Ng'ombe yamaliseche yamaliseche Sili wokongola komanso wokongola, koma mosakayikira ndi nyama yodabwitsa, chifukwa ili ndi mawonekedwe ambiri apadera omwe sali ofanana ndi makoswe ena. Tidzayesa kupenda zochitika m'moyo wa makoswe, osangofotokoza za mawonekedwe ake akunja, komanso zizolowezi, machitidwe, zakudya za nyama, malo ake okhazikika ndi mawonekedwe oberekera.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Maliseche makoswe
Makoswe amaliseche ndi makoswe a banja la makoswe. Banja lodabwitsali limaphatikizapo nyama zakutchire zaku Africa, asayansi apeza mitundu 6 ndi mitundu 22 ya makoswe. Kupita mu mbiriyakale, tiyenera kudziwa kuti banja lodabwitsali la makoswe lakhala likudziwika kuyambira Neogene woyambirira, panthawi yayitali mitundu yamtunduwu imakhalanso ku Asia, komwe sikupezeka tsopano.
Kwa nthawi yoyamba, mbewa yamaliseche idapezeka m'zaka za zana la 19 wolemba zachilengedwe waku Germany Ruppel, yemwe adapeza mbewa mwamwayi ndikuyiyesa mbewa yodwala yomwe idaduka tsitsi chifukwa chodwala. Pa nthawi imeneyo, chisamaliro chapadera chinaperekedwa kwa chofufuzira, asayansi ena amangofufuza za chikhalidwe chawo chachilendo. Pamene matekinoloje ophunzirira za chibadwa amatuluka, asayansi adapeza zinthu zambiri zodabwitsa za makoswe atsitsiwa.
Kanema: Ng'ombe yamaliseche yamaliseche
Zimapezeka kuti makoswe amaliseche samakalamba konse ndi msinkhu, amakhalabe achangu komanso athanzi monga kale. Minofu yawo ya mafupa imakhalabe yolimba, mitima yawo imakhalabe yolimba, ndipo magonedwe awo ndi abwinobwino. Chodabwitsa ndichakuti, mikhalidwe yonse ya moyo imakhala yosasintha, sikumawonongeka akamakalamba.
Chosangalatsa: Kutalika kwa moyo wa makoswe amaliseche kumatalika kasanu ndi kamodzi kuposa kutalika kwa moyo womwe umayesedwa mwachilengedwe ndi makoswe ena. Mwachitsanzo, makoswe amakhala zaka 2 mpaka 5, ndipo mbewa ya mbewa imatha kukhala ndi moyo yonse 30 (ndipo ngakhale pang'ono pang'ono) osakalamba konse!
Powerenga zolengedwa zapaderazi, asayansi apeza zinthu zambiri zodabwitsa zomwe zimapezeka m'mafupa, zomwe ndi izi:
- kusaganizira kupweteka;
- kupanda mantha komanso kukana asidi (osawopa kutentha kwamphamvu ndi mankhwala);
- kukhazikika;
- kukhala ndi chitetezo chokwanira (pafupifupi samadwala khansa, matenda amtima, sitiroko, shuga, ndi zina zambiri);
- kuthekera kochita popanda mpweya kwa mphindi 20;
- utali wautali wa makoswe.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Maliseche makoswe mobisa
Makulidwe a maliseche amphongo ndi ochepa, kutalika kwa thupi lake sikupitilira masentimita 12, ndipo kulemera kwake kumakhala magalamu 30 mpaka 60. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti amuna ndi ocheperako kuposa akazi, omwe amatha kulemera theka kuposa amuna awo. Thupi lonse la makoswe limatha kutchedwa cylindrical, mutu wa mbewa ndiwamphamvu kwambiri, ndipo miyendo yayifupi ndi miyendo isanu.
Chosangalatsa: Kungoona koyamba, mbewa ya mole imawoneka ngati yadazi, komabe, ili ndi tsitsi lina lobalalika pathupi, makamaka mdera la mawondo, zimawoneka bwino.
