Aliyense, mwina, amadziwa bwino minke wokongola komanso wowoneka pang'ono, ngati mabasi amtsinje, yomwe ili ndi nyumba yokhazikika m'malo osiyanasiyana. Asodzi amati nsomba zingagwidwe ndi zida zosiyanasiyana. Nyama ya chilombo ichi ndi yoyera komanso yokoma kwambiri. Tiyeni tiyesere kuwulula zinsinsi zonse za moyo wa wokhala m'madzi oyerawa, akuwonekera mawonekedwe ake, zizolowezi zawo, zizolowezi zawo pakudya, potchula zina zosangalatsa za moyo wa nsomba.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Mtsinje
Mtsinje wamtsinje umadziwikanso kuti wamba, ndi wa gulu la nsomba zopangidwa ndi ray, mtundu wa nsomba zamadzi oyera komanso banja la nsomba. Ngati titembenukira ku mbiriyakale, ziyenera kudziwika kuti woyamba amene anafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane za mtsinjewo anali katswiri wazachipyishi wa ku Sweden Peter Artedi, izi zidachitika zaka makumi atatu ndi zitatu zapitazo. Kutanthauzira kwaanthu ofunikira kwambiri morphological, malinga ndi kutanthauzira kwa Artedi, kunachitika kudzera pakuwona malo okhala m'madzi a Sweden. Carl Linnaeus adapereka malowo mu 1758, kutengera zolemba za Peter Artedi. M'zaka za m'ma 20s, nsomba iyi idaphunziridwa mwatsatanetsatane ndi asayansi aku France Achille Valenciennes ndi Georges Cuvier, omwe adapereka zikwangwani zina zakunja.
Pakadali pano, nsomba zam'madzi zimawerengedwa ngati nsomba yophunziridwa bwino, pafupifupi chilichonse chimadziwika pokhudzana ndi kuphulika kwake, kafukufuku wamakhalidwe ake, magawo a chitukuko ndi kukula. Pofotokoza za khwawa la mtsinjewu, munthu sangatchule zovala zake zamizeremizere komanso zokongola, zomwe ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi nsomba. Mwambiri, nsombayi ili ndi mayina ambiri. Pa Don amatchedwa "chekomas", pokambirana asodzi nthawi zambiri amatchedwa humpback, sailor, minke. Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa nsombayi kunayamba kale mu 1704, ngakhale kuli kodziwika kuti kunkawoneka pakukula kwakumvetsetsa kwa anthu m'mbuyomu.
Ofufuza apeza kuti chiyambi cha liwu loti "nsomba" ndi Chisilavo chofala ndipo limatanthauza "diso" (diso). Amakhulupirira kuti ili linali dzina la nsomba yamaso akulu kapena dzina la nsombayo, chifukwa ili ndi malo amdima otsutsana kumapeto kotsiriza, kofanana ndi diso. Palinso mtundu wina, womwe umafalitsa za proto-Indo-European chiyambi cha dzina la nsomba, lotanthauzidwa kuti "lakuthwa".
Chosangalatsa: Mtsinje wa Mtsinje ndi ngwazi yodziwika bwino yolemba ndi zaluso, amatchulidwanso m'mabuku osiyanasiyana achikale, omwe akuwonetsedwa pazaluso za ojambula. Kuphatikiza apo, nsomba zimatha kuwoneka pazitampu zantchito zamayiko osiyanasiyana, ndipo m'mizinda ina yaku Germany ndi Finland, nsombayi imakongoletsa zovala zawo.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nsomba zamtsinje
Kutalika kwakutali kwamtsinje kumakhala pakati pa 45 mpaka 50 cm, ndipo kulemera kwake kumachokera ku 2 mpaka 2.1 kg. Inde, pali zitsanzo zokulirapo, koma sizofala kwenikweni, koma zazing'ono ndizofala paliponse, zimatengera dziwe ndi dera lomwe likupezeka. Thupi lakelo limapanikizika pambuyo pake, limakutidwa ndi sikelo yaying'ono kwambiri ya ctenoid. Mtundu wa thupi ndi wachikasu-chikasu, umakongoletsedwa ndi mikwingwirima yakuda, yotsatira, yopingasa, kuchuluka kwake kumatha kusiyanasiyana, koma nthawi zambiri sikudutsa zidutswa 9. Choyera choyera chimawoneka pamimba. Zipsepse ziwiri zotalikirana kwambiri zimayang'ana kumbuyo, koyamba kupitirira kumapeto kwachiwiri kutalika ndi kutalika.
