Dziko lapansi la tizilombo ndilokulu pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama. Chimodzi mwazinthu zodabwitsa kwambiri komanso zosangalatsa ndi steppe pachithandara... Ichi ndi kachilombo kakang'ono kamene kamakhala kawirikawiri kuti aliyense adachiwona kuthengo ndi maso awo. Nyamayo siichulukirapo ndipo imangokhala m'mapiri, m'malo otsetsereka, mapiri ndi malo otsika, omwe ali ndi zomera zowirira, udzu wakutchire, chowawa. Kodi kachilombo ka "steppe" kameneka ndi kotani? Tiyeni timudziwe bwino.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Steppe dybka
Kudambo, ma steppe pali mitundu yambiri ya tizilombo tosiyanasiyana. Pakati pawo, palibe amene angalephere kuzindikira ziwala. Anthu ambiri sakayikira ngakhale pang'ono kuti izi si ziwala chabe, komanso malo opondera - nyama yosowa kwambiri komanso yapadera. Kuwona kachilombo kotere ndi maso anu ndizopambana kwambiri. Tsoka ilo, kuchuluka kwake kumachepa mosalekeza. The steppe pod ndi nyamakazi ya nyama, imaphatikizidwa m'gulu la tizilombo ndi dongosolo - Orthoptera. Chifukwa cha kukula kwake, ndiye wamkulu kwambiri m'banja la ziwala.
Chosangalatsa: Phukusi la steppe si nthumwi yayikulu yokha ya ziwala, komanso yapadera kwambiri. Palibe amuna pakati pa tizilombo tomwe tili. Miyendo yonse ndi yazimayi!
Kodi mungazindikire bwanji phompho? Mutha kuchizindikira, choyambirira, ndi kukula kwake kosafunikira kwa ziwala. Izi ndi ziwala zazikulu, zomwe kutalika kwake, kumatha kufika mamilimita makumi asanu ndi atatu. Ndipo izi sizilingalira za ovipositor. Nthawi zambiri samapitilira mamilimita makumi anayi kukula kwake. Mwachilengedwe, panali akulu akulu kwambiri - pafupifupi masentimita khumi ndi asanu.
Mtundu wa ma steppe dykes sukusiyana ndi ena onse oimira banja lake. Mtundu wa thupi lawo ndi wobiriwira. Nthawi zambiri, mutha kupeza ziwala zazikulu ndi utoto wachikaso. Thupi la tizilomboto ndilolitali kwambiri, ndipo m'mbali mwake mumatha kuwona mikwingwirima yakutali, mtundu wake ndi wopepuka kuposa mtundu wonse wa thupi.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Grasshopper steppe rack
The pachithandara ali ndi mawonekedwe khalidwe. Makulidwe akulu. M'banja la ziwala zenizeni, mtundu uwu ndi waukulu kwambiri. Kukula kwake kwa kachilombo kotereku kumakhala pafupifupi masentimita eyiti, koma nthawi zina anthu akuluakulu amapezekanso - mpaka masentimita khumi ndi asanu m'litali.
Thupi lokhalitsa ndilobiriwira. Mikwingwirima yopepuka imayikidwa m'mbali.
Kanema: Steppe Dybka
Mutu wawung'ono, wopindika mwamphamvu pamphumi. Mutu uli ndi mawonekedwe a kondomu; imakanikizidwa pang'ono kuchokera mbali. Ziwalo za pakamwa pafupi ndi steppe rack ndizamphamvu kwambiri, zongoluma. Maudindo amatha kuluma kukhosi kwa nyama. Ili ndi tinyanga tating'ono, todziwika. Tizilombo timakhala, pafupifupi, mainchesi anayi kutalika. Antenna amachita gawo lofunikira. Amagwira ntchito yokhudza kukhudza. Komanso, maso akulu. Maso a ziwala zotere ndiabwino, maso amakula bwino.
The steppe pachithandara ali awiriawiri atatu miyendo: kutsogolo, pakati ndi miyendo yakumbuyo. Miyendo yakutsogolo ndi yapakatikati imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthamanga ndi kugwira nyama. Tizilombo timeneti ndi zolusa. Miyendo yakutsogolo imagwira ntchito ngati chida chogwirira nyama. Miyendo yakumbuyo ndiyoti imapangidwira kulumpha. Amakhala olimba komanso otalikirapo. Komabe, miyendo yakumbuyo pafupifupi siidumpha. Mapikowo ndi achikale. Sapezeka mwa achikulire ena.
