Kuyang'ana mbalame zodya nyama, imodzi imakonda mphamvu zawo, kuthamanga kwa mphezi komanso kukhala tcheru kodabwitsa. Kuuluka mlengalenga mphungu yoyera kumenyedwa ndi mawonekedwe ake abwino, achifumu. Kuphatikiza pa mawonekedwe akunja, mbalame zoterezi zimakhala ndi mitundu yosangalatsa yokhudza moyo wawo. Tiyeni tiyesere kuphunzira mwatsatanetsatane za moyo wa mphungu zoyera, zomwe titha kuzitcha kuti olemekezeka akumwamba.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Mphungu yoyera
Chiwombankhanga choyera ndi nyama yolusa yamphongo ya banja la mphamba, dongosolo lofanana ndi la mphamba ndi mtundu wa ziwombankhanga. Mwambiri, ziwombankhanga zonse ndizodya zazikulu. Kusiyana kwawo kwakukulu ndi ziwombankhanga ndi kupezeka kwa maliseche (opanda chophimba cha nthenga). Pansi pake pa zala za mbalamezo pali timiyala ting'onoting'ono tomwe timathandiza kuti nyamayo (makamaka nsomba) isatuluke.
Akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale amasiyanitsa mitundu 8 ya ziwombankhanga, zomwe pakati pawo chiwombankhanga choyera chimatchulidwanso. Ndikosavuta kuyerekezera kuti mbalameyi yatchulidwa chifukwa chakuti ili ndi nthenga zoyera za mchira. Kukhazikika kwa mitundu iyi ya ziwombankhanga nthawi zonse kumalumikizidwa ndi malo amadzi, chifukwa chake nyama yodya mapiko iyi imatha kupezeka pafupi ndi magombe am'nyanja, mitsinje yayikulu, ndi nyanja zazikulu. Sizachabe kuti, lotanthauziridwa kuchokera ku Greek yakale, etymology ya liwu loti "chiwombankhanga" limamasuliridwa kuti "chiwombankhanga cham'madzi".
Video: Chiwombankhanga choyera
Maonekedwe a chiwombankhanga choyera ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi msuweni wake waku America, mphungu yamphongo. Akatswiri ena a mbalame adaziphatikiza chifukwa chofanana ndi superspecies imodzi. Si zachilendo kuwona kufananitsa pakati pa mchira woyera woyera ndi chiwombankhanga chagolide. Pakadali pano, asayansi sanapeze mtundu winawake wa chiwombankhanga choyera. Mbalamezi ndizokulirapo, zonyada komanso zokongola, chifukwa chake zimawonetsedwa pamitampu yamayiko osiyanasiyana. Ponena za dziko lathu, mitundu 4 ya ziwombankhanga, kuphatikiza zoyera, zasankha maulendo ake.
Chosangalatsa: Mphungu yoyera mchaka cha 2013 idasankhidwa kukhala mbalame yapachaka ndi Russian Bird Conservation Union. Anachita izi pofuna kukopa chidwi cha anthu pamavuto oteteza chilombochi.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya mphungu yoyera
Chiwombankhanga choyera ndi chachikulu kwambiri, chili ndi malamulo amphamvu, mulomo wokwera, mapiko aatali komanso otambalala ndi mchira womwe ukuwoneka wofupikitsidwa pang'ono. Mtundu wa amuna ndi akazi ndi wofanana kwathunthu, koma oyambayo ndi ocheperako pang'ono kuposa akazi. Unyinji wamwamuna kuyambira 3 mpaka 5.5 makilogalamu, akazi - kuchokera 4 mpaka 7 kg. Kutalika kwa thupi la chiwombankhanga kumasiyana masentimita 60 mpaka 98, ndipo mapiko ake m'litali akhoza kukhala osangalatsa m'litali (kuyambira 190 mpaka 250 cm). Mbalamezi zimadziwika bwino ngati nthenga zomwe zimaphimba tibia; palibe nthenga kumapeto kwenikweni kwa Tarso. Mbalame za mbalamezo ndizamphamvu kwambiri, m'nkhokwe yawo muli zikhadabo zakuthwa, zazikulu, zooneka ngati mbedza zomwe siziphonya nyama.
