Kobchik - mbalame yaying'ono kwambiri m'banja la mphamba. Pachifukwa ichi, nthawi zambiri nkhono zimasokonezedwa ndi mphamba, koma mukawona mbalamezi limodzi, zimawonekeratu nthawi yomweyo kuti fawn ndi yaying'ono bwanji kuposa fodya. Mbalameyi ndi yachilendo kwambiri. Kuphatikiza kukula kwake kakang'ono, imakhalanso ndi zakudya zosazolowereka. Zokwanira kunena kuti 80% ya zakudya zamwana wamwamuna zimapangidwa ndi tizilombo tambiri. Izi zimaperekedwa kwa amphaka amphongo. Nkhaniyi idzafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane za mitundu ya fines, malo awo okhala, kuberekana komanso kuchuluka kwa mbalame.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Kobchik
Monga kalasi kobchiki idapanga zaka masauzande angapo zapitazo. Zotsalira zakale kwambiri za nthumwi zopezeka ku Romania pazofukula zakale ndipo zidayamba zaka chikwi chachitatu BC. M'mabuku a sayansi, mbalame yotchedwa fawn idatchulidwa ndi Karl Linnaeus mu 1766. Pambuyo pake, mafotokozedwe akuwonekera ndi zizolowezi za mbalameyi adasintha kangapo, ndipo mafotokozedwe omaliza amtunduwu adapangidwa koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 20.
Kanema: Kobchik
Kukula kwake, coccyx ndi yaying'ono pang'ono kuposa njiwa, koma yokongola kwambiri pouluka. Kutalika kwa mbalameyo kuchokera kumapeto kwa mchira mpaka mulomo kuli pafupifupi masentimita 30, mapiko ake mpaka 70 sentimita. Kulemera kwa thupi sikupitilira magalamu 200. Ngakhale kuti nkhanu yofiira ndi mbalame yodya nyama, ili ndi mlomo wofooka komanso wamfupi, womwe sungaphe masewera akuluakulu. Ziwombankhanga zachimuna zanenetsa zakusiyana kwa kugonana. Zazikazi ndizokulirapo kuposa amuna ndipo zimasiyana pakati pawo ndi mtundu wa nthenga.
Yamphongo imakhala ndi nthenga zaimvi (pafupifupi zakuda) zokhala ndi mimba yofiira. Nthenga za mkazi sizikufanana ndi utawaleza wowala. Kuphatikiza apo, pali mikwingwirima imvi kumbuyo kwazimayi, ndipo mimba imakongoletsedwa ndi nthenga za variegated.
Chosangalatsa: "Mathalauza ofiira" mwa amuna samapezeka nthawi yomweyo. Akachoka pachisa, amuna amakhala ndi nthenga zofanana pamimba ndi miyendo yawo ngati yaikazi. Nthenga pamapazi ndi pamimba zimasanduka zofiira mbalameyo itatha msinkhu.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe msungwana amaonekera
Banja la feline silambiri. Pakadali pano, ndi ma subspecies awiri okha a mbalame omwe amadziwika. Mitundu yoyamba ndi yachikale yokhala ndi nthenga zakuda komanso mimba ndi miyendo yofiira. Mtundu wachiwiri, wocheperako, umapezeka ku Far East ndipo umatchedwa nkhono zam'mawa zofiira.
Imasiyana ndi galu wa mapazi ofiyira aku Europe ndi mtundu wa maulawo. Mbalameyi ili ndi nthenga zotuwa, nthenga zamawangamawanga pamimba komanso masaya oyera owala. Kudalirika kwa kugonana kumawonetseredwa poti gawo lamkati la mapiko amphongo ndi loyera, pomwe la akazi ndi lotuwa. Mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala ndi khosi loyera, lomwe limakhala lakuda ndikumatha msinkhu.
Kudera la Russian Federation, kobchik yakum'mawa imakhala ku Trans-Baikal Territory ndi dera la Amur. Kuphatikiza apo, imaswana ku Mongolia ndi madera akum'mawa a China ndi North Korea. Kutengera kukula ndi machitidwe, mbalame zakum'mawa sizimasiyana ndi mnzake waku Europe.