Kodi steppe rack amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Steppe Dybka ku Russia
Bakha wa steppe ndi nyama yosawerengeka komanso yapadera yomwe imafunikira zofunikira pamoyo wawo. Nyengo yotentha ndi ma step-grass omwe ali oyenera nyamazi. Izi ndi zabwino kwa nyama zoterezi, chifukwa chake, m'mapiri, ma dykes ndiofala kwambiri. Komabe, ziwombankhanga zimakhalanso m'malo ena: pamapiri, m'mapiri ndi m'malo otsika, omwe ali ndi zomera zambiri. Ma steppe dykes amakonda kukhala ndi moyo, kuchulukana mu zitsamba, udzu ndi mbewu monga chimanga. M'madera ena amakhala m'nkhalango zaminga. Osati anthu ambiri amakhala kumapiri. Ma tepi a steppe samakhazikika kupitirira mita chikwi chimodzi mphambu mazana asanu ndi awiri pamwamba pamadzi.
Chosangalatsa: Chombo chodyera chinawonekera ku USA mwachinyengo. M'zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri zapitazo, zidabweretsedwa ku boma la Michigan kuchokera ku Italy. Ngakhale mawonekedwe owoneka kudera la United States, the steppe rack idasinthidwa mwachangu pamenepo ndikukhazikika bwino.
Malo okhala achilengedwe a steppe ndi ochepa. Mulinso kumwera kwa Europe, chilumba cha Crimea ndi Mediterranean. Dera lachilengedwe limaphatikizapo Pyrenees, Balkan ndi Apennines. Ziwombankhanga zazikuluzi zimagawidwa mofanana mchigawo cha steppes moyandikana ndi gombe la Black Sea. Komanso, tizilombo tomwe timapezeka m'minda yopanda mbewu zaku Russia. Pali zochepa ku Saratov, Voronezh, Rostov, Chelyabinsk ndi madera ena.
Tsopano mukudziwa kumene chitsa cha steppe chimakhala. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi steppe rack amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Steppe Dybka wochokera ku Red Book
The steppe pod angatchedwe nyama zolusa m'malo oopsa. Nyama imeneyi ili ndi luso losaka mwaluso. Ali ndi maso owoneka bwino, zikhadabo zakuthwa kutsogolo, zida zam'kamwa zolimba zomwe zimatha kuluma kukhosi kwa ozunzidwa. Komanso, tizilombo timatha kuyenda mwachangu pakati pazomera ndi nthaka. Ngati ndi kotheka, imatha kuzizira pamalo amodzi nthawi yayitali kuti idikire nthawi yabwino kwambiri kuti iwonongeke. Nthawi zina amakhala usiku wonse akubisala muudzu.
Chinyengo cha mlenje chimagwira gawo lalikulu pakusaka. Steppe pachithandara ndipo izi mwayi kwambiri. Mtundu wake wobiriwira umapangitsa kuti zisamayende bwino pakati paudzu ndi zomera zina. Thupi lolumikizika limathandizanso kubisala. Ikhoza kulakwitsa chifukwa chomera chomwe chimachokera patali, kotero kuti omwe akuvutika ndi tizilombo sakudziwa mpaka kumapeto kuti akusakidwa kale.
Chosangalatsa: Ziwala zazikulu zimatha kupirira njala kwa nthawi yayitali. Komabe, m'malo ovuta kwambiri, tizilombo timatha kudya ziwalo za matupi awo, osanenapo za abale awo.
Chifukwa chake, zakudya za bakha wa steppe zimaphatikizapo:
- kupemphera mantises;
- dzombe;
- kafadala osiyanasiyana;
- ntchentche;
- abale awo apafupi ndi ziwala zazing'ono.
Ma steppe dykes amadya tizirombo tambiri, koma ena amapewedwa mwapadera. Mwachitsanzo, samadya nsikidzi, zomwe zimalumikizidwa ndi fungo lonunkhira komanso losasangalatsa. Nsikidzi zimatulutsa madzi apadera. Samadyanso agulugufe. Kwa iwo, chithandizo choterechi chitha kupha. Agulugufe amatha kutseka pakamwa kwathunthu.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Steppe dybka
The steppe pachithandara ndi nyama kuti sakhala moyo wautali. Kayendedwe ka moyo ndi chaka chimodzi chokha. Tizilombo toyenda usiku usiku wonse. Masana amakonda kupuma, kubisala m'kati mwaudzu. Kwa moyo wonse, ma dykes amasankha malo okhala ndi udzu wandiweyani, chowawa kapena udzu wamtchire. Amakonda kukhala ndi kuswana m'chigwa, pamapiri ndi mapiri, omwe amakhala kutali ndi anthu. Kugawidwa kwa anthu kumatha kutchedwa kuti ochepa. Izi ndichifukwa choti ziwala zonse zazikulu zili ndi gawo lawo losaka.
