Vyakhir

Vyakhir - nkhunda yamtchire yamtchire, yayikulu kwambiri ya nkhunda ku Russia. Mbalame yokongola yokhala ndi mawu owopsya owopsa. Nkhunda yokha yomwe imatha kubudula masamba ndi zipatso kuti idye. Kusonkhana m'magulu akulu, imadya m'minda yokololedwa. Amachita ndege zanyengo. Kusaka masewera ndi zaluso zophikira.

Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera

Chithunzi: Vyakhir

Columba palumbus ndi dzina lachilatini la mbalameyi kuchokera kubanja la njiwa. "Columba" ndi dzina lakale la nkhunda ku Ancient Greece, lochokera ku liwu lachi Greek lotanthauza "kusinthana" ndipo limaperekedwa kwa chizolowezi cha mamembala ena amtunduwu kuti adziponye okha pothawa. Malembo a mawu akuti "palumbus" sadziwika bwino, koma zikuwoneka kuti amatanthauzanso "nkhunda". Vyakhir ndi vityuten ndi mayina amtundu wamtunduwu, omwe mbiri yawo imabisika mumdima wanthawi.

Kanema: Vyakhir

Masamba angapo, kapena mafuko, amadziwika, omwe amadziwika ndi mtundu ndi kukula kwa malo oyera pakhosi:

• mtundu wa subspecies umakhala ku Europe, Siberia, kumpoto kwa Africa;
• Azores subspecies (C. p. azorica) ochokera kuzilumba za Azores ndi amdima kwambiri komanso owala kwambiri;
• Subpecies aku Iran (C. iranica), opepuka kuposa nkhunda zaku Europe;
• zigawo za Kleinschmidt (C. kleinschmidti) zafotokozedwa kuchokera ku Scotland;
• Asia subspecies (C. casiotis, C. kirmanica) - malo obadwira ku Himalaya, mawanga pakhosi ndi opapatiza, achikasu;
• ma subspecies aku North Africa (C. excelsa) pafupifupi samasiyana ndi aku Europe;
• Gigi subspecies (C. ghigii) amakhala pachilumba cha Sardinia.

Pali mitundu 33 - 35 m'gululi. M'masiku ano, ndi nkhunda zokha za ku Old World zomwe ndi zake, kupatula cisar yomwe idagulitsidwa kale. Nkhunda za gululi zidawonekera kumapeto kwa Miocene zaka 7 - 8 miliyoni zapitazo ndipo zinali ndi kholo limodzi ndi anthu aku America, omwe amakhala ku New kapena ku Old World - asayansi sanafike pamalingaliro amodzi.

Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe

Chithunzi: Kodi njiwa yamatabwa imawoneka bwanji

Vyakhir amasiyana kwambiri ndi nkhunda zina kukula ndi utoto. Iyi ndi nkhunda zazikulu kwambiri zapakhomo: kutalika kwaimuna kumasiyana 40 mpaka 46 cm, yaikazi kuyambira 38 mpaka 44 cm.Mwamuna amalemera 460 - 600 g, wamkazi ndi wocheperako pang'ono. Thupi limakhala lalitali, losalala, lokhala ndi mapiko ofupikirapo komanso mchira wautali.

Kugonana kwamtundu wamtundu mwina sikukuwonekera. Chovala cha amuna ndi akazi chimapangidwa ndi imvi, m'malo amtundu wabuluu. Pansi pa thupi, komanso kumunsi kwa mapiko, ndizowala buluu, zomwe zimawonekera bwino pakuwuluka. Pamwamba pa mapiko otambasula, mzere woyera umayimirira, womwe umatsindika ndi utoto wakuda wakuda wakumtunda komanso nthenga pafupifupi zakuda zouluka.

Nthenga za mchira zimakhala zakuda kumapeto. M'mbali mwa khosi muli madontho oyera, ngati malire pakati pamutu wabuluu ndi chotupa chofiirira ndi bere. Mwa amuna, mawanga amakhala ochepa kuposa akazi. Ndipo, ndithudi, pali chizindikiro cha kuya - utawaleza kusefukira kwa khosi, komwe kumatchulidwa makamaka mwa amuna. Mlomo ndi wa lalanje wokhala ndi nsonga yachikasu, miyendo ndi pinki, maso ake ndi achikasu owala.