Chifukwa cha khungu lakunyinyirika, makoswe a mole amatembenuka mwaluso m'malo olimba, zikuwoneka kuti makoswewo amapunduka mkati mwa khungu lawo akatembenuka. Ofukula ali ndi zotchinga zonga chisel zomwe zimatulukira kunja kwa kamwa, pokhala panja, nyama zawo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukumba, monga zidebe zokumbira. Pakamwa pake pamakhala zotchinga zomwe zimateteza ofukulawo kuti asalowe pakamwa padziko lapansi. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti nsagwada zopangidwa bwino za makoswe zimakhala zamphamvu kwambiri ndipo zimakhala ndi minofu yayikulu.
Ofukula sakhala akhungu, maso awo ndi ochepa kwambiri (0,5 mm) ndipo amasiyanitsa pakati pa kuwala ndi mdima. Amatha kuyenda mlengalenga mothandizidwa ndi ma vibrissae, omwe samangokhala pakamwa kokha, komanso m'thupi lonse, tsitsi lofewa limakhala ngati ziwalo zolimba. Ngakhale ma auricles a makoswewa amachepetsedwa (amaimira chikopa chachikopa), amamva bwino, ndikumveka phokoso laphokoso. Ofukulawo ali ndi fungo labwino, nawonso. Mwambiri, khungu lakhungu la thupi la mbewa limakhala lofiirira ndipo limakutidwa ndi makwinya.
Kodi khoswe wamaliseche amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Makoswe amaliseche makoswe
Makoswe onse amakhala mgulu lotentha la Africa, lomwe ndi gawo lakummawa, lomwe limakonda madera akumwera kwa chipululu cha Sahara. Ponena za mbewa zamaliseche, nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'malo a savannah komanso achipululu ku Somalia. Ofukula amakhalanso ku Kenya ndi ku Ethiopia, amakhala m'malo ovuta ndi zipululu zokhalamo. Asayansi adakwanitsa kudziwa kuti akumba akakhala ku Mongolia ndi Israel, adadziwika chifukwa cha zotsalira za nyama zomwe zimapezeka m'maiko awa. Tsopano ofukulawa amakhala ku Africa kokha.
Monga tanena kale, ofukula amakhala m'malo otseguka (m'mapiri a chipululu), makoswe amakonda dothi lamchenga komanso lotayirira, ndipo amatha kukwera mapiri mpaka kutalika kwa kilomita imodzi ndi theka. Zolengedwa zachilendozi zimazolowera kukhala m'matumbo a dziko lapansi, kukumba ma labyrinth athu onse mobisa ndi zida zawo zamphamvu, zopangidwa ndi ma tunnel ambiri okongoletsa, omwe kutalika kwake kumatha kukhala makilomita angapo. Ofukula pafupifupi konse amafika pamwamba, chifukwa chake sizingatheke kuwawona.
Nthawi zina achichepere panthawi yakukhazikika amatha kuwonekera panja pang'ono. Ngakhale dothi louma kwambiri lofanana ndi konkriti silimavutitsa makoswe amaliseche, mmenemo amatha kukumba (kapena kuluma) manda angapo, olowerera kwambiri padziko lapansi kuchokera theka ndi theka mpaka mita ziwiri.
Kodi makoswe amaliseche amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Makoswe amaliseche aku Africa
Amayi amiseche amatha kukhala odyera molimba mtima, chifukwa chakudya chawo chimakhala ndi mbale zokhazokha. Zakudya za omwe amafukulawa zimakhala ndi ma rhizomes ndi tubers yazomera, zolimidwa komanso zakutchire.
Chosangalatsa: Izi zimachitika kuti, kupeza chotupitsa, makoswe amadya gawo limodzi lokha, ndipo mbewa imathira nthaka mu dzenje lomwe adatafuna kuti mbatata zikule kwambiri, motero mbewa yanzeru imadzipezera chakudya choti adzagwiritse ntchito mtsogolo.
