazi anzawo. Pankhondo ya mkazi, yamphamvu imapambana ndikusandutsa wotsutsana naye pachikopa. Kenako mwambowo umapitilira kutsatira kununkhira kwa mnzake, komwe mwamunayo adakwanitsa kununkhiza kale. Amamutsatira mpaka atayima ndipo ali ndi vuto loti akwatirane.
Akamba ofiira ofiira samadandaula kufunafuna kapena kumanga chisa. Nthawi zambiri, amasankha zinyalala zofewa m'nkhalango, momwe amaikira mazira 5 mpaka 15. Akamba achichepere amayenera kudikirira nthawi yokwanira - kuyambira masiku 120 mpaka 190. Chodabwitsa ndichakuti, anawo amakhala ndi dzino lapadera la dzira, lomwe amaboola chipolopolocho panthawi yobadwa, pambuyo pake chimadzisoweka chokha. Amabadwa ndi zipolopolo zathyathyathya komanso zozungulira zokhala ndi yolk sac pamimba pawo, pomwe amalandila michere yonse, chifukwa chomwe amatha kukhalabe koyamba osadya. Kenako imasungunuka ndipo patsiku la 2-5 la moyo wawo, kamba yaying'ono yamalasha imayamba kudzidyetsa yokha.
Adani achilengedwe a kamba wamakala
Chithunzi: Kamba Wamakala
Ngakhale kamba ili ndi "zida" zake, ili ndi adani angapo achilengedwe. Zina mwa izo ndi mbalame zodya nyama, zomwe zimakweza zokwawa pamwamba kwambiri, kenako nkuzitaya kuti zigawane chipolopolo chawo cholimba. Opaleshoniyo ikangotha, amawachotsa mu chipolopolo chowonongeka kapena chogawanika.
Zinyama zilinso pandandanda wa adani achilengedwe a kamba wamakala. Muchitsanzo chathu, jaguar yemwe amakhala ku South America atha kukhala pangozi. Nthawi zambiri amatulutsa akamba m'zipolopolo zawo ndi mawoko ake.
Nthawi ndi nthawi, kamba yamakala imatha kukhala yabwino, ngakhale kwa tizilombo. Nyerere ndi tizirombo tating'onoting'ono tikhoza kuluma minofu yofewa m'thupi la chokwawa chomwe sichitetezedwa ndi zipolopolo. Nthawi zambiri, ofooka kapena odwala amadwala matenda amtunduwu.
Mwachilengedwe, mdani wamkulu wa akamba ndi munthu. Anthu amapha nyama chifukwa cha nyama yake kapena mazira, amadzipangira okha nyama zokutidwa. Munthu amatha, mwa kusazindikira kwake, kuwononga mwangozi malo okhala mitundu iyi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Kamba Wamakala
Sitinganene zambiri za kamba amakala. Chiwerengero chawo kuthengo sichikudziwika, koma kutengera momwe nyama imasungira, titha kungoganiza kuti zonse sizili bwino monga ziyenera kukhalira.
Monga tanena kale, akamba amakala amakhala ku South America, koma amagawidwa mofanana m'derali. Pali nyengo yabwino ndi chinyezi cha mitundu iyi, koma palinso zovuta zakukhala m'malo ano, zomwe zingakhudze kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi. Tikulankhula za mitundu yonse ya masoka, monga mphepo zamkuntho, zomwe zimafala kwambiri ku Africa.
Chosangalatsa: kamba wamakala ali ndi dzina lina - kamba kofiira
Munthu amapanga mafakitale ndipo nthawi zambiri amakonza zomangamanga. Izi zitha kulepheretsanso kuchuluka kwa akamba amakala. Zinyalala zomwe zimaponyedwa ndi anthu m'madzi am'madzi pafupi ndi zomwe zokwawa zimakhala zimasokonezanso kuswana kwa mitunduyi. Anthu akuyesera kuti apange mikhalidwe yabwino ya akamba amakala ogwidwa, koma izi sizokwanira, chifukwa mitundu iliyonse iyeneranso kukulira chilengedwe.
Kusungidwa kwa Makamba A Malasha
Chithunzi: Kamba Wamakala
Ngati tikulankhula zakutetezedwa kwa kamba wamakala, ndiye kuti choyambirira ziyenera kudziwika kuti pakadali pano palibe kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwawo. Tiyeneranso kunena kuti mitundu iyi idawonjezeredwa ndi International Union for Conservation of Nature ku International Red Book. Mmenemo, reptile anapatsidwa udindo wa VU, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti nyama tsopano ili pachiwopsezo.
Chosangalatsa: nthawi zambiri mitundu yomwe ili ndi VU imabereka bwino mu ukapolo, komabe imasungabe. Izi ndichifukwa choti chiwopsezocho chilipo makamaka kwa nyama zamtchire, monga momwe ziliri ndi ife.
Zachidziwikire, akamba amakala amafunika kuwunikidwa nthawi zonse komanso njira zomwe zingatetezedwe pokhalitsa. Kale, mtundu uwu ukuwoneka m'malo ambiri m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi. Ngakhale zili choncho, anthu akuyenera kuchitapo kanthu ndikuloleza zolengedwa izi kupitiliza bwino ana awo kuthengo.
Kamba wamakala - mitundu yachilendo ya zokwawa zomwe zimafuna chisamaliro chathu ndi chisamaliro chathu. Malo awo enieni sakudziwika, komabe, anthufe tiyenera kuyesetsa kuyesetsa kuti mitundu iyi ibereke mwamtendere munthawi iliyonse. Kamba uyu, monga oimira zinyama zonse, alidi ofunika m'chilengedwe. Tiyeni tikhale tcheru ndikuphunzira kusamalira moyenera zamoyo zomwe zatizungulira!
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08.04.
Tsiku losintha: 08.04.2020 ku 23:28