Mtundu wa nthenga za mbalame zokhwima umakhala wosakanikirana, womwe umatha kuchoka pagulu lofiirira mpaka kutuluka, kusiyana uku kumawonekera chifukwa chakuti nthenga m'munsi mwake zimakhala zakuda, ndipo nsonga zake zimawoneka zopepuka (zowotcha). Kusunthira pafupi ndi mutu, mtundu wa mphungu umakhala wowala, pafupifupi woyera pamutu pake. Mitundu ya nthenga zouluka, pamimba ndi buluku lokwanira ndi yakuda poyerekeza ndi maziko a mbalame. Mchira wokongola woyera ndi wosiyana ndi wokwera pamwamba, pansi ndi mapiko.
Maso a chiwombankhanga si akulu kwambiri, ndipo mawonekedwe ake amatha kukhala:
- bulauni wonyezimira;
- bulauni bulauni;
- amber;
- wachikasu.
Pachifukwa ichi, ziwombankhanga nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa maso agolide. Mtundu wa miyendo ya mbalameyo ndi mlomo wake wokulirapo ulinso wonyezimira.
Chosangalatsa: Mitundu ya nyama zazing'ono imakhala yakuda kwambiri kuposa abale achikulire. Iris, mchira ndi mulomo wawo ndi imvi yakuda. Mawanga angapo amtundu wautali amatha kuwona pamimba, ndipo mawonekedwe a marble amawoneka pamwamba pa mchira. Pambuyo pa mult iliyonse, ziwombankhanga zachinyamata zimafanana kwambiri ndi mbalame zazikulu. Ndipamene mbalamezo zimakhwima pogonana pomwe zimayamba kuwoneka mofanana ndi ziombankhanga zazikulu. Izi sizichitika mpaka zaka zisanu ngakhale pambuyo pake.
Chifukwa chake, chiwombankhanga chokhwima chimasiyanitsidwa ndi nyama zina zofanananso ndi nthenga mwa kukhalapo kwa mchira woyera ndi mutu wopepuka, khosi ndi mulomo. Chiwombankhanga chomwe chimakhala pansi chikuwoneka chaching'ono, chachikulu komanso chopanda mawonekedwe poyerekeza ndi chiwombankhanga. Poyerekeza ndi chiwombankhanga, mutu woyera woyera ndi wokulirapo. Chiwombankhanga choyera chimasiyanitsidwa ndi chiwombankhanga chagolide ndi mchira wofupikitsidwa woboola pakati komanso mlomo wokulirapo komanso wamtali.
Kodi chiwombankhanga choyera chimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Mphungu yoyera kuchokera ku Red Book
Ku Eurasia, gawo logawidwa kwa ziwombankhanga zoyera ndichambiri, limakhudza Scandinavia, Denmark, Elbe Valley, ndikufika ku Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia. Mbalame zimakhala ku Balkan, beseni la Anadyr, Kamchatka, lokhala pagombe la Pacific kum'mawa kwa Asia. Kumpoto, malo omwe chiwombankhanga chimalanda Norway, Kola Peninsula (gawo lakumpoto), Timanskaya tundra, Yamal (dera lakumwera), malowa amapitilira ku Gydan Peninsula, akuyandikira pakamwa pa Pesina ndi Yenisei, ziwombankhanga za zigwa za Lena ndi Khatanga. Mapeto awo kumpoto ndi Chukotka Range, kapena kani, kutsetsereka kwake kwakumwera.
M'madera ena akumwera, ziwombankhanga zoyera zasankha:
- Greece ndi Asia Minor;
- kumpoto kwa Iran ndi Iraq;
- malo otsika a Amu Darya;
- kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China;
- kumpoto kwa dziko la Mongol;
- Chilumba cha Korea.