Makoswe amenewa amadzipezera chakudya chokha mobisa. Nyama zimapezanso chinyezi chomwe zimafunikira kuchokera kumizu ndi ma tubers, chifukwa chake sizifunikira kabowo. Kuti pakufunafuna chakudya dziko lapansi lisagwere m'mphuno mwa omwe amakumba, amatetezedwa kuchokera pamwamba ndi khola lapadera, lomwe limatchedwa "milomo yabodza". Tiyenera kudziwa kuti mbewa yamphongo ilibe mulomo wapamwamba.
Makoswe apaderawa amakhala ndi kagayidwe kakang'ono kwambiri. ali ndi kutentha kotsika modabwitsa, kuyambira 30 mpaka 35 madigiri. Pachifukwa ichi, chinyama sichimafuna chakudya chochuluka poyerekeza ndi zinyama zina zazikulu mofanana. Makoswe amaliseche akamadya, iwo, monga hamsters, amatha kugwira chotukuka m'miyendo yawo yakutsogolo. Asanadye, amapukutira dothi, ndikulidula ndi zidutswa zakuthwa, kenako ndikuligwiritsa ntchito mano awo aang'ono.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Maliseche makoswe
Makoswe amaliseche amadziwika kuti ndi nyama zachilendo, i.e. ali ndi gulu labwino kwambiri, m'njira yawo yamoyo amakhala ofanana ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana (nyerere, njuchi). Mitundu ya mobisa ya makoswewa imakhala ndi nyama 70-80.
Chosangalatsa: Pali zambiri zomwe asayansi awona mitundumitundu ya makoswe, momwe pafupifupi nyama 295 zimakhala.
Kutalika konse kwa labyrinths yapansi panthaka, komwe kumakhala malo amodzi, kumatha kutalika kwa 3 mpaka 5 km. Dziko lapansi lomwe limatayidwa mukamakumba ngalande limafikira matani atatu kapena anayi pachaka. Nthawi zambiri, mumphangayo mumakhala m'mimba mwake masentimita 4 ndipo ndikutalika mamita 2.
Ma tunnel amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulumikizana:
- zipinda zisa;
- zipinda za aft;
- zipinda.
Kukumba njira zapansi panthaka ndi ntchito yothandizana, zimayamba mwachangu munthawi yamvula, pomwe dziko lapansi limafewa ndikukhazikika. Unyolo wa ofukula 5 kapena 6 amasuntha mufayilo limodzi, kutsatira wogwira ntchito woyamba kuluma m'nthaka ndi zotsekemera, zomwe makoswe otsata nyama yoyamba amathandizira kutulutsa. Nthawi ndi nthawi, wokumba woyamba amasinthidwa ndi nyama yotsatirayo.
Makoswe onse okhala mdera limodzi ndi abale. Mutu wa chigawo chonsechi ndi wamkazi m'modzi yekha, yemwe amatchedwa mfumukazi kapena mfumukazi. Mfumukazi imatha kukwatirana ndi amuna awiri kapena atatu, amuna ena onse pagulu (amuna ndi akazi) ndiogwira ntchito, satenga nawo mbali pantchito yobereka.
Kutengera magawo azithunzi, ogwira ntchito ali ndi ntchito zingapo. Anthu akuluakulu ali m'gulu la asitikali omwe akuchita nawo ntchito poteteza amitundu anzawo kwa adani. Makoswe ang'onoang'ono ali ndi udindo wosamalira matayala, ana oyamwitsa, ndi kufunafuna chakudya. Zochita za anthu azaka zapakatikati ndizapakatikati; palibe kusiyanasiyana pakati pa makoswe am'mimba, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi nyerere. Mkazi wamfumukazi pamoyo wake wonse amatanganidwa ndi kubereka ana, kubala ana opitilira zana.
Chosangalatsa: Kuchokera pakuwona kwina kumadziwika kuti mzaka 12 chiberekero chinabala pafupifupi makoswe 900.