Monga tanenera kale, chikho choyamba chakumbuyo chimakhala ndi kachidutswa kakuda kumapeto, komwe kumadziwika ndi mtundu uwu wa nsomba. Kutalika kwa zipsepse za pectoral ndikofupikitsa kuposa zipsepse zamkati. Chovala choyamba chakumaso ndi chamtundu, ndipo chachiwiri ndi chachikasu. Zipsepse zamkati ndi zam'mimba zimawonetsa utoto wachikaso-lalanje kapena utoto wofiyira. Mtundu wa zipsepse za m'chiuno ndiwowoneka bwino pang'ono. Ponena za mphalapala wa caudal, mumdima m'munsi mwake, ndipo utoto wofiyira umawonekera pafupi ndi nsonga komanso kuchokera mbali. Manyazi a khola lokhwima ndilopanda pake, ndipo kanyumba kakang'ono kamaonekera kumbuyo kwa mutu. Mapeto a nsagwada zakumtunda zimagwirizana ndi mzere wolowera pakati pa maso a nsomba, omwe Iris amakhala achikasu.
Pamwamba pa operculum, masikelo amawoneka kuchokera pamwamba, pomwe msana (ukhoza kukhala wowirikiza) wokhala ndi prerated ya preoperculum. Mano a nsomba ndi owumbika, omwe ali m'mizere mkamwa ndi nsagwada. Zinyama sizimawoneka mu nsomba. Zilonda za gill sizimagawanika palimodzi, masaya a nsomba amatsekedwa ndi masikelo, palibe masikelo pafupi ndi chimbudzi cha caudal. Mwachangu ali ndi mamba osakhwima kwambiri, omwe pang'onopang'ono amawuma, amawumitsa ndikuwumitsa.
Chosangalatsa: Oyendetsa malo okwera mumtsinje amakhala ndi mamba ochulukirapo kuposa akazi, mwa amuna, mumakhalanso kuwala kambiri m'dera lachiwiri lakumapeto, koma mwa akazi thupi limakhala lalitali ndipo maso sali akulu ngati amuna.
Kodi malo okhala mumtsinje amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Mtsinje wamadzi m'madzi
Mtsinje nsomba amapezeka pafupifupi kulikonse, malo ake ndi ochuluka kwambiri.
Ndi wokhala ku:
- mitsinje;
- nyanja;
- mayiwe (onse apakatikati ndi akulu);
- madera am'mbali mwa nyanja okhala ndi madzi amchere.
Ponena za mfundo yomaliza, Nyanja ya Baltic ndi chitsanzo cha izi, zomwe ndi madera ake a Riga ndi Finland, asodzi-othamanga amakonda kugwira malo oterewa. M'dziko lathu, nsomba sizimangopezeka m'madzi a Amur komanso mdera lake.
Chosangalatsa: Asayansi apeza mitundu iwiri ya nsomba zomwe zimakhala limodzi m'madzi amodzi, zimaphatikizapo nsomba zazing'ono zomwe zimakula pang'onopang'ono (zitsamba) ndi m'bale wamkulu wokula msanga (wakuya).