Ziwombankhanga zoyera zimakonda Greenland (gawo lakumadzulo), mbalame zodyerazi zimakhalanso kumadera azilumba zina:
- Zowonongeka;
- Dziko;
- Sakhalin;
- Hokkaido;
- Iceland.
Chosangalatsa: Kumpoto, chiwombankhanga chimawerengedwa kuti chimasamukira kudziko lina, kumwera komanso pakati - chongokhala kapena kusamukasamuka. Achinyamata ochokera kumadera apakati amapita kummwera m'nyengo yozizira, pomwe ziwombankhanga zodziwa zambiri zimakhala m'nyengo yozizira, osawopa kuti madamu amaundana.
Ponena za dziko lathu, kufalikira kwa ziwombankhanga zoyera mdera lake kumatha kutchedwa kulikonse. Mbalame zambiri potengera kuchuluka kwake zimapezeka m'mbali mwa Nyanja ya Baikal, zigawo za Azov ndi Caspian. Nyama zolusa nthawi zambiri zimakonza zisa zawo pafupi ndi matupi akuluakulu amadzi kapena m'mphepete mwa nyanja, momwe zimakhala ndi chakudya chambiri.
Kodi chiwombankhanga choyera chimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Mbalame yolusa Mphungu yoyera
Chakudya cha chiwombankhanga choyera, monga choyenera mbalame yayikuluyi, ndizodya. Nthawi zambiri, imakhala ndi mbale za nsomba, sikuti pachabe kuti nthenga iyi amatchedwa mphungu yam'nyanja. Nsombazo ndizoyambirira ulemu chifukwa cha zakudya; nthawi zambiri, ziwombankhanga sizimagwira anthu osaposa ma kilogalamu atatu. Zokonda mbalame sizongokhala zokhazokha zokhazokha, nyama zamtchire (zonse nthaka ndi nthenga) zimakhudzanso kukoma kwa ziwombankhanga, ndipo m'nyengo yozizira yozizira samanyoza nyama zakufa.
Kuphatikiza pa nsomba, ziwombankhanga zimakhala ndi zokhwasula-khwasula:
- Kalulu;
- makoswe a mole;
- mbalame zamadzi (abakha, atsekwe, loon);
- ziphuphu (bobak);
- gophers.
Njira zosakira mbalame ndizosiyana, zimadalira mtundu wina wa nyama ndi kukula kwake. Chiwombankhanga chimatha kuwukira molunjika panthawi yomwe ikuuluka, chimatha kuthawira kwa wovulalayo kuchokera pamwamba, ikafuna kutalika kwake. Zimakhala zachilendo mbalame kutchinjiriza amene angawathamangire; zimathanso kutenga nyama yomwe imakonda kwambiri kwa nyama ina yofooka kwambiri. Miyendo yoyera yomwe imakhala m'malo otseguka imayang'anira gopher, nyongolotsi ndi makoswe pafupi ndi maenje awo. Ziwombankhanga zimagwira mahatchi othamanga kwambiri. Chiwombankhanga chimawopseza mbalame zam'madzi ndikuziwongolera.
Chosangalatsa: Nthawi zambiri ziwombankhanga zimadya nyama zodwala, zofooka komanso zakale. Kudya nsomba zomwe zaundana ndi kumira, mbalame zimachotsa kuchuluka kwa malo osungira. Musaiwale kuti amadya zovunda, chifukwa chake amatha kukhala ndi chitetezo cham nthenga mwachilengedwe. Asayansi-ornithologists amatsimikizira kuti michira yoyera imagwira ntchito yofunikira kwambiri yosungitsa chilengedwe mu biotopes komwe amakhala.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mphungu yoyera ikuthawa
Chiwombankhanga choyera-chakudyacho ndichilombo chachinayi chokhala ndi mapiko poyerekeza ndi kukula kwake kudera la Europe. Pamaso pake pali: chiwombankhanga cha griffon, munthu wandevu ndi chimbulu chakuda. Miyendo yoyera ndiyamodzi; awiriawiri, amakhala kwazaka zambiri mdera lomwelo, lomwe limatha kutambasula kuchokera ku 25 mpaka 80 km. Banja la ziwombankhanga limateteza mosamala katundu wawo kwa omwe akupikisana nawo. Mwambiri, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti chikhalidwe cha mbalamezi ndizovuta, ngakhale ndi ana awo samavutikira kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo nthawi yomweyo amawaperekeza kumoyo wodziyimira pawokha atangoyamba kutuluka papiko.
