Pafupifupi aliyense amene amamva mawu kapolo nthawi yomweyo amakumbukira kukoma kwa kansomba kakang'ono aka. Ndiwotchuka kwambiri kwakuti simungakumane ndi munthu amene sanayesekopo. Timasangalatsidwa kwambiri ndi capelin osati mawu am'mimba, koma munthawi ya nsomba zake. Ndizovuta kukhulupirira kuti mwana uyu ndi wolusa. Tiyeni tiyesere kudziwa za nsomba iyi mwatsatanetsatane, kuyambira mbiri ya komwe idachokera ndi mawonekedwe akunja ndikutha ndi ziweto zambiri, osayiwala kutchula zowona zosangalatsa kwambiri zokhudzana ndi capelin.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Capelin
Capelin amatchedwanso uyok, ndi nsomba yopangidwa ndi ray yokhala ndi mtundu wa smelt, banja la smelt komanso mtundu wa capelin. Mwambiri, banjali limasiyanitsidwa ndi oimira ang'onoang'ono, omwe kutalika kwake kumatha kufikira masentimita 40, koma nthawi zambiri kutalika kwa nsombazi sikupitilira malire a 20 sentimita, zomwe ndizoyenera magawo a capelin. Thupi la smelt limakhala ndi mawonekedwe otambalala, ndipo utoto umayang'aniridwa ndi mtundu wa silvery.
Koyamba, capelin imatha kuwoneka ngati nsomba yaying'ono yopanda tanthauzo, pamiyeso yomwe sitingathe kuiona. Ponena za kukula kwa capelin, ndikofunikira kudziwa zakupezeka kwa nsomba munthawi imeneyi. Amuna a Capelin ndi akulu kukula, ali ndi mphuno yowongoka komanso zipsepse zobiriwira. Akazi ndi ocheperako, owoneka bwino kwambiri, koma ali ndi caviar yokoma. Asanayambe kubala amuna, china chake chonga mamba, chofanana ndi tsitsi, chimawonekera. Akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti amafunikira kuti azilumikizana kwambiri ndi akazi.
Chosangalatsa: Chifukwa cha masikelo awa, omwe ali m'mbali mwa thupi la nsomba, Mfalansa amatcha capelin chaplain.
Ponena za dzina la nsomba, ziyenera kuwonjezeredwa kuti lili ndi mizu ya Karelian-Finnish. Mawuwa amatanthauza nsomba zazing'ono zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyambo kuti zigwire nsomba zazikulu (makamaka cod). Mu Chifinishi, dzina "maiva" limamasuliridwa kuti "nsomba zoyera zazing'ono". Anthu olankhula ku Far East aku Russia amatcha nsombazi "uyok". Akatswiri ena ofufuza amalankhula zazing'ono ziwiri za capelin, zomwe zimasiyanitsidwa ndi malo okhala.
Amasiyanitsa:
- Atlantic capelin;
- Pacific capelin.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nsomba za Capelin
Kukula kwa capelin ndikochepa, kutalika kwa thupi kumasiyana masentimita 15 mpaka 25, ndipo kulemera kwake nthawi zambiri sikupitilira magalamu 50. Monga tanenera kale, akazi ndi ocheperako kuposa amuna.
Chosangalatsa: Ofufuza apeza kuti capelin wamkulu kwambiri amakhala mu Nyanja ya Japan. Amuna a nsomba iyi ndi masentimita 24 kutalika ndipo amalemera magalamu 54.
Malamulo a capelin ndi otalikirana, osanjidwa, osanjikizana pambali. Nsombayi ili ndi mutu wawung'ono, koma imasiyanitsidwa ndi kupezeka kwa pakamwa pakamwa pakatikati. Mafupa a nsagwada zakumtunda zamtunduwu amathera m'chigawo chapakati cha maso. Capelin ndiye mwini wa mano apakatikati, ambiri, akuthwa kwambiri komanso opangidwa bwino. Masikelo a Capelin sawoneka pang'ono. Amapezeka m'litali lonse la mzere wotsatira, mbali zonse ziwiri zokhudzana ndi mimba ya nsomba, kuphatikiza kumbuyo ndi mbali. Zipsepse za rhomboid kumbuyo zimakankhidwa mmbuyo. Zipsepse za pectoral zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe amakona atatu, omwe amafupikitsidwa pang'ono kumtunda, ndikuzungulira kumapeto. Amapezeka mbali zonse ziwiri za mutu.
