Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Lemmings ndizinyama zazing'ono zomwe zimasankhidwa ndi akatswiri a zoo ngati membala wa banja la hamster. Kunja komanso kukula, amafanana ndi abale omwe adatchulidwa. M'malo mwake, pansi pa dzina "kulima»Ndichizolowezi chophatikiza magulu angapo azinyama nthawi imodzi, zomwe ndizofanana kwambiri ndipo ndizofanana ndi makoswe ochokera kubanja lachilengedwe.
Ubweya wa oimira nyamawu ndi wautali wapakatikati, wandiweyani, umatha kukhala wofiirira-wotuwa mumthunzi, wosasangalatsa, nthawi zina umasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wosiyanasiyana. Nyama zotere zimawoneka zonenepa komanso zowirira. Ubweya pamutu pawo, utali wokwera pang'ono, umakuta khutu laling'ono.
Ndipo pa thupi lonse, ubweyawo umakhala wokulira kwambiri komanso wandiweyani kotero kuti umabisala pansi pa mitundu ina ya nyama. Maso a mikanda amawonekera pamphuno yomwe imakhala yosasunthika. Zingwe za zolengedwa izi ndizofupikitsa, mchira nthawi zambiri samakhala wopitilira 2 cm.
Lemming – nyama yamtengo wapatali ndi madera ena ofanana akumpoto: nkhalango-tundra ndi zilumba za Arctic, chifukwa chake mumitundu ingapo, mtundu wa tsitsi m'nyengo yozizira umawala kwambiri ndipo umapezanso utoto woyera kuti ugwirizane ndi malo ozungulira chisanu. Nyama zoterezi zimapezeka kumadera ozizira a ku Eurasia komanso kumadera okutidwa ndi chipale chofewa aku America.
Mitundu
Pali mitundu yokwanira ya oimira nyama zakumpoto, ndipo ndichikhalidwe, malinga ndi mtundu wovomerezeka tsopano, kuphatikiza zonsezo kukhala mibadwo inayi. Mitundu ina ya mitundu (pafupifupi isanu ndi umodzi) ndi yomwe ili m'madera aku Russia. Taganizirani izi mwatsatanetsatane, ndipo mwatsatanetsatane mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe awo amatha kuwoneka mu chithunzi cha mandimu.
1. Lemming waku Siberia... Nyama izi zimagawidwa ngati ziphuphu zenizeni. Ndi zazikulu poyerekeza ndi abale awo. Kukula kwa amuna (ndizoposa magawo azimayi) kumatha kutalika kwa 18 cm ndikulemera magalamu opitilira zana.
Nyama zotere zimakhala ndi utoto wofiyira wosakanikirana ndi ubweya wofiirira komanso wamvi m'malo ena. Chodziwika bwino cha mawonekedwe awo ndi mzere wakuda, womwe umayambira pamwamba pakati kupyola thupi lonse mpaka mchira.
M'madera ena, mwachitsanzo, omwe amakhala kuzilumba za Arctic Russia (Wrangel ndi Novosibirsk), kumbuyo kwa thupi kumakhala ndi malo akuda kwambiri. Mitundu ina yazinyama imakhala kumtunda. Amakhala m'malo otentha komanso otentha m'nkhalango m'madera a Arkhangelsk ndi Vologda, komanso m'maiko a Kalmykia.
Lemming yaku Siberia ili ndi utoto wosiyanasiyana
2. Amur lemming... Monga mamembala amitundu yam'mbuyomu, nyamazi ndizomwe zimakhalapo ndi mandimu enieni. Ndi anthu okhala m'nkhalango za taiga. Kugawidwa kuchokera kumpoto kwa Siberia ndi kum'mawa, mpaka ku Magadan ndi Kamchatka.
Amakula m'litali ndi masentimita 12. M'nyengo yozizira, ubweya wawo umakhala wonenepa, wautali, wamtundu wakuda bulauni ndikuphatikiza kwa imvi ndikukhudza dzimbiri. Zovala zawo za chilimwe ndi zofiirira ndi mzere wakuda kumbuyo.