Tiyenera kuwonjezeranso kuti makoswe amaliseche ali ndi kulumikizana kwamaluso kwambiri, pamawu awo mulibe mitundu yosachepera 18 yamamvekedwe, yomwe imafanana kwambiri ndi makoswe ena. Kusunga kutentha kwa thupi nthawi zonse sikuli ngati makoswe am'mimba; (kutentha) kumatha kusinthasintha, kutengera kutentha kwa chilengedwe. Pochepetsa kutentha, ofukula amasonkhana m'magulu akulu ndipo amatha kukhala kwa nthawi yayitali m'mabowo omwe ali pafupi ndi dziko lapansi. Kukhala ndi metabolism yochepetsetsa kumathandizira kupulumuka kwa makoswe a mole komwe kulibe mpweya wokwanira m'matumbo a dziko lapansi ndipo zomwe zili mu kaboni dayokisaidi ndizokwera, zomwe zimapha zamoyo zina.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Makoswe amaliseche mobisa
Monga tanenera kale, mkazi, wotchedwa mfumukazi kapena chiberekero, ndi amene amachititsa kubereka ana mu makoswe amaliseche. Pakukhatira, amagwiritsa ntchito amuna ochepa okha achonde (nthawi zambiri awiri kapena atatu), onse okhala munthawi ya labyrinth satenga nawo gawo pantchito yobereka. Mfumukazi yachikazi sasintha abwenzi, kukhalabe ndiubwenzi wanthawi zonse ndi amuna osankhidwawa kwazaka zambiri. Kutalika kwa mimba ndi pafupifupi masiku 70, chiberekero chimatha kukhala ndi ana atsopano masiku 80 aliwonse. Pakhoza kukhala malita opitilira 5 pachaka.
Makoswe amaliseche amatha kutchedwa kuti ochulukirapo; poyerekeza ndi makoswe ena, kuchuluka kwa ana mumphika umodzi kumatha kusiyanasiyana pakati pa 12 ndi 27. Mwana aliyense amalemera ochepera magalamu awiri. Ngakhale ana oposera khumi ndi awiri atha kubadwa nthawi imodzi, yaikaziyo ili ndi timabele totere 12 tokha, koma izi sizitanthauza kuti ana ena amafa. Chifukwa cha kafukufuku wa asayansi aku America, zidadziwika kuti makanda amaliseche amphongo amadyanso, chifukwa mayi wamkazi ali ndi mkaka wambiri. Chifukwa cha njira yodyetsera iyi, makanda omwe adakali aang'ono amazindikira kufunikira kogwirizana.
Mayi Amayi Amayi amathandiza anawo mkaka kwa mwezi umodzi, ngakhale amayamba kudya zakudya zolimba kale atakwanitsa milungu iwiri. Ana amatenga ndowe za anthu ena ogwira ntchito, choncho amakhala ndi zomera zomwe zimafunika kugaya zomera zomwe amadyazo. Ali ndi zaka zitatu kapena zinayi zakubadwa, makoswe ang'onoang'ono akuyamba kale kulowa mgulu la ogwira ntchito, ndipo makoswe okhwima akugonana akuyandikira chaka chimodzi. Monga tanena kale, ofukula amakhala ndi makoswe kwa nthawi yayitali - pafupifupi zaka 30 (nthawi zina zochulukirapo). Asayansi sanadziwebe chifukwa chake njira yapaderayi imagwira ntchito.
Chosangalatsa: Ngakhale ndizotchuka kuti ndi mfumukazi, amakhala moyo wocheperako kuposa owumba ena omwe amagwira ntchito. Ofufuzawa adapeza kuti kutalika kwa chiberekero kumakhala zaka 13 mpaka 18.