Chodziwika bwino cha capelin ndi kupezeka kwakuda pazipsepse, chifukwa chitha kuzindikirika mosavuta ngati chizindikiro. Kulira kwakukulu kwa thupi la nsomba ndi siliva. Chotumphukacho chili ndi bulauni wobiriwira, ndipo pamimba pamakhala chopepuka, chimatha kutchedwa choyera-silvery ndikupezeka kwa mabotolo ang'onoang'ono ofiira. Thupi la nsomba limakhala ndi chimfine chaching'ono, chomwe chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyana pakati pa kutalika kwake. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti ichi, caudal, finch notch chimadziwika ndi mapangidwe a ngodya yolondola, ngati mungayang'ane mbali.
Kodi capelin amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Capelin munyanja
Capelin ndi nsomba yapamadzi yokha yomwe yakhazikika pakulimba kwamadzi am'nyanja ndi nyanja. Kawirikawiri nsombayi imagonjetsa kuya kuchokera pa 200 mpaka 300 mita, kusuntha sukulu zam'madzi mozama ndikosowa. Capelin amakhala ndi moyo wophatikizika, ndikupanga masukulu ang'onoang'ono, omwe amakula kwambiri panthawi yopanga, kuyimira masukulu akulu a nsomba. Capelin samalowa m'madzi amtsinje ndi matupi ena amadzi oyera. Nsomba imakonda danga lamadzi lotseguka, kukumana m'mphepete mwa nyanja pokhapokha ikamabereka.
Tikasanthula malo okhala capelin ndi subspecies yake, ndiye kuti ndikosavuta kumvetsetsa kuti subspecies za nsomba zasankha madzi a Atlantic, koma zimapezekanso:
- m'nyanja ya Arctic;
- m'madzi a m'chigwa cha Davis;
- m'madzi ozizira aku Norway;
- m'mbali yamadzi ya Labrador;
- m'dera la Greenland.
Capelin amakhalanso m'nyanja ina yakumpoto, akukumana mu:
- Woyera;
- Karsk;
- Barents;
- Chukotka;
- Nyanja ya Laptev.
Ma subspecies aku Pacific amakhala mu Pacific Ocean, amakonda madera akumpoto, mpaka pagombe la Korea ndi Vancouver Island, yomwe ili pafupi ndi Canada. M'nyanja zaku Japan, Bering ndi Okhotsk, nsomba zimamvanso bwino.
Chosangalatsa: Pakufika kwa Juni, nzika za zigawo zina za Canada zili ndi mwayi wabwino wopeza ndalama za capelin. Kuti achite izi, amangoyenera kuyenda m'mphepete mwa nyanja, pomwe nsomba zimasambira kuti ziziphuka kwambiri.
Malingana ndi dziko lathu, nthawi yina isanakwane (iyi ikhoza kukhala koyambirira kwa masika kapena nthawi yophukira) nsomba zimasonkhana m'magulu akulu, ndikupita kudera lakum'mawa kwa Far East. Mphepo yamkuntho ikafika, ku Far East ku Russia, mutha kuwona nsomba zambiri zotsukidwa kumtunda, ndipo kwa makilomita ambiri pamzere wamtunda, madera akuluakulu amakhala ndi silvery wolimba wa capelin yemwe amabwera kuno kudzabala.
Kodi capelin amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Sea capelin
Ngakhale capelin sanatuluke kukula kwake, munthu sayenera kuiwala kuti ndi nyama yolusa, komanso yogwira ntchito, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi ma smelts onse. Umboni wa mawuwa ndi kupezeka kwa mano ang'onoang'ono, koma owopsa kwambiri, omwe ali mkamwa mwa nsomba mochuluka. Menyu ya capelin ndiyofanana ndi nyama yaying'ono, yomwe singakwanitse kupeza chakudya chachikulu.