Lemur ya Amur imadziwika mosavuta ndi mzere wakuda kumbuyo
3. Kutulutsa nkhalango - mitundu yokhayo yamtundu womwewo. Amakhala m'nkhalango za coniferous, koma ndi ma moss ochulukirapo, munthawi yomwe nyama zotere zimakonda kupanga ma tunnel. Amakhala kumpoto kwa Eurasia, omwe amafalitsidwa kwambiri: kuchokera ku Norway kupita ku Sakhalin.
Poyerekeza ndi achibale omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa, kukula kwa mtundu wa lemming wamtunduwu ndikochepa (kutalika kwa thupi pafupifupi 10 cm). Akazi amapitilira pang'ono magawo a amuna, koma kulemera kwawo nthawi zambiri kumakhala osapitilira 45 g.
Chinyama cha nyama zotere ndi kupezeka kumbuyo, kokutidwa ndi ubweya wa imvi kapena wakuda, malo ofiira otuwa (nthawi zina amafalikira kuchokera kumbuyo mpaka kumbuyo kwenikweni kwa mutu). Ubweya wa nyama pamwamba umakhala ndi chitsulo chosalala, pamimba pake ndi chopepuka.
Mu chithunzi nkhalango lemming
4. Lemming yaku Norway imakhalanso ya lemmings yeniyeni. Kugawidwa kumapiri-tundra, makamaka ku Norway, komanso kumpoto kwa Finland ndi Sweden, ku Russia amakhala ku Kola Peninsula.
Kukula kwa nyamazo kuli pafupifupi masentimita 15, kulemera kwake ndi magalamu 130. Mtunduwo ndi wa imvi ndi bulauni yakuda kumbuyo kwake. Nyama yotere nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi chifuwa chofiirira komanso kukhosi, komanso mimba yakuda ndi chikaso.
5. Lemming ya ziboda - mtundu wochokera kumtundu womwewo. Ili ndi dzina lake lachithunzi chosangalatsa. Kutsogolo, pa zala zapakati pazinyama zazing'onozi, zikhadazo zimakula kwambiri kotero kuti zimapanga "ziboda" ngati fosholo.
Mwakuwoneka, oimira nyama awa amafanana ndi mbewa zokhala ndi zingwe zazifupi. Amakhala kumadera ozizira kuyambira ku White Sea mpaka ku Kamchatka. Mwachilengedwe, amasinthidwa kukhala moyo m'malo ovuta.
Ubweya wawo ndi wofewa, wonenepa, ngakhale wokutira zidendene. M'nyengo yozizira imakhala yoyera, m'nyengo yotentha imvi ndi bulauni, dzimbiri kapena chikasu, chokhala ndi mzere wakuda wamtali. Nyama zazikulu kwambiri zamtunduwu zimakula mpaka 16 cm, zitsanzo zazing'ono - mpaka 11 cm.
Lemming ya ziboda amatchedwa ndi dzina la kapangidwe kake.
6. Lemming Vinogradov komanso kuchokera ku mtundu wa lemmings wokhala ndi ziboda. Ndipo kale m'mbuyomu, asayansi anali a subspecies zokha za ziboda zamphongo, koma tsopano amadziwika ngati mtundu wodziyimira pawokha. Nyama zoterezi zimapezeka kuzilumba za Arctic pachilumba cha Wrangel, ndipo zidatchedwa dzina lawo polemekeza wasayansi waku Soviet Vinogradov.
Zili zazikulu kwambiri, zimakula mpaka masentimita 17. Zili ndi utoto wa phulusa pamwamba ndikuwonjezera mabokosi ndi zonona, komanso mbali zofiira ndi pansi pang'ono. Mitunduyi imawerengedwa kuti ndi yocheperako ndipo imakhala yosamala.
Mitundu yaying'ono kwambiri ya mandimu - Vinogradov
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Madambo akuthira m'nkhalango zam'mapiri, tundra zamapiri ndi madera okutidwa ndi chipale chofewa - uku ndiye koyenera malo okhala ndi mandimu... Mwachilengedwe, nyama zotere zimatsimikizika kuti ndizokha, choncho sizipanga magulu, kupewa ngakhale anthu amtundu wawo.