M'mitsinje ndi mitsinje, komwe madzi amakhala ozizira kwambiri, simudzapeza miyala, sakonda ma biotopes. Mitsinje yoyipa yamapiri yokhala ndi mafunde othamanga, nsomba iyi imadutsanso. Malo wamba amakhala m'madzi am'madzi a North Asia ndipo amapezeka ku Europe. Anthu adamubweretsa ku mayiko aku Africa yotentha, komwe nsomba idakhazikika bwino. Mbalameyi idayambitsidwanso ku New Zealand ndi Australia. M'mbuyomu, amawerengedwa kuti ndi mtundu wamadzi am'madzi aku North America, koma asayansi atazindikira kuti mtundu uwu ndi mtundu wina, wotchedwa "chikopa chachikaso".
Madera ena ndi mayiko omwe adalembedwera ndi awa:
- Spain;
- Great Britain;
- Kupro;
- China;
- Morocco;
- Azores;
- Nkhukundembo;
- Montenegro;
- Albania;
- Switzerland;
- Ireland ndi ena ambiri.
Kodi nsomba zamtsinje zimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Mtsinje
Mtsinje ndi chilombo, usiku umangokhala chabe, chifukwa chake umadzifunira chakudya masana, makamaka m'mawa. Asodzi m'mawa kwambiri amawona kuwaza kwa madzi ndi nsomba zazing'ono zikudumpha kuchokera pagawo lamadzi, chomwe ndi chizindikiro cha kusaka nyama ya mumtsinje, yomwe imakhala yopanda malire pakudya, koma yosakhutira nthawi zonse.
Mu mndandanda wazomwe mungawonere:
- mwachangu ndi nsomba zazing'ono;
- mazira a anthu ena okhala m'madzi;
- nkhono;
- mphutsi zamadzi;
- zooplankton;
- mphutsi za tizilombo tosiyanasiyana;
- achule.
Zakudya zimadalira msinkhu ndi kukula kwa nsombazo, komanso nyengo yake. Achinyamata anyani amakhala ndi moyo wapansi-pansi, kufunafuna plankton yaying'ono kwambiri. Pamene kutalika kwa nsombayi kukukulirakulira (kuyambira 2 mpaka 6 cm), nsomba zazing'ono, zachilengedwe komanso mitundu ina, zimayamba kupezeka pazakudya zake. Nsomba zolimba zimayenderana ndi gombe, komwe zimasaka nsomba zazinkhanira, verkhovka, roach, ndikudya mazira a nsomba zina. Zingwe zazikuluzikulu nthawi zambiri sizidziwa kuchuluka kwa chakudya ndipo zimatha kudya kwambiri kotero kuti michira ya nsomba zosameza kwathunthu imatuluka mkamwa mwawo.
Chosangalatsa: Magulu a algae ndi miyala yaying'ono nthawi zambiri imapezeka m'mimba mwa nsombayo, yomwe imathandizira chimbudzi chabwino. Ponena za kususuka, nsombayi idaposa chombocho, imadya mowirikiza, ndipo magawo ake amakhala olimba kwambiri.
Ngati timalankhula zamtundu wina wa nsomba zomwe nsomba zimadya, ndiye kuti titha kulemba:
- obwerera kumbuyo;
- minnow;
- gobies;
- kukula kwa carp;
- wopanda pake.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mtsinje waukulu
M'nyengo yotentha, timiyala tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakonda kukhala nthawi yayitali m'malo ozungulira ndi mitsinje. Makanda okhwima amasonkhana kuchokera pagulu laling'ono (mpaka oyimira 10). Sukulu za nyama zazing'ono ndizokulirapo, zitha kuwerengera ngakhale nsomba zana. Zowononga zimatenga zokongoletsa madamu, nkhuni zazikulu ndi miyala. Mumitengo yaudzu yomwe ili pansi pa madzi, simungawawone nthawi yomweyo chifukwa cha utoto wobiriwira, motero mwaluso amasaka nsomba kuchokera komwe abisala, komwe amadzibisalira mwaluso. Anthu akuluakulu amakonda kuya, kulowa m'madziwe ndi maenje okhala ndi zisonga.