Chifukwa chake, chakudya cha capelin chimakhala ndi:
- caviar ya nsomba zina;
- zooplankton;
- mphutsi za shrimp;
- nyongolotsi za m'nyanja;
- zing'onoting'ono zazing'ono.
Tiyenera kuwonjezeranso kuti kulimbitsa thupi kwa capelin ndikokwera kwambiri, chifukwa chake nsomba zimafunikira nthawi zonse kuti zibweretse nkhokwe zamagetsi, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito posamuka kwakutali ndikusaka chakudya. Pankhaniyi, capelin amadya ngakhale nthawi yozizira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosiyana ndi nsomba zina zambiri.
Chosangalatsa: Omwe amapikisana nawo pachakudya cha capelin ndi hering'i ndi nsomba zazing'ono, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pazakudya zomwe zilinso zooplankton.
Mwachidule gawo ili, tiyenera kudziwa kuti capelin, monga woyenera nsomba, amadyetsa nyama. Ngati sanali wocheperako, ndiye kuti mosangalala amakhala ndi chotupitsa ndi nsomba zina, zomwe, mwatsoka kwa capelin, sizamazinyo ake ang'onoang'ono a nsomba.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Capelin m'madzi
Capelin ndi nsomba yophunzirira m'madzi yomwe imakonda kukhala limodzi. Amapanga zodzikongoletsera zazikulu nthawi yobereka, ndipo m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku amayesetsa kukhala pagulu laling'ono. Capelin amatenga chidwi kupita kumtunda kwamadzi, nthawi zambiri amakhala pamalo akuya mamita 300, koma nthawi zina amatha kutsika mpaka mamita 700. Pokhapo nsomba ikamatulukira imasambira kupita m'mbali mwa nyanja, panthawiyi imatha kupezeka m'mitsinje.
Mbali yayikulu yamoyo wake wam'madzi, capelin imayikidwa kunyanja, imangoyenda maulendo ataliatali kufunafuna malo okhala ndi chakudya chokwanira. Mwachitsanzo, capelin, yomwe ili m'nyanja ya Barents komanso kufupi ndi gombe la Iceland, imapita kugombe lakumpoto kwa Norway ndi Kola Peninsula nthawi yozizira ndi masika kuti apange mazira. M'nyengo yachilimwe ndi nthawi yophukira, nsomba yomweyi imathamangira kufupi ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa ndi kumpoto, kufunafuna chakudya chochuluka.
Chosangalatsa: Kuyenda kwa nyengo ya capelin kumalumikizidwa ndi magwiridwe antchito amadzi am'nyanja. Nsombazo zimayesetsa kuwatsata nthawi zonse, chifukwa mafunde amachita kusamutsa kwa plankton, ndiye chakudya chachikulu pamenyu ya capelin.
Chifukwa chake titha kuwona kuti moyo wa capelin ndiwosintha kwambiri, wophatikizapo kusamuka kwakanthawi. Capelin ndi wokangalika, woyenda, nthawi zonse kufunafuna chakudya, ngakhale m'nyengo yakufa komanso yozizira sizimafalikira, koma akupitilizabe kufunafuna chakudya ndikudya kuti asunge mphamvu.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Capelin
Monga tafotokozera kale, capelin ndi m'masukulu omwe amaphunzitsidwa. Nthawi yoberekera imadalira dera lomwe nsomba zimayendetsedwa nthawi zonse. Nsomba zomwe zimakhala kumadzulo kwa Pacific ndi Pacific Ocean zimayamba kutuluka mchaka, ndikupitilira izi nthawi yonse yotentha, mpaka kumapeto. East Atlantic capelin imabereka kugwa, komwe kulinso nsomba zomwe zimakhala kum'mawa kwa Pacific Ocean.