Mgwirizano sikuti ndiwachilendo kwa iwo, koma kungofuna nkhawa zokhazokha ndi komwe kumawakomera. Amapewa komanso sakonda oimira ena anyama, komanso anzawo.
Pakakhala chakudya chokwanira iwo, nyamazi zimasankha malo ena oti azikhalamo ndikukhala moyo wokhalamo, osasiya malo awo achizolowezi popanda chifukwa, mpaka magwero onse azakudya atatulukire kumeneko. Ma burrows omwe adakumba pawokha amakhala ngati nyumba yawo, yomwe amayesa kuyiyika kutali ndi malo okhala mandimu ena.
Kudzikundikira kwakukulu m'zisa kumachitika m'nyengo yozizira kokha ndipo kumangokhala mitundu ina yokha. Katundu wa nyama zotere nthawi zina amatenga njira zingapo zokhotakhota, zomwe sizingakhudze zomera ndi kupulumutsirako komwe kumakhala nyama.
Zilonda – nyama zakunyanja... Chifukwa chake, ma labyrinth omwe amakonzedwa ndi iwo m'malo amenewa nthawi zambiri amakhala molunjika pansi pa chipale chofewa. Koma za mitundu yomwe imakhala m'nkhalango-tundra zone imatha kumanga nyumba zotseguka mchilimwe, kuzimanga ndi nthambi ndi moss.
Nthawi yomweyo, njira zomwe nyama izi zimaponda zimachoka mbali zosiyanasiyana, ndipo nyama zimayenda tsiku lililonse, ndikudya masamba onse ozungulira. Mavesi omwewo akupitilizabe kutulutsa mandimu m'nyengo yozizira, ndikusandulika labyrinths pansi pobisalidwa ndi chipale chofewa munthawi yovuta.
Nyama zotere, ngakhale zili zazing'ono komanso zosawoneka ngati zankhondo, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zolimba mtima. Mbali inayi, sizosadabwitsa, chifukwa adabadwa ndikuleredwa munthawi zovuta, chifukwa chake adalimbitsidwa ndimavuto. Lemmings sangatchedwe kuti ndi achiwawa, koma, podzitchinjiriza, amatha kuukira zolengedwa zazikulu kuposa iwo kukula: amphaka, agalu, ngakhale anthu.
Ndipo chifukwa chake, munthu amasankha kuzisamala, ngakhale zinyenyeswazi sizingamupweteke kwambiri. Komabe, amatha kuluma. Nyama zotere zimakhalanso zankhanza munthawi yovuta ndikusowa chakudya.
Akakumana ndi mdani, amayimirira mowopseza: amaimirira ndi miyendo yawo yakumbuyo, akuwonetsa mawonekedwe okonda nkhondo ndi mawonekedwe awo onse, ndikubereka mfuu yankhondo.
Mverani liwu la kulira
Koma munthawi yoyenera, nyama izi zimakhala zosamala kwambiri, ndipo masana sizimachoka m'malo awo opanda chifukwa. Ndipo usiku amakonda kubisala kuseli kwa malo osiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo miyala kapena zitsamba zamatope.
Pachifukwa ichi, asayansi ali ndi zovuta zazikulu kuti athe kudziwa kuchuluka kwa ndulu zomwe zimakhala mdera linalake. Ndipo kungodziwa kuti alipo m'malo ena nthawi zina pamakhala mwayi wambiri.
Ma lemm samabweretsa phindu lalikulu kwa anthu, koma ndiofunikira kwambiri pazachilengedwe. Adani awo ndi nkhandwe, nkhandwe, mimbulu, nkhandwe, nthawi zina atsekwe achilengedwe ndi mphalapala. Mitundu ya kadzidzi ndi ma ermines ndi owopsa kwa iwo.
Ndipo ngakhale ali olimba mtima, ankhondo aang'ono awa sangathe kudzitchinjiriza kwa olakwawa. Komabe, kupereka kufotokoza lemming sikutheka kuti, potumikira ngati chakudya cha zolengedwa zomwe zidatchulidwa, nyamazi zimachita gawo lawo mwazomwe zimapatsidwa mwachilengedwe m'zinthu zamoyo zakumpoto.