Onse steppe miyendo yakumbuyo ndi zolusa. Dzuwa litayamba, amatuluka m'malo obisalamo ndikuyamba kusaka kafadala, dzombe, mapemphero, ntchentche ndi ziwala zazing'ono. Nthawi zina amadya zazing'onozing'ono zopanda mafupa. Pakusaka, chombocho chimatha kukhala chete kwa maola angapo, ndikutsata nyama yomwe ikufuna. Komabe, chilichonse nthawi zambiri chimakhala chachangu komanso chosavuta. Dybka mwamphamvu imagwira nyama yake ndi mawoko ake, ikuluma m'khosi. Kuluma ndi koopsa, motero nyama imatha kudya pang'onopang'ono.
Atakhala okhutira mokwanira, usiku ndi usana wonse, chonyamulira chimakhala mosakhazikika. Imasochera mosavuta pakati paudzu chifukwa cha mtundu wake wobisala. Khalidwe la kachilombo koteroko silingatchedwe bata. Ziwala zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kulimbana kwawo. Zikakhala zoopsa, chinyama chimayesetsa kuthawa, koma ngati izi sizingatheke, ndiye kuti zimawopseza. Mukagwira chomenyera, ndiye kuti chimatha kuluma mopweteka.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Grasshopper steppe rack
Steppe Dyboka ndiye yekhayo woyimira mtundu womwe mulibe amuna. Asayansi ambiri anali nawo pakuwunika ndi kuphunzira mwatsatanetsatane za nkhaniyi. Nthawi zina ziwala zamphongo zamtundu wofanana zanyama zimatengedwa kuti zikhale zamphongo. Komabe, sizinatheke kutsimikizira kukhalapo kwa amuna. Mtundu uwu wa tizilombo umakhudza kwambiri moyo wawo komanso njira yoberekera.
Zazikazi za steppe bakha sizifunikira kuti zizifunafuna okha kuti zitalikitse mtunduwo. Ali ndi njira yoberekera, kutanthauza kuti, mazira amakula mthupi la nyama popanda umuna usanachitike. Akuluakulu ali okonzeka kuberekanso pakadutsa milungu itatu kapena inayi atakhala imago. Nthawi zambiri sitejiyi imagwera mwezi wa Julayi.
Mazira amaikidwa ndi tizilombo mu ovipositor yapadera - ichi ndi chiwalo chakumbuyo, komwe kumakhala ndi ma peyala angapo a zowonjezera. Asanaikire mazira, mkaziyo amayang'anitsitsa dothi. Ovipositor ndi tinyanga timamuthandiza pa izi. Ndi chithandizo chawo, ndizotheka kupeza malo abwino kwambiri kwa mazira, pomwe mphutsi zidzayamba. Mazira amaikidwa madzulo. Panthawi imodzi, chithandizochi chimatha kuimitsa pafupifupi zidutswa zisanu ndi ziwiri. Nthawi yomweyo, mthupi la mkazi yemweyo, njira yakukhwima ya dzira siyima. Clutch yomaliza imachitika mu Seputembala, kenako mkazi amamwalira.
Mazira amakhalabe m'nthaka ndipo amasungidwa osasinthika nthawi yonse yozizira. Kungobwera kutentha kumene mphutsi zimayamba kutuluka m'mazira. Mphutsi zoyamba zimakhala pafupifupi mamilimita khumi ndi awiri. Kukula kwawo mwachangu kumachitika mkati mwa mwezi umodzi. M'masiku makumi atatu, mphutsi imakula kukula pafupifupi nthawi khumi. Apa ndipomwe njira yakusinthira kukhala wamkulu imathera.
Natural adani steppe waima
Chithunzi: Chombo cha Steppe mwachilengedwe
Chitsamba chokwera palokha chimadya nyama ndipo mbozi zambiri, ziwala, mapemphero opempherera ndi tizilombo tina ndiwowopsa. Nyama ili ndi nsagwada zamphamvu, miyendo yolimba ndipo imayenda msanga. Komabe, zonsezi sizimamuteteza kwa adani ambiri achilengedwe. Zikuwoneka kuti chovalacho chimakhala chobisika kwambiri. Thupi lake limafanana kwambiri ndi tsinde la chomera, ndipo mtundu wake umapangitsa kuti zizitayika mosavuta pakati pa malo obiriwira. Koma ngakhale izi sizipulumutsa kumbuyo kuchokera kuzinyama zosiyanasiyana.