Asananyamuke, magulu ang'onoang'ono a capelin amayamba kugundana, ndikusandulika masukulu akuluakulu a nsomba, omwe amaposa nsomba miliyoni imodzi. Nsomba zikuluzikulu zoterezi zimayamba kusamukira kumalo komwe zimaswana nthawi zonse. Nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti mkuntho nsomba zambiri, zolimbana ndi malo obala, zimaponyedwa kumtunda ndi masauzande, ndikuphimba malo oyandikira kwamakilomita angapo, izi zimawoneka ku Far East ndi ku Canada.
Pofuna kutulutsa nsomba, nsomba zimasankha mchenga waukulu, kumene kuya kwake kuli pang'ono. Mfundo yayikulu yopanga dzira labwino ndikupititsa patsogolo kukula kwa mazira ndikukwaniritsa madzi okwanira ndi mpweya wabwino, madzi, kutentha (2 - 3 madigiri okhala ndi chikwangwani chowonjezera).
Chosangalatsa: Pofuna kuthira mazira bwino, mayi wamkazi wotchedwa capelin amafunika kuthandizidwa ndi amuna awiri nthawi imodzi, omwe amakhala ngati amatsagana nawo akasamukira kumalo oberekera. Oyendetsa ndege amachitikira mbali, mbali zonse za chilakolako chawo.
Atasambira kumalo oyenera, amuna amayamba kukumba pansi pamchenga, amachita izi ndi michira yawo. Mkaziyo amayamba kuikira mazira m'maenje amenewa, omwe amakhala omata kwambiri, nthawi yomweyo amamatira kumtunda. Kukula kwa m'mimba mwake kwamazira ang'onoang'ono kumasiyana pakati pa 0,5 ndi 1.2 mm, ndipo kuchuluka kwawo kumatha kukhala pakati pa 6 mpaka 36 zikwi, zimadalira zigawo zokhalamo. Nthawi zambiri, kuchuluka kwa mazira mu clutch imodzi kumatha kukhala pakati pa zidutswa 1.5 mpaka 12 zikwi. Kubereka kutatsirizidwa, a capelin amabwerera kumalo omwe amakhala; sizinsomba zonse zomwe zabwerera kunyumba zomwe zidzagwire nawo ntchito yotsatira.
Maonekedwe a mphutsi za capelin kuchokera m'mazira zimachitika patadutsa masiku 28 kuchokera nthawi yomwe adayikira. Ndi zazing'ono kwambiri komanso zopepuka, motero nthawi yomweyo amatengeka ndi mphepoyo kupita kunyanja. Sikuti aliyense amatha kukhala nsomba zokhwima, mphutsi zambiri zimafa ndi nyama zina. Iwo omwe ali ndi mwayi wokwanira kupulumuka amakula ndikukula msanga. Amayi amayamba kukhwima atakwanitsa chaka chimodzi, ndipo amuna amakhala pafupi ndi miyezi 14 kapena 15. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti moyo wonse wa capelin uli pafupifupi zaka 10, koma nsomba zochulukirapo pazifukwa zingapo sizikhala mpaka ukalamba wawo.
Adani achilengedwe a capelin
Chithunzi: Nsomba za Capelin
Sikovuta kuganiza kuti capelin yaying'ono ili ndi adani, nyanja ndi nthaka. Pankhani ya nsomba zina zikuluzikulu zowononga, capelin nthawi zambiri amakhala ngati chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pazakudya zawo za tsiku ndi tsiku.
Moyo wam'madziwo ndi awa:
- nsomba ya makerele;
- sikwidi;
- kodula.
Cod nthawi zonse imatsagana ndi capelin poyenda, choncho imadzipezera chakudya chochuluka. Kuphatikiza pa cod, okonda nsomba zokoma izi, zoyimiriridwa ndi zisindikizo, anamgumi opha ndi anangumi, amathamangiranso ulendo wautali kumbuyo kwa nsapato zazikulu za capelin.