Zakudya zabwino
Ndizosangalatsa kuti nyama zazing'ono zoterezi zimakhala zolimba kwambiri. Masana, amamwa chakudya chochuluka kwambiri mwakuti nthawi zina chimaposa chake kawiri. Ndipo ngati tiwerengera kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwamasamba azakudya zomwe amadya nawo, zimafikira ndipo nthawi zina zimapindulira 50 kg.
Poterepa, mndandanda wazinyama zamtunduwu wazinthu ndi, mwachitsanzo, zipatso, moss, udzu watsopano, mphukira zazomera zosiyanasiyana zakumpoto, zitsamba ndi mitengo. Atadya chilichonse kuzungulira tsamba limodzi, amapita kukasaka magwero atsopano azakudya. M'nyengo yotentha, tizilombo titha kukhala ngati chakudya chokoma.
Ma lemmings amatha kutafuna mphalapala
Kuyesera kudzaza nkhokwe zamagetsi mthupi lanu laling'ono (ndipo nthawi zonse mumakhala zosowa m'malo ovuta pakati pa zamoyo) mbewa ndimu Ndiyenera kudya zakudya zachilendo kwambiri. Makamaka, nyerere, zomwe zimadziwika kuti zimakhetsa nyama zotere chaka chilichonse, ndipo mandimu nthawi zina amaziluma, osasiya ngakhale ochepa.
Pofunafuna chakudya, nyama zotere zimatha kuthana ndi zopinga zilizonse, zimakwera pamwamba pamadziwe ndikukwera m'malo okhala anthu. Nthawi zambiri kususuka kumathera momvetsa chisoni kwa iwo. Lemmings amaphedwa, amathamangitsidwa ndi magalimoto, ndipo amamizidwa m'madzi.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Lemming – nyama, wosiyanitsidwa ndi kubala kosiririka. Nthawi yomweyo, zolengedwa izi zimachulukana, ngakhale zili zovuta, ngakhale nthawi yozizira. Mkazi mmodzi amatulutsa ana awiri pachaka (pakakhala chakudya chokwanira, pakhoza kukhala zinyalala zitatu kapena kupitilira apo, nthawi zina mpaka sikisi), ndipo mwa iliyonse ya iwo, mwalamulo, pali ana osachepera asanu, ndipo nthawi zina, khumi mwa iwo amabadwa.
Lemming ana
Ndipo amuna a miyezi iwiri amatha kale kubereka. Koma kukhwima koyambirira koteroko kumakhala koyenera, chifukwa nyamazi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosaposa zaka ziwiri ndipo nthawi zambiri zimamwalira koyambirira chifukwa chokhala movutikira komanso kusowa zakudya zokwanira.
Ziphuphu zamwana nthawi zambiri zimakulira muzisa za zitsamba. Nthawi zina nyumba zotere zimawoneka ngati nyumba zazikulu kwambiri. Koma patadutsa milungu iwiri yokha, zovuta zakukula m'badwo watsopano zimatha, ndipo achichepere, atadzisiya okha, amayamba moyo wodziyimira pawokha.
Pomwe akazi ali ndi ana, omangiriridwa pa malo enaake okhala ndi akazi, oyimira amuna amtundu wa mandimu amayenda, ndiye kuti amafalikira mosakafuna madera ena omwe ali ndi chakudya chambiri.
Asayansi adalemba kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa ziweto zoterezi pafupifupi kamodzi pakatha zaka makumi atatu. Kukachitika kuti kudumpha kotereku ndikofunika kwambiri, chidwi chodabwitsa chimapezeka pamakhalidwe a mandimu.
Chifukwa chotsogozedwa ndi owongolera amtundu wawo, osadziwa mantha, amapita kuphompho, nyanja, nyanja ndi mitsinje, komwe ambiri adzafera.
Izi zidadzetsa nthano zonena kuti kudzipha kwakanthawi kochepa kwazilombozi. Komabe, malongosoledwe apa, monga asayansi akukhulupirira tsopano, sakhala konse pakufuna kudzipha. Pofunafuna madera atsopano oti akhaleko, mandimu amataya mphamvu yodzisungira. Satha kuyima munthawi, akuwona zopinga, motero kuwonongeka.