Nkhunda zazing'ono ndizofiira kwambiri, zopanda mawanga pakhosi komanso chitsulo chachitsulo. Mlomo ndi wabulauni ndi nsonga yoyera. Kuyera kumayenda bwino kwambiri ngati njiwa, mwina imatha kupanga maulendo apandege, omwe mzinda wathu silingakwanitse. Kuchoka pa mlenje, imasinthana kwambiri mlengalenga. Pakunyamuka, imawomba ndi likhweru mokweza. Amayenda ngati nkhunda zonse ndi masitepe ang'onoang'ono ndikugwedeza mutu wake. Amamangirira mwamphamvu ku nthambi ndi mawaya. Kukuwa kwachuluka, kukuwa. Nthawi yokhala ndi moyo ndi zaka 16 kapena kupitilira apo.

Kodi njiwa imakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Vyakhir ku Russia

Dera la vituten limaphimba Europe kupatula kumpoto kwa Scandinavia (ku Russia malire akumpoto amafika ku Arkhangelsk), gawo lakumwera chakumadzulo kwa Siberia kumzinda wa Tomsk kum'mawa (mbalame zina zimauluka mopitilira), Caucasus ndi Crimea, kumpoto kwa Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Himalaya, China, Middle East, Kumpoto kwa Africa. M'madera ake ambiri, zimapanga maulendo apandege. Amakhala chaka chonse kumwera kwa Europe (kuyambira kumwera kwa England), kumwera kwa Turkmenistan, nthawi zina amakhala ku Caucasus ndi Crimea nthawi yozizira. Ku Himalaya, mapiri a Afghanistan ndi Middle East, kumakhala nyengo yozizira. Ku Africa (Algeria, Morocco ndi Tunisia) mbalame zomwe zimangokhala pansi komanso osamukira ku Europe amasonkhana nthawi yozizira.

Vituten ndi mbalame yamtchire, koma nthawi zina imatha kukhazikika pakati pa tchire. Amakhala m'nkhalango zamapiri ndi zigwa zamtundu uliwonse, zokhalitsa komanso zokhazokha. Sichifuna nkhalango zowirira, koma m'mbali ndi kuwoloka, m'mbali mwa mitsinje, malamba a m'nkhalango. M'madera opanda nkhalango, amakhazikika m'lamba la m'nkhalango, m'nkhalango zowirira ndi m'minda. Ngati kuli kotheka, amapewa kuyandikira malo okhala, koma komwe samakhudzidwa, mwachitsanzo, ku Europe akunja, amakhala m'mapaki amzindawu, pansi pa madenga, pamakonde ndi pafupi ndi minda. Tadziwika m'mapaki akale pafupi ndi St. Petersburg.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Njiwa ndi nkhunda yofala kwambiri ku England. Nambala yake apa ndi yopitilira 5 miliyoni. Amakhala m'mapaki ndi minda yamizinda yambiri ndi mizi mdzikolo, amadyetsa anthu ndipo sangatchulidwe kuti "nkhalango".

Tsopano mukudziwa komwe nkhunda imapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe mbalame iyi imadya.

Kodi nkhunda yamtengo imadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Mbalame ya njiwa

Nkhunda imatha kudya chilichonse chomwe nkhunda imatha kudya ngakhale zambiri. Nkhunda zimakonda kutola chakudya pansi, koma nkhunda zamatabwa ndizosiyana. Amatha kubudula mbali zodyedwa za zomera poyenda pansi ndikukhala panthambi zamitengo.

Zakudya zake zimaphatikizapo:

• Mbewu zambewu, nyemba, cruciferous, asteraceae ndiwo gawo lalikulu pamndandanda. Kuphatikiza mbewu za nandolo zokhwima komanso zotayika, mbewu za buckwheat, hemp, mpendadzuwa;
• Zakudya zobiriwira zobiriwira monga mbande za dzinja, komanso masamba owopsa a zipatso zamtchire, zam'munda ndi zam'munda, omwe nthawi zambiri amawombera ndi kabichi;
• zipatso zowutsa mudyo (honeysuckle, mabulosi abulu, lingonberry, elderberry, chitumbuwa cha mbalame, phulusa lamapiri, mabulosi abulu, currant, mabulosi, rose m'chiuno, mphesa)
• mtedza, acorns, beech, pine ndi spruce mbewu;
• impso, zomwe zimadyedwa m'nyengo yozizira ndi masika;
• tizilombo ndi molluscs;
• zinyalala za chakudya m'malo otayira zinyalala okhala midzi.