Pamene ziwombankhanga zimasaka nsomba, zimayang'anitsitsa mosamala nyama ndipo zimatsikira pansi kuchokera pamwamba kuti zitole zikhadabo zakuthwa kumapazi awo. Chilombocho chimatha kubisala m'madzi kwa mphindi ziwiri kuti chigwire nsomba zakuya, ndikuwongolera izi. Pouluka, ziwombankhanga sizili zokongola komanso zothamanga ngati mpheta ndi ziwombankhanga. Poyerekeza ndi iwo, amawoneka olemera kwambiri, amawuluka pafupipafupi kwambiri. Mapiko awo ndi osalimba ndipo alibe mawondo ofanana ndi ziwombankhanga.
Chiwombankhanga chokhala panthambi chimakhala chofanana kwambiri ndi chiwombankhanga, chimatsitsimutsanso mutu wake ndipo chimakhala ndi nthenga zopindika. Liwu la ziwombankhanga limasiyanitsidwa ndi kufuula kwamwano, kwamwano pang'ono. Mbalamezi zikasokonezedwa ndi zinazake, kulira kwawo kumakhala kosavuta ndikumveka kwachitsulo. Nthawi zina ziwombankhanga zimapanga duet yolira. Mbalamezo zimafuula nthawi yomweyo, ndikuponyera mitu yawo kumbuyo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mphungu yoyera ku Russia
Monga tanena kale, ziwombankhanga zimathandizira kulumikizana kwamphamvu m'banja, kupanga banja moyo wonse. Banja la mbalame zam'banja nthawi zonse limapita m'nyengo yozizira limodzi m'malo otentha ndipo limodzi limabwerera ku chisa chawo, izi zimachitika mu Marichi kapena Epulo. Nyumba yogona ya ziwombankhanga ndi nyumba yabanja kwenikweni ya mbalame, komwe amakhala moyo wawo wonse, kumaliza ndikukonzanso malo awo okhala, ngati kuli kofunikira. Ziwombankhanga zimasankha malo obisalira pamitengo yomwe ikukula m'mbali mwa nyanja ndi mitsinje, kapena pamapiri ndi miyala, yomwe ilinso pafupi ndi madzi.
Pofuna kumanga chisa, nyama zodya nthenga zimagwiritsa ntchito nthambi zowirira, ndipo pansi pake pamadzaza ndi makungwa, nthambi zowonda, magulu audzu, ndi nthenga. Kapangidwe kakang'ono kameneka nthawi zonse kamakhala pa nthambi yayikulu komanso yolimba kapena mdera la mphanda munthambi. Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu ndikutalika kwa malowa, komwe kumatha kusiyanasiyana pakati pa 15 ndi 25 m, izi zimateteza anapiye kwa osafunira pansi.
Chosangalatsa: Malo okonzera zisa akangomangidwa, samadutsa mita imodzi m'mimba mwake, koma popita zaka zimakhala zovuta kwambiri, ndikuwonjezeka pang'ono pang'ono. Kapangidwe koteroko kakhoza kugwa mosavuta kuchokera pamphamvu yake yokha, kotero mchira woyera nthawi zambiri umayenera kuyamba kumanga nyumba yatsopano.
Mkazi amatha kuikira mazira 1 mpaka 3, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi 2. Mtundu wa chipolopolocho ndi choyera, chimatha kukhala ndi zotsalira. Mazirawo ndi aakulu mokwanira kuti angafanane ndi mbalamezo. Zili zazitali masentimita 7 mpaka 8. Nthawi yokwanira ndi pafupifupi masabata asanu. Anapiye amabadwa mu Meyi. Kwa miyezi itatu, makolo amasamalira ana awo, omwe amafunikira chisamaliro chachikulu. Kale kumayambiriro kwa mwezi watha wa chilimwe, ziwombankhanga zazing'ono zimayamba kuwuluka, ndipo kumapeto kwa Seputembala amasiya nyumba zawo za makolo, kupita kwa munthu wamkulu, wodziyimira pawokha, womwe mwachilengedwe ungakhale wazaka 25 mpaka 27.