Zowopsa kwambiri pazinyama izi ndi izi:
- akangaude;
- zinkhanira;
- zokonda;
- zosiyanasiyana majeremusi zamoyo. Ena mwa iwo amaikira mazira awo mwachindunji mthupi la ziwala, zomwe zimabweretsa kufa kwakanthawi kotsirizira;
- mbalame zodya nyama. Pafupifupi mbalame zonse zazikulu sizingakane kudya ziwala zazikulu chotere;
- makoswe; M'mapikowa mumakhala mbewa zambiri, zomwe zimanyamula ma steppe. Kwa iwo, kusaka kotere sikovuta, chifukwa masana ziwala zimapuma ndikusiya kukhala tcheru.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Steppe Dybka ku Russia
The steppe pod ndi nyama yapadera. Koma, mwatsoka, nthumwi zoterezi za banja la ziwala zikuchepa chaka chilichonse. Lero nyama iyi ndiyosowa ndipo yatchulidwa mu Red Book. Chiwerengero cha ziwala zazikulu ndizochepa kwambiri. M'tsogolomu, ngati njira zina sizingachitike, cholengedwa chapaderachi chitha kutheratu padziko lapansi.
Zinthu zazikuluzikulu zomwe zimakhudza kuchuluka kwa ma dyboks achikale ndi chiwonongeko cha mtundu wawo. Gawo lina lakuwonongeka kwa kutha kwagona ndi steppe limadziyimira palokha. Ali ndi zankhondo komanso kudya anzawo. Komanso kufufuza kwa nyama zakutchire ndi anthu. Madera ambiri okhala ndi ziwala adakonzedwa mwakhama ndi anthu. Chifukwa cha izi, nyama zimasowa malo okhala ndikukhala ndi ana.
Chifukwa china ndikusintha kwachilengedwe padziko lapansi. Mpweya wakuda, madzi oyipa, dothi - zonsezi sizingakhale ndi zotsatira zabwino pa kuchuluka kwa tizilombo. Kusintha pang'onopang'ono kwa nyengo kumakhalanso ndi zotsatira zina. Udzu wouma wogwa. Chifukwa cha izi, mitundu yambiri yazinyama yosowa imafa. Posachedwa, akuyesera kulimbana ndi izi, kulimbikitsa anthu kuti asawotche udzu. M'mayiko ena, pamakhala chindapusa cha udzu wouma womwe udagwa.
Chitetezo cha steppe waima
Chithunzi: Steppe Dybka wochokera ku Red Book
Lero, zochitika zokhumudwitsa zimatha kutsatidwa - kuchuluka konse kwa miyendo yakumbuyo yakuchepa kukuchepekera. Pachifukwa ichi, nyamayo idalembedwa mu Red Book ndipo imadziwika kuti ndiyosowa. Amakhulupirira kuti chofunikira kwambiri chochepetsera ndikumangidwe kwa nthenga za udzu wa anthu ndi anthu. Zowonadi, zochita za anthu zidasokoneza nyama zonse, koma sizidaphe.
Kuwonongeka kwa malo achilengedwe kwachepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa tizilombo ndikudziwitsa anthu. Komabe, kugawanika kwa anthu sikungalingaliridwe kuti ndichinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimapangitsa kuti nyama ziwonongeke, zomwe zimadziwika ndi njira yoberekera. Steppe hunches safuna awiri kuwonjezera mtundu wawo ndi kuikira mazira. Asayansi apeza kuti vuto lalikulu la ziwala zimabwera chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwachangu kwamiyendo yakumbuyo kwa steppe, nyamayi yatetezedwa. Mu Russia, amatetezedwa mosamala m'madera osiyanasiyana: Bashkir, Zhigulevsky, ndi ena. Komabe, izi sizokwanira kuti zisungidwe ndikuwonjezeka kwa mitundu ya ma steppe dykes. Kuti apulumutse nyama iyi kuti isatheretu, ndikofunikira kusiya mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndikuteteza mosamala madera otsala a chilengedwe cha steppe pod.
Steppe pachithandara Ndi kachilombo kokongola komanso kosangalatsa. Amatha kutchedwa msaki wabwino komanso wodzibisa. Madzulo, si aliyense amene angaone ngakhale chiwala chachikulu chotere mu zomera zowirira. Tsoka ilo, lero kuchuluka kwa ma stepboks akuchepa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti anthu ayenera kusamala kwambiri nyamazi ndikuyesetsa kuteteza mitundu yawo momwe angathere pazovuta zina.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 23.07.2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/29/2019 ku 19:34