Monga ma granivores ambiri, nkhunda zamtengo zimameza miyala - miyala yamiyeso yopera mbewu. Kulemera kwawo kumatha kufika 2 g Mu nthawi imodzi, njiwa imatha kuyamwa 100 g wa tirigu, kapena 75 g wa acorns. Kukula kwa chinthu chimodzi kapena china kumadalira momwe zinthu zilili - malo olimidwa kwambiri, ndipamene mphatso zam'minda yazakudya za njiwa. Kodi mungamuimbe mlandu pa izi? Komanso, sikuti nthawi zonse amawononga mbewu, amangotola zotsalira m'minda atakolola. Pakadali pano, anapiye akungokula, ndipo mbalame zikuuluka m'magulu kupita kuminda yomwe yadulidwa kuti ipeze mphamvu zisanawuluke. Idzafika nthawi yosakira.

Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe

Chithunzi: Njiwa nkhuni

Nkhunda izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala mbalame zamtchire zomwe zimabisala mwakachetechete mu zisoti zamitengo nthawi yobereka. Munthawi imeneyi, kukhwimitsa amuna ndi anapiye okha okha ndiomwe kumawonekera. Chikhalidwe cha mbalamezi chimasamala kwambiri, chimasokonezeka, chimatha kuponya chisa ndi mazira omwe adaikira. Mbali inayi, m'malo abata, nkhumba zamatabwa zimazolowera gulu la anthu ndipo zimatha kukhala m'mizinda. Amakhala awiriawiri, koma oyandikana nawo amatha kukumana pafupi ndi madzi kapena m'malo odyetsera, omwe amapezeka nthawi zambiri m'mawa komanso dzuwa lisanalowe. Atalera anapiye, amasonkhana m'gulu, lomwe ndi lalikulu kwambiri nthawi yophukira.

Mbalame zimangokhala kumadera akum'mwera kwa zisa, kuchokera kumpoto zimauluka nthawi yozizira, kapena m'malo mwake zimasamukira kumwera. Mwachitsanzo, nkhunda zaku Crimea zimawulukira kumwera kwa Europe, ndipo akumpoto amabwera ku Crimea m'nyengo yozizira. Kunyamuka kumachitika nthawi zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira Seputembara (dera la Leningrad) ndikutha mu Okutobala (Volga delta), koma mulimonsemo, kuchoka kwa ziweto zonse kumatenga zoposa mwezi. Kubwerera kumachitikanso m'njira zosiyanasiyana. M'madera akumwera, mbalame zimawonekera kuyambira koyambirira kwa Marichi, kumpoto - mu Epulo - koyambirira kwa Meyi.

Mbalame zosamuka zimayenda makamaka kumapeto kwa tsikulo; chifukwa chogona usiku amasankha nkhalango yokhala ndi mitengo yayitali ndikuwona bwino. Amakhala pansi pokhapokha atayang'anitsitsa chitetezo, komwe amapanga mabwalo angapo patsambalo. Pobwerera ndi kubwerera, amagwiritsa ntchito njira zomwezo koma amachita mosiyana. M'chaka amatha kuthamanga tsiku lonse osayima, ndipo nthawi yanyengo zanyengo zimaimilira kuti adye m'minda ya mbewu zachisanu, kabichi, m'minda yambewu zokolola, m'minda yamitengo ndi m'mphepete mwake. Mbalame zobisalira zimakhalira m'magulu ndipo zimakokolola chilichonse chodyedwa m'minda.

Chosangalatsa: Njiwa sizimasiya kukhala tcheru zikamadzaza zopitilira kutchire. Chifukwa chake, amakonda kudya pakati pa mbewu zazing'ono, zosaposa bondo, kapena ziputu zochepa. Pofuna kuwonetsa kuti malowa ndi otetezeka, alenje amabzala akhwangwala ndi nkhunda pomwepo. Nthawi yomweyo, kuti mukhale okopa kwambiri, pakufunika gulu lonse lazinyama, zosonyeza kudyetsa, kulondera komanso kukhala pansi.

Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: Mbalame za njiwa

Nkhunda ndi mbalame yokhulupirika; imapanga awiriawiri okhalitsa. Okwatirana omwe akwanitsa kale amawuluka kuchokera nyengo yachisanu awiriawiri kupita kudera lodziwika bwino, ndipo achinyamata amapeza magawo awo pomwepo. Mwamuna wosagwira ntchito amatseka chiwembucho ndikuyankhula zaufulu wake. Nyimbo yachikondi ya Pigeon ikufanana ndi kubangula, komwe kumatha kufotokozedwa ngati gu-gu-gu.