Zapadera za mbalameyi ndizophatikizira kuti imalekerera moyo wamndende bwino ndipo imatha kusungidwa mchipinda chachikulu. Mosiyana ndi ziweto zina zambiri zamphongo, mphalapala yamphongo imaswana bwino ikamagwidwa ndipo imazolowera kudyetsa ena mosavuta. Pali zochitika pomwe mphaka wa mapazi ofiira adaphunzitsidwa kusaka mpheta ndi nkhunda, ndipo mbalameyo idagwira ntchito yabwino kwambiri pochita izi.
Kodi nkhono amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Kobchik akuthawa
Malo okhala felines ndi akulu kwambiri. Mbalame zimasangalala kwambiri kudera lonse la Eurasia, kuchokera ku Ukraine ndi Poland mpaka magombe a Mtsinje wa Lena. Mbalameyi imazolowera nyengo yotentha, koma imatha kupirira ngakhale chisanu chofewa, yomwe imakonda kukhala nthawi yozizira m'maiko otentha.
Zambiri mwazidutswa zazing'onozi zimapezeka m'maiko a Balkan, ku Kazakhstan ngakhale m'madera a subpolar Urals. Kuphatikiza apo, mitundu yapadera ya mbalame, Amur red-feled, amakhala ku Far East ndipo amasangalala kwambiri m'mapiri a Daurian. Komwe amakhala, mbalame zimasankha malo otseguka. Koposa zonse, ma feline amakonda kukhazikika m'minda, m'nkhalango, komanso pafupi ndi malo olimapo. Komanso, mbalame zimawoneka pafupi ndi mathithi, momwe mumakhala tizilombo tosiyanasiyana.
Malo okhawo omwe mphaka wamphongo sangakhazikike ndi m'nkhalango zazikulu. Izi ndichifukwa choti khwimbi amayendetsa bwino ndipo samasinthidwa kuti aziuluka pakati pamitengo. Kuphatikiza apo, ndikosavuta kugwira tizilombo poyera, zomwe mbalameyi imadya. M'nyengo yozizira, anyani amphongo amasamukira ku Africa kapena zigawo zakumwera kwa Asia. Koma samanga zisa m'maiko otentha, amakonda kuswana ku Europe.
Tsopano mukudziwa kumene mphaka amapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Amphaka amphaka amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Mbalame yofiira
Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, tizirombo tambiri timakhala todya tambiri tomwe timadya.
Mbalameyi imasaka mosangalala:
- dzombe;
- agulugufe akulu;
- agulugufe;
- Zhukov;
- njuchi ndi mavu.
Amayi amatha kusaka mlengalenga, kugwira nyama ndi mlomo wawo, ndipo pansi, kukweza tizilombo ndi zikhomo zolimba. Timphamba tating'ono timamva bwino mumlengalenga, ndipo timatha kugwira ngakhale nyama zing'onozing'ono kwambiri. Pakadyetsa anapiye kapena pakakhala kusowa kowopsa kwa tizilombo, fining amayamba kusaka nyama zazing'ono kapena mbalame zazing'ono. Si zachilendo kuti mbalame zamphongo zimagwira mpheta, nkhunda ndi ngolo, komanso kugwira mbewa ndi abuluzi.
Ngati pakufunika kutero, ana amphongo amatha kudya nyama yonyansa komanso amatha kudya chakudya kuchokera pagome la anthu, koma kusintha kwakudyako kumakhudza thanzi la mbalame komanso kutalika kwa moyo wawo. Chowonadi ndichakuti thupi la mphaka wamphongo limapangidwa m'njira yoti limafunikira mapuloteni ambiri, omwe amapezeka mwa tizilombo. Ndipo mbalame ikayamba kudya chakudya china, ndiye kuti thupi lake limasowa zomanga thupi, zomwe zimabweretsa mavuto azaumoyo.