Chosangalatsa: Chodabwitsa, ziwombankhanga zoyera mu ukapolo zimatha kukhala zaka zoposa 40.
Adani achilengedwe a mphungu yoyera
Chithunzi: Mphungu yoyera
Chifukwa chakuti chiwombankhanga choyera ndi cholengedwa chachikulu champhamvu komanso champhamvu champhongo chokhala ndi milomo yochititsa chidwi komanso zikhadabo zolimba, sichikhala ndi anthu oyipa kuthengo. Koma izi zitha kunenedwa za mbalame zokhwima, koma anapiye obadwa kumene, nyama zazing'ono komanso mazira a ziwombankhanga ndi omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu ndipo amatha kuvutika ndi nyama zina zolusa zomwe sizidana nazo.
Akatswiri odziwa za mbalame ku Sakhalin adapeza kuti zisa zambiri za mbalame zimavutika ndi zikopa za zimbalangondo zofiirira, izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi kupezeka kwa zokopa zina pakhungwa la mitengo momwe ziwombankhanga zimakhazikika. Pali umboni wosonyeza kuti mu 2005, zimbalangondo zazing'ono zinawononga pafupifupi theka la malo okhala mbalame, potero zimawononga ana awo. Akuba akuba pa zisa amathanso kupangidwa ndi nthumwi za banja la weasel, omwe amayendanso molimbika mu korona wamtengo. Ma corvids amathanso kuwononga zomangamanga.
Zachisoni, koma mdani woyipa kwambiri wa ziwombankhanga mpaka posachedwa anali munthu yemwe, pakati pa zaka zapitazi, adayamba kuwononga mbalame zazikuluzikuluzi, akuwawona kuti ndi omwe akuchita nawo mpikisano wambiri wa nsomba ndi muskrats. Pankhondo yosafanana iyi, ziwombankhanga zazikulu zokha sizinangomwalira, koma mazira awo ndi anapiye awonongedwa. Tsopano zinthu zasintha, anthu adayika michira yoyera ngati anzawo.
Komabe, mbalame zimapitilizabe kuvutika ndi zochita za anthu, kugwera mumisampha yomwe asaka nyama zina (mpaka mbalame 35 zimafa chifukwa cha izi mchaka chimodzi). Nthawi zambiri, kuchuluka kwamagulu azokopa kumakakamiza mbalame kuti zisamukire kumadera ena, zomwe zimasokoneza moyo wawo. Zimachitikanso kuti chidwi chosavuta chaumunthu chimabweretsa tsoka, chifukwa mbalame imangotaya kamodzi kokha munthu akaigwira, koma siyidzalimbana ndi yomwe idadulidwa.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Mbalame yoyera yamiyala yoyera
Udindo wa ziwombankhanga zoyera ndiwosokoneza; m'malo ena amawerengedwa kuti ndi mtundu wamba, m'malo ena amakhala osatetezeka. Kukula kwa Europe, kufalikira kwa chiwombankhanga kumawerengedwa kuti kumachitika pang'ono, i.e. osagwirizana. Pali zidziwitso zakuti pafupifupi mbalame zokwana 7000 zisaga madera a Russia ndi Norway, zomwe ndi 55 peresenti ya mbalame zonse ku Europe.
Ziwerengero zaku Europe zikuwonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa awiriawiri omwe amaswana mwachangu amasiyana pakati pa 9 mpaka 12.3 zikwi, zomwe zikufanana ndi 18-24.5 zikwi anthu okhwima. Asayansi a mbalame akuwona kuti kuchuluka kwa ziwombankhanga zoyera pang'onopang'ono, komabe, zikuchulukirachulukira. Ngakhale zili choncho, pali zinthu zambiri zoyipa zomwe zimasokoneza kukhalapo kwa mbalame zamphamvuzi.