Madzulo ndi m'mawa m'mawa a nsomba izi zimawerengedwa ngati kusaka. Mosiyana ndi nsomba zikuluzikulu, nyama zazing'ono zimasaka m'masukulu, ndikuyesetsa mwaphamphu kufunafuna omwe angawalande. Mizeremizere imatha kuthamanga mpaka 0.66 mita pamphindikati. Ng'ombe ikamaukira nyama, mphalapala yake yomwe ili kumbuyo kwake imayamba kuphulika m'njira yofananira. Nthawi zambiri, nsomba zam'mitsinje zimatha kutchedwa nsomba zowononga masana zomwe zimasaka pakakhala kuwala (malire a usana ndi usiku). Mdima ukayamba kugwa, nyama zolusa zija zimasiya kugwira ntchito.
Zinthu zazikuluzikulu zomwe zimakhudza machitidwe ndi chitukuko cha nsomba ndi monga:
- Zizindikiro za kutentha kwa madzi;
- maola okwanira masana;
- madzi machulukitsidwe;
- kusamala (kapangidwe) ka zakudya.
Kumene matupi a madzi amakhala akuya kwambiri, nsapato sizimira pansi pamadzi, kukhala pafupi ndi pomwe madzi amapumirirapo mpweya. M'nyengo yotentha, anthu ena amasamuka pang'ono kuti athe kunenepa kwambiri nthawi yozizira, pomwe nsomba zimabwerera m'malo abwino kuti akapumule. M'dzinja, nsomba zimapanga gulu lalikulu lomwe limasamukira kumadera akuya kwambiri. Ikakhala yozizira komanso yozizira, nsomba imamatirira pansi, ikakhala yakuya mamita 70. Monga nthawi yachilimwe, nthawi yozizira, nsomba imakhala yogwira pakakhala kuwala.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mapazi awiri amtsinje
Zovala zofananira zimakula msinkhu wazaka ziwiri kapena zitatu. Pamodzi zimasamukira kumalo amene zimaswanirana, ndipo zimasochera zikakhala pagulu. Njira yomwe imadzera yokha imachitika m'malo amadzi osaya mumtsinje, m'madzi oyera, pomwe pano ndi ofooka kwambiri. Kutentha kwamadzi kuyenera kukhala pakati pa 7 ndi 15 madigiri ndi chikwangwani chowonjezera. Mazira ophatikizidwa ndi tinsomba tamphongo amamangiriridwa ku mitundu yonse ya nkhono zam'madzi, nthambi zomizidwa, ndi mizu ya mitengo yomwe imakula m'mbali mwa nyanja. Clutch ya pervi caviar ndi yofanana ndi riboni ya zingwe, kutalika kwake kumasiyana mkati mwa mita imodzi; riboni lotere limakhala ndi mazira ang'onoang'ono kuchokera 700 mpaka 800,000.
Chosangalatsa: M'malo ambiri, amafuna kubzala nsomba pogwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera chifukwa chakuti nsombayi ili ndi nyama yokoma komanso yathanzi.
Pambuyo pa masabata atatu kapena anayi, mazirawo amayamba kuphulika, ndikutulutsa mwachangu kuwala. Miyezi yoyamba ya moyo, ana amadyera m'nyanja zam'madzi, ndipo akamakula (kuyambira masentimita 5 mpaka 10), chikhalidwe chawo chodziwonetsera chimadziwikiratu, nsombazo zimayamba kusaka nsomba zazing'ono. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti moyo waumphawi uli pafupifupi zaka 15, ngakhale anthu ena atha kukhala ndi moyo mpaka 25, azaka zapakati pa nsomba izi amapezeka m'madzi a Karelian. Ofufuzawo adawona kuti nthawi yayitali yamwamuna ndiyofupikitsa kuposa ya akazi.
Adani achilengedwe amtsinje
Chithunzi: Mtsinje wamadzi pansi pamadzi
Ngakhale nyama yakudya yamadzi opanda chilomboyo imadya nyama zambiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri imakhala mdani wa munthu wina, iyenso ali ndi anthu ambiri odana naye amene saopa kuwadya.