M'malo osungira nyama, akulimbana ndi vutoli, ndikuwonjezera tizilombo (makamaka nthenda zazikulu ku Madagascar) ndi maofesi apadera a vitamini okhala ndi mapuloteni ambiri pazakudya za amphaka amphongo.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kobchik ku Russia
Ngakhale ndi yaying'ono, mbalame yofiira ndi mbalame yolusa, ndipo nthawi zina imangodzitama. Zilombo zamapiko izi zimasunthika. Ntchito yawo imayamba ndi cheza choyamba cha dzuwa ndipo imatha ndikubwera mdima.
Ankhandwe ndi mbalame zocheza. Alibe gawo lotsimikizika, ndipo amakonda kukhala m'magawo ang'onoang'ono a anthu 10-20. Nthawi zina, njuchi zimatha kufikira mbalame mazana ambiri. Mosiyana ndi mphamba wakale, ana amphongo amamva bwino ngati gulu, ndipo alibe zovuta zotsutsana ndi magawidwe azisaka.
Kobchik ndi mbalame yosamuka. Amabwerera kumahema awo pakati pa Epulo, ndikuwulukira kumayiko otentha koyambirira kwa Okutobala. Kuphatikiza apo, msana wa gulu losamukawo umapangidwa mkati mwa gombolo, ndipo mbalame zina nthawi zambiri zimalowa. Kuphatikiza apo, ziyenera kunenedwa kuti amphaka amphongo ndi makolo odalirika. Ndipo yamphongo sidzasiya mkazi atakhala pamazira kapena kulera anapiye. Adzagwira nyama zochuluka monga banja likufunira.
Chosangalatsa: Mosiyana ndi oimira ena am'banja la mphamba, mbalame zam'madzi sizichita mantha. Amasamalidwa mwangwiro msinkhu uliwonse, ndipo amatha kuzindikira mbuye wawo ngakhale atakhala zaka zingapo.
Mbalameyi imakhala yosasinthasintha, ndipo imatha kugwirizana ndi mitundu ina ya mbalame. Makamaka, ana amphongo amakhala pamodzi ndi gulu lalikulu la ng'ombe. Amatsata ng'ombe, kugwira ntchentche ndi ntchentche.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Pair of fawn
Nyengo yokwanira imayamba pakati pa Meyi. Njira yopangira chibwenzi ndiyosangalatsa. Pakadali pano, chachimuna chimauluka chokwera, chofotokoza zoseketsa mlengalenga. Kuphatikiza apo, mbalameyi imamveka mokweza ndikuyesera kuvina. Felines samanga zisa. M'malo mwake, amakonda kukhala zisa za anthu ena, kuthamangitsa mbalame zomwe zidawamanga. Nthawi zambiri, nyama zodya mapiko zimakhala zisa za agulugufe, akhwangwala, ma rook komanso nguluwe. Komanso coccyx imatha kukhazikika m'mapanga kapena m'ming'alu yamiyala.
Chosangalatsa: Nthawi yoberekera mochedwa imalumikizidwa ndi zochitika zachilengedwe. Chowonadi ndi chakuti tizirombo tambiri (monga agulugufe ndi dzombe) zimangowonekera kumapeto kwa masika, ndipo popanda iwo, amphaka amphongo sangadyetse ana awo.
Nthawi zambiri, pamakhala mazira 4-6 pachikopa cha ana aamuna, omwe wamkazi ndi wamwamuna amaswa. Njira yoswa imatenga masiku osachepera 25. Anapiyewo ataswa, yaikazi imakhala nawo nthawi zonse. Yaimuna imaperekanso chakudya kwa yaikazi ndi anapiye ake. Ndiyenera kunena kuti anapiye ndiopusa kwambiri ndipo yamphongo imakhala ndi nthawi yovuta kwambiri. Kwa mwezi wathunthu amagwira tizilombo mopuma pang'ono ndikuwatengera ku chisa.
Anapiye amachoka pachisa patatha mwezi umodzi atabadwa. Pakutha kwa Ogasiti (miyezi iwiri kuchokera tsiku lobadwa) amakhala odziyimira pawokha, ndipo ikafika nthawi yosamukira, amphaka amphongo achichepere amayenda mofanana ndi achikulire. Pafupifupi, kutalika kwa moyo wamwamuna wamwamuna ndi zaka pafupifupi 15. Komabe, mu ukapolo, ndi chisamaliro choyenera ndi zakudya, ma feline amatha kukhala zaka 25.