Izi zikuphatikiza:
- kunyoza ndi ngalande za madambwe;
- kupezeka kwa mavuto osiyanasiyana azachilengedwe;
- kudula mitengo yakale yakale komwe ziwombankhanga zimakonda kukhala;
- kulowererapo kwa anthu mu biotopes achilengedwe;
- chakudya chosakwanira chifukwa choti munthu amagwira nsomba zambiri.
Tiyenera kubwereza ndikuti kumadera ena ndi m'maiko ena, ziwombankhanga ndi mitundu yovutikira ya mbalame, chifukwa chake zimafunikira njira zapadera zodzitetezera zomwe anthu akuyesera kuzipatsa.
Oyera a mphungu zoyera
Chithunzi: Mphungu yoyera kuchokera ku Red Book
Monga tanena kale, ziwombankhanga zoyera kumadera osiyanasiyana sizofanana, m'malo ena ndizocheperako, pomwe ena, m'malo mwake, pali nyama zambiri zodya mapiko.Ngati titembenukira kuzakale zaposachedwa, ndiye m'zaka za m'ma 80 za m'zaka zapitazi, kuchuluka kwa mbalamezi m'maiko aku Europe kunachepa kwambiri, koma njira zotetezera munthawi yake zidasinthitsa zinthu, ndipo tsopano ziwombankhanga sizikuwoneka kuti zili pangozi.
Chiwombankhanga choyera chinatchulidwa mu IUCN Red List, kumene ili ndi udindo "Wosasamala Kwambiri" chifukwa cha kufalitsa kwake kwakukulu. M'gawo la dziko lathu, chiwombankhanga choyera chimatchulidwanso mu Red Book of Russia, komwe kuli mtundu wosowa kwambiri. Zomwe zimachepetsa ndikuphatikizira ntchito zosiyanasiyana za anthu, zomwe zimabweretsa kuchepa kwa malo okhala zisa, kuchotsedwa kwa madzi osiyanasiyana, komanso kusamuka kwa mbalame kumadera omwe anthu amakhala. Chifukwa cha kuwononga nyama, mbalamezo sizikhala ndi chakudya chokwanira, zimagwera mumisampha, zimafa chifukwa choti ma taxidermist amawakuta. Ziwombankhanga zimafa chifukwa chodya makoswe ophedwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Njira zazikuluzikulu zotetezera zomwe zimathandizira kubwezeretsa kuchuluka kwa mbalame ndi monga:
- osasokoneza munthu mu biotopes zachilengedwe;
- kuzindikira malo okhalira ziwombankhanga ndikuphatikizidwa kwawo pamndandanda wamalo otetezedwa;
- kuteteza mbalame m'malo ambiri osungira;
- kuwonjezeka kwa chindapusa cha kupha nyama mosavomerezeka;
- kulembetsa pachaka kwa mbalame zachisanu;
- bungwe lokambirana momveka bwino pakati pa anthu kuti munthu sayenera kuyandikira chisa cha mbalame, ngakhale kuti ali ndi chidwi chofuna kudziwa.
Pomaliza, ndikufuna kuwonjezera izi mphungu yoyera ndipo wamphamvu, wamkulu komanso wamphamvu, amafunikirabe kusamala, kusamalidwa ndi kutetezedwa. Kukula kwa mbalame zazing'ono komanso zodabwitsazi kumakondweretsa, ndipo mphamvu zawo, kuthamanga ndi kukhala tcheru kumalimbikitsa ndi kupereka nyonga. Ziwombankhanga zimabweretsa zabwino zambiri m'chilengedwe, zogwira ntchito ngati mapiko. Tikuyembekezerabe kuti anthu adzawathandizanso odyetserako nthengawa, kapena sadzawavulaza.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 09.02.
Tsiku losinthidwa: 23.12.2019 pa 14:38