Kuphatikiza pa nyama zam'madzi, capelin ndiye gawo lalikulu pazakudya za mbalame zambiri zomwe zimadya nsomba iyi. Tiyenera kuwonjezeranso kuti ma gull amatsatiranso sukulu za capelin akapita kumalo oberekera.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mbalame zambiri pa Kola Peninsula zitha kukhalapo chifukwa choti madzi akunyanja amadzaza ndi capelin, womwe ndi maziko azakudya za mbalamezo.
Capelin imakhalanso ndi mdani m'modzi wowopsa, yemwe ndi munthu amene amachita nawo usodzi. Kuyambira kale, a Capelin amawerengedwa kuti ndi nsomba zamalonda zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri m'malo omwe zimasungidwa kwamuyaya. Amadziwika kuti, kuyambira pakati pa zaka zapitazo, capelin adakololedwa pamlingo waukulu, kukula kwake ndikodabwitsa.
Mwa mayiko omwe akutsogola potenga capelin pakadali pano ndi:
- Norway;
- Canada;
- Russia;
- Iceland.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Pali umboni kuti mu 2012 kugwidwa kwa capelin padziko lonse lapansi kunaposa matani 1 miliyoni, ndipo nsomba zambiri zazing'ono zimagwidwa, zaka zake zimakhala kuyambira 1 mpaka 3 zaka, ndi kutalika - kuyambira 11 mpaka 19 cm.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Atlantic capelin
Ngakhale capelin imagwidwa mamiliyoni matani, sikuti ndi ya nsomba zotetezedwa, siyidalembedwe mu Red Book. Mayiko ambiri akuyesera kuyesetsa kuti achulukitse ziweto zake. Kubwerera mzaka za m'ma 80 zam'zaka zapitazi, magawo adayambitsidwa m'maiko ena kuti athetse vuto la capelin. Tsopano capelin ilibe mwayi wosamalira, chifukwa nsomba ndizokwanira, ndipo ndizovuta kuwerengera kuchuluka kwake. Zambiri za kuchuluka kwa nsombazi sizikupezeka.
Capelin ndi nsomba zamtengo wapatali zamalonda, zomwe ndizomwe zimagwirizanitsa kwambiri nsomba ndi nyama zina zomwe zimadyetsa nsomba zambiri. Chiwerengero cha capelin tsopano chikuwonjezeka kwambiri, koma kuchuluka kwake kwakufa ndikufa kwakanthawi kosamuka kumakhudza kwambiri kuchuluka kwa nsomba.
Chosangalatsa: Chaka chilichonse ku Murmansk, kumayambiriro kwenikweni kwa masika, phwando la capelin limachitika, pamwambowu simungathe kulawa mitundu yonse yazakudya za nsomba, komanso kusungitsa capelin pamtengo wokongola (wotsika).
Zikuwoneka kuti kuchuluka kwa nsomba chaka ndi chaka kumatha kusiyanasiyana, izi zimakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, zimadalira momwe zinthu zimakhalira ndi nsomba, chifukwa chake anthu akuyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti ali oyenera osati amoyo wokha, komanso kubereka ana, ndiye ndipo anthu a capelin adzawonjezeka.
Pamapeto pake, zatsalira kuwonjezera izi kapolo ndi yaing'ono, koma mawuwa, poyang'ana koyamba, nsomba imagwira gawo lofunikira, kukhalapo kwa nyama zina komanso m'moyo wamunthu, chifukwa chake kufunikira kwake kwakukulu sikuyenera kupeputsidwa. Ngakhale kuti si chakudya chodyera cha m'madzi, chimayamikiridwabe kwambiri pophika tsiku ndi tsiku. Capelin atha kutchedwa kuti wotsika mtengo, koma wokoma kwambiri komanso wothandiza polumikizana bwino.Mitengo yambiri yophikira imaperekedwa kwa capelin, ndipo akatswiri azakudya amatsimikizira kuti ndi nkhokwe yeniyeni ya mavitamini ndi michere, yokhala ndi mafuta ochepa.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 03/15/2020
Tsiku losintha: 16.01.2020 ku 16:27