Adani achilengedwe a fawn
Chithunzi: Momwe msungwana amaonekera
Ankhandwe alibe adani olumbirira kuthengo. Mwachilengedwe, nyama zolusa zamiyendo inayi monga nkhandwe, mbira, mimbulu kapena nkhandwe sizikana kukadya mazira kapena kudya anapiye achichepere, koma izi zimatha kudzazidwa ndi chilombocho.
Chochititsa chidwi chimakhala chakuti mbalame ndi mbalame zomwe zimakhala ndi gulu lotukuka kwambiri, zomwe zimakhala pagulu. Ndipo ngati zowalamulira kapena anapiye zili pachiwopsezo, ndiye kuti mbalame zonse zazikulu zimateteza zawo.
Ngakhale chilombo chachikulu sichitha kukana ziwombankhanga zazikulu. M'mabuku asayansi (komabe, monga zolembedwa), pali zitsanzo zokwanira momwe gulu la mbalame lidathamangitsira nyama zazikulu ngati nkhandwe kapena nkhandwe m'malo awo okhala.
Zimakhalanso zovuta kwa nyama zodya mapiko monga ziwombankhanga kapena akabawi kuti zigwire ntchentche, zikuwonetsa zozizwitsa zanzeru m'mlengalenga. Choopsa chachikulu kwa mbalame ndi anthu. Choyamba, mbalame nthawi zambiri zimawombedwa ndi alimi. Chowonadi ndi chakuti ana aamuna amatha kukhazikika pafupi ndi malo owetera ambiri ndipo mosasinthasintha komanso tsiku lililonse zimawononga kuchuluka kwa njuchi. Kachiwiri, mankhwala ophera tizilombo amakono ndi zinthu zina za poizoni zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poizoni tizilombo ndizoopsa kwambiri kwa mbalame. Mbalame nthawi zambiri zimagwira tizilombo ndipo pamapeto pake zimadwala kapena kufa zokha.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Kobchik
Pakadali pano, amuna amuna ali pachiwopsezo. Sitikunena zakutha kwa mitunduyo, koma mbalame zili pafupi pangozi. Ndipo sichimalumikizidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu, koma ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe akuchepa. Asayansi-ornithologists amati pakali pano ku Eurasia kuli anthu pafupifupi 50,000. Komabe, chiwerengero cha mbalame chikuchepa mofulumira. Mbalame zingapo zimakulungidwa, ndipo kufa pakati pa mbalame zotsekemera kumakhala kwakukulu kwambiri, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti anthu onse ali pachiwopsezo.
Vuto ndiloti mbalame zimadya tizilombo kuti tidye, tomwe timathira mankhwala ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Zinthu zovulaza izi zimadziunjikira mthupi la mbalame ndipo patapita kanthawi zimayambitsa matenda akulu komanso kufa kwa mbalame. Akuluakulu akuchitapo kanthu poteteza ndi kuteteza mbalame. Makamaka, m'malo angapo osungira ku Urals, kumapangidwa madera otetezedwa apadera, pomwe palibe zinthu zoyipa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo mbalame zimatha kusaka mosatetezeka.
Kuphatikiza apo, ntchito ili mkati yoweta mbalame zomwe zikugwidwa. Mosiyana ndi mitundu ina yambiri ya mbalame zodya nyama, mbalame zazimuna ndizosavuta kuweta ndi kuswana bwino zikagwidwa. Izi zimapereka chiyembekezo kuti zamoyozo zitha kubwezeretsedwanso, ngakhale m'makola akulu.Kobchik Ndi mbalame yachilendo yomwe imadya tizilombo tambiri. M'mayiko ena mu Africa, nkhono zazing'onozi zimasamalidwa mwapadera posaka dzombe ndipo potero zimasunga minda yolima bwino. Anthu akuyenera kuchita zonse zomwe angathe kuti asamapitirire kuchuluka kwa mbalame ndikuyesa kubwezeretsa kuchuluka kwawo.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08.01.
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/13/2019 pa 17:35