Kwenikweni, nsomba zolusa zazikulu zazikulu ndi za adani a nsomba, zomwe ziyenera kutchulidwa:
- pike;
- pike nsomba;
- burbot;
- nsomba zopanda mamba;
- Salimoni;
- njoka yam'madzi.
Nsombayi imadyedwa mwachangu ndi mbalame zomwe zimakhala pafupi ndi madzi: loon, terns, gulls, osprey. Mbalame imatha kudya mosavuta ndi otters ndi muskrats. Tisaiwale za kudya anzawo, komwe kumadziwika ndi mitundu yambiri ya nsomba, kuphatikizapo nsomba. Nsomba yayikulu, popanda chidwi chapadera ndi maubale am'banja, imatha kumeza mchimwene wake. Zochitika zotere nthawi zambiri zimawonjezeka nthawi yophukira. Chifukwa chake, achichepere achichepere komanso achichepere amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu, mazira a nsomba amathanso kudyedwa ndi ena okhala m'madzi.
Adani akuluakulu a nsomba amatha kukhala olimba mtima ngati munthu, chifukwa nsomba ndizofunika kwambiri kwa asodzi a amateur, akunja ndi madera a dziko lathu. M'malo ena osungiramo nsomba, nsomba zamalonda zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito ma trawls. Monga tanenera kale, nyama ya nsomba ili ndi kukoma kwambiri, chifukwa chake imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana (kusuta, kukazinga, mchere, kuzizira, ndi zina zambiri). Nsomba zamzitini ndi timatumba timapangidwa kuchokera kumtunda wa mitsinje.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Mtsinje
Malo okhala nsombayo ndi ochulukirapo, poyerekeza ndi malo omwe amakhala, awonjezeka kwambiri, chifukwa choti anthu adabweretsa nawo kumayiko ena komwe sanakhaleko kale. M'madera ambiri, malo okhala mitsinje satchulidwa ngati nsomba zotetezedwa, ngakhale pali zoletsa zina zokhudzana ndi kusodza, koma njirazi zimagwira pafupifupi nsomba zonse zam'madzi. Ngakhale m'boma limodzi, zoletsedwazi zimasiyana, zimatengera dera. Mwachitsanzo, ku Great Britain kuli zoletsa zanyengo zogwirira nsomba, ndipo mu kuchuluka kwa mayiko ena ndizosatheka kugwira nsombazi zomwe sizinafike pamlingo winawake, ziyenera kubwereranso mumadzi.
Tiyenera kuwonjezeranso kuti kuchuluka kwa nsombazi ndikosiyana m'matupi amadzi osiyanasiyana. M'malo ena ndi akulu, ena ndi apakatikati, zimadalira nyengo, chakudya, momwe madzi amakhalira, kukhalapo kwa nyama zina zikuluzikulu zolusa. Ponena za dziko lathu lino, ziyenera kuwonjezeredwa kuti nsomba zafalikira pafupifupi kulikonse, ndi mtundu wamba wa nsomba m'malo ambiri osungira oimira Red Book, omwe sangasangalale nawo. Malinga ndi momwe IUCN ilili, redfish imakhudzanso nkhawa za kukula kwa nsomba zake.
Pamapeto pake ndikufuna kuwonjezera kuti wokongola mabasi amtsinje akuwoneka wolemekezeka komanso wowoneka bwino, suti yake yamizere imamuyenerera motere, ndipo mzere wazipsepse zofiira-lalanje umapatsa chithunzi chonse cha nsomba kuwala ndi kukongola. Nzosadabwitsa kuti nsomba iyi inali ngwazi ya zolembalemba zambiri, chifukwa imakhala ndi chisangalalo chapadera ndikukhala. Tikuyembekeza kuti zinthu zabwino zokhudzana ndi chiwerengerochi zipitilirabe chimodzimodzi mtsogolomo.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 16.02.2020
Tsiku losinthidwa: 23.12.2019 pa 16:33