Nkhunda imayimba pamwamba pamtengo, imanyamuka nthawi ndi nthawi, imawundama ndikutsikira pansi. Posafika pamtengowo, umadzukanso ndipo umatero kangapo. Kuwona chachikazi, kumawulukira kwa iye ndikukonzekera kubwerera pamalopo, kumuitanira kuti alowe nawo. Mwambo waukwati umatsagana ndi kulira kwamakutu ndikuwerama ndi mchira wosakhazikika. Mkazi akavomera, amapanga chizindikiro chokwatirana. Nkhunda kumpsompsona pang'ono ndi mozizira.

Awiriwo amasankha malo oti apange chisa mu mphanda m'mitengo kapena panthambi yopingasa kutalika kwa 2.5 - 20. Mamuna amatenga nthambi, ndipo mkaziyo amapanga chisa kuchokera kwa omwe amawoneka ngati khwangwala: gulu la masentimita 25 - 45 m'mimba mwake ndi kukhumudwa pakati. Kenako amaikira mazira awiri ndipo makolo onse awiri amayamba kuwaswa. Izi zimachitika kumapeto kwa Epulo kapena koyambirira kwa Meyi. Ana awiri, ngati kuli kotheka, amapanga pakati chilimwe.

Makulitsidwe amatenga masiku 17. Izi zimatsatiridwa ndikudyetsa kwamasiku 26 mpaka 28, momwe makolo onse amatenga nawo mbali. Masiku oyamba amadyetsedwa kangapo patsiku ndi mkaka wamatenda, kenako m'mawa ndi madzulo okha, koma kale ndi chisakanizo cha tirigu ndi mkaka. Kuyambira atakwanitsa milungu itatu, anapiye amayamba kuchoka pachisa kwa tsikulo, ndikubwerera madzulo. Koma atanyamuka kotheratu, amakhalabe odalira kwa masiku angapo, kulandira chakudya kuchokera kwa makolo awo. Pambuyo pa mwezi umodzi amadzilamulira okha.

Chosangalatsa: Tsiku lamwamuna lakonzedwa motere: mating m'mawa amatenga nthawi ya 4.2%, kadzutsa - 10.4%, mating masana - 2.8%, kuyeretsa nthenga - 11.9%, makulitsidwe - 22.9%, chakudya chamadzulo - 10.4%, kuyeretsa nthenga - 4.2%, kukwerana kwamadzulo - 6.2%, kugona - 27%. Dongosolo lazimayi limawoneka motere: kadzutsa - 10.4%, kuyeretsa - 8.3%, chakudya chamadzulo - 4.2%, makulitsidwe + ogona - 77.1%.

Natural adani a nkhunda nkhuni

Chithunzi: Kodi njiwa yamatabwa imawoneka bwanji

Kumtchire, nkhunda yonona ndi nyama yokoma. Nyama zambiri zimadyetsa mano awo, makamaka milomo.

Mwa adani:

• goshawk ndi sparrowhawk, kugunda nyama m'mlengalenga ndi nthambi;
• peregrine falcon ndi wosaka nthenga wopanda malire, wopambana komanso wamphamvu;
• khwangwala wotuwa - "nkhandwe yamphongo", amapha mbalame zofooka, amatenga anapiye ndi mazira pa zisa zawo;
• magpie ndi jay sangathe kulimbana ndi mbalame yayikulu, koma amadya mazira - m'malo ena, malinga ndi kuyerekezera, mpaka 40%;
• gologoloyo amakonda kwambiri mazira a mbalame.

Anthu amasokoneza kwambiri nkhunda ndikuchepetsa nambala yawo molunjika, powombera kwinaku akusaka, komanso mwanjira zina, posintha ndikupha malo awo. Kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu kumalimbikitsa mbalame zosamala kuti zisiye malo awo obisalako ndikupita kumapiri akutali kwambiri, omwe akucheperachepera. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, makamaka omwe tsopano ndi DDT yoletsedwa, kwasokoneza kwambiri kuchuluka kwa nkhunda. Komanso kuwasaka, zomwe tsopano ndizochepa. Koma nkhunda ya nkhuni ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, zomwe sizilola kuletsa kusaka.