Adani achilengedwe a makoswe amaliseche
Chithunzi: Ndodo yamphongo yamphongo
Chifukwa chakuti ofukula amatsogolera mobisa komanso mobisa, samangofika pamwamba, ndiye kuti makoswewa alibe adani ambiri, chifukwa kupeza zovuta m'matumbo a dziko lapansi, komwe kumamira mpaka mita ziwiri. Ngakhale moyo wa makoswewa unali wotetezedwa komanso wotetezeka, amakhalabe ndi adani. Adani akulu ofukula amatchedwa njoka. Kawirikawiri, koma zimachitika kuti njoka pansi pomwepo imatsata mbewa imodzi, ikumufunafuna kudzera mumsewu wokumba. Izi sizimachitika kawirikawiri, nthawi zambiri njoka zimayang'ana nyama pamtunda.
Njoka za mole zimasaka makoswe amaliseche panthawi yomwe makoswe amataya dothi lokwanira m'mabowo awo. Wonyenga zokwawa akuyembekezera kuoneka excavator ndi mutu wake mu dzenje. Pamene mbewa imawoneka kuti iponya pansi, amamugwira ndi ndodo yamphezi. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti ngakhale makoswe a mole amakhala osawona, amasiyanitsa bwino fungo, amatha kuzindikira msanga kubadwa kwawo kwa alendo, ndipo nyamazo sizimalekerera izi.
Pakati pa adani a makoswe amaliseche amathanso kuwerengedwa anthu omwe amawona zolengedwa izi ngati tizilombo toononga mbewu ndikuyesera makoswe a laimu. Zachidziwikire, ofukula amatha kuwononga zokolola mwa kudya mizu ndi mizu, koma musaiwale kuti, monga timadontho tating'onoting'ono, timathandizanso panthaka, kuithira ndikuikhutitsa ndi mpweya.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Maliseche makoswe
Koyamba, zitha kuwoneka kuti maliseche amphongo ali zolengedwa zopanda chitetezo, chifukwa sawona kalikonse, ndi yaying'ono kukula, ndipo alibe ubweya. Kumva uku ndikopusitsa, chifukwa makoswewa amatha kupikisana ndi nyama zina zazitali zazomwe zimakhalabe ndi moyo. Ponena za kuchuluka kwa mbewa zamaliseche, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti nyama zachilendozi sizowerengeka m'malo mwake ndipo ndizofala. Kuchuluka kwa makoswe amaliseche sikuwopsezedwa kuti atha; makoswe amakhalabe ochuluka, yomwe ndi nkhani yabwino. Malinga ndi chidziwitso cha IUCN, mtundu wamtunduwu umakhala ndi mwayi wosamalira zomwe zimayambitsa nkhawa, mwanjira ina, makoswe amaliseche sanalembedwe mu Red Book ndipo safuna njira zapadera zodzitetezera.
Zifukwa zingapo zidapangitsa kuti zinthu ziziyenda bwino ngati kuchuluka kwa nyama izi, monga:
- mobisa, moyo wachinsinsi komanso wotetezeka wa ofukula, otetezedwa ku zisonkhezero zakunja;
- kukana kwawo matenda osiyanasiyana owopsa;
- kusamva kwa makoswe kuululu ndi kupulumuka atakumana ndi zovuta zingapo;
- mawonekedwe apadera a moyo wautali;
- chonde chodabwitsa kwambiri.
Chifukwa chake, titha kunena kuti chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo apadera, makoswe amaliseche adatha kupulumuka, ndikuweta ziweto za anthu ambiri pamlingo woyenera.Tikukhulupirira kuti izi zipitilira mtsogolo.
Pamapeto pake, ndikufuna kuwonjezera kuti chilengedwe sichitopa ndikutidabwitsa, chifukwa cha zolengedwa zokhazokha komanso zotsogola maliseche amphongo... Ngakhale kukongola kwakunja sikovuta kwawo, makoswewa ali ndi zabwino zina zambiri zomwe nyama zina sizingadzitamande. Nyama zodabwitsazi zitha kutchedwa zoyambirira komanso zida zam'munsi.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 03/01/2020
Tsiku losintha: 12.01.2020 nthawi 20:45