Palibe amene anganyalanyaze kuchepa kwa anthu ngati nyengo. Masika ozizira ndi chilimwe chonyowa amatsogolera kukaikira mazira mochedwa, kuti mbalame zisakhale ndi nthawi yoti ziyike ana achiwiri. Nyengo yozizira bwino komanso kusowa kwa chakudya kumabweretsa kufa kwakukulu: 60-70% ya nkhunda zazing'ono komanso pafupifupi 30% ya nkhunda zazikulu zimamwalira.

Chosangalatsa: Nkhumba zambiri zamatabwa nthawi yozizira ku Kuban. Zikwizikwi za ziweto zimachepetsa pang'ono ndi alenje, popeza chilolezo chowombera sichimaperekedwa chaka chilichonse mpaka Disembala 31 kokha. M'mikhalidwe yodzaza pakati pa nkhunda, mliri wa candidiasis umayamba, womwe umayambitsa zovulaza zambiri kuposa kusaka. Zikuwoneka ngati zanzeru kuwonjezera nthawi yowombera kuti muchepetse kuchuluka komanso kupewa kuchuluka.

Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi

Chithunzi: Vyakhir

Nkhumba zapadziko lonse lapansi ndizazikulu kwambiri - pali anthu pafupifupi 51 - 73 miliyoni. Kuphatikiza ku Europe, komwe kumawerengera 80% ya malowa, 40.9 - 58 miliyoni amakhala (malinga ndi 2015 data). Pali anthu ambiri makamaka kum'mawa kwa Baltic. Mwambiri, mitunduyi ikukula pang'onopang'ono chifukwa chakukula ku Scandinavia ndi zilumba za Faroe (Denmark). Chifukwa cha izi ndikukula kwa malo aulimi ndi njiwa komanso chakudya chochuluka m'malo amenewa. Kusaka kumaloledwa ku England, France, Hungary, Scotland.

M'dera la myutny mumapezeka omwazikana komanso osagwirizana, kotero m'dera la Russia ndiwofala, koma siochuluka. Pali anthu osakwatira kapena magulu ang'onoang'ono a mbalame 15. Magulu akulu, mbalame 80 - 150 iliyonse, ndipo kuchuluka kwawo kumangowonedwa panthawi yapandege kapena m'nyengo yozizira. Ku Kuban m'nyengo yozizira, nkhunda zikwi zambiri zimasonkhana, nthawi yachisanu pano pakati pa minda ya mpendadzuwa.

Ndipo m'chigawo cha Moscow pali awiriawiri tsopano chisa, ngakhale koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 30 zapitazo panali magulu a mbalame 40-50. M'chigawo chakumpoto chakumadzulo, kuchuluka kwa nkhunda kunatsalabe mpaka zaka za 70, makamaka, mdera la Leningrad, panali zisa 10 pa 1 km m'mphepete mwa nkhalango. Koma kuyambira zaka za m'ma 70s, mbalame zopanda mwayi zakhala zikuphatikizidwa pamndandanda wazinthu zosaka ndipo kukula kwawo kudasiya. Ngakhale akadali achilendo m'malo awa.

Mwambiri, kusaka mwina sichofunikira kwambiri pakuchepa kwa nkhunda. Kusaka nkhunda kuli ndi tanthauzo lake ndipo ndi osaka ochepa omwe amasamala. Chifukwa chake kudera la Kaliningrad, komwe mbalame zimakhala zochuluka, malinga ndi zomwe zidafotokozedwa mu 2008 - 2011. Alenje 35 okha mwa 12 sauzande anali ndi chidwi ndi nkhunda ya nkhuni. Udindo wa mitunduyo malinga ndi IUCN ndi "mitundu yomwe ikuchulukirachulukira" ndipo sikutanthauza chitetezo.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Azores subspecies a nkhunda zamatabwa adatchulidwa mu IUCN RC, popeza idapulumuka pazilumba ziwiri zokha: Pico ndi San Miguel. Ma subspecies a Madeira adatha kumapeto kwa zaka zapitazo.

Mutha kutsutsana kosatha ngati kusaka ndi koyipa kapena kwabwino kwa nyama. Alenje ali ndi zifukwa zawo zokhutiritsa ndikuwombera kuti achepetse kuchuluka kwa anthu, chifukwa chake, njala ndi miliri, zowatsimikizira kwambiri. Chachikulu mu bizinesi iyi ndikuchita mwanzeru, potengera kuchuluka kwa mbalame. nkhunda nkhuni ndi momwe amasinthira.

Tsiku lofalitsa: 28.12.2019

Idasinthidwa: 11.09.2019 pa 23:47