Asio otus kapena khutu lalitali - kambalame kakang'ono ka banja la kadzidzi. Mitunduyi imadziwika ndi nthenga zazitali zazitali m'mbali mwa mutu, zimawoneka ngati makutu ang'onoang'ono. Ziwombankhanga za mtundu uwu zimakhala ndi mtundu wofanana. Kadzidzi wamakutu atali amakhala m'nkhalango, apolisi ang'onoang'ono komanso m'mapaki am'mizinda. Mbalame za mitundu iyi ndi mbalame zosamuka; zimauluka m'magulu a anthu 10 kapena kupitilira apo. Kadzidzi wamakutu atali ndi ovuta kukumana nawo, chifukwa kadzidzi samauluka masana, amakhala usiku. Amasiyana ndi akadzidzi ena osati munthenga zokha "zamakutu" komanso machitidwe ndi mawonekedwe.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Kadzidzi wamakutu atali
Kadzidzi wamakutu atali Asio otus. Kadzidzi squad. Mtundu wa akadzidzi a khutu lalitali. Mitundu yayitali ya kadzidzi. Kadzidzi ali ndi chiyambi chakale. Kumayambiriro kwa nyengo ya Cenozoic ku Eocene, mbalamezi zimakhala kale m'nkhalango zakale zaku America, monga umboni wazakale zakale za mbalamezi zomwe asayansi amapeza. Mbalame zambiri zomwe sizinachitike zinali za m'badwo wamakono. Nkhokwe ya nkhokwe idakhala munthawi ya Miocene, akadzidzi a mphungu adadziwika kuyambira Eocene womwalirayo.
Kanema: Kadzidzi wamakutu atali
Akadzidzi akale anali osiyana kwambiri ndi mbalame zamakono, sanali zilombo zolusa, ndipo anali ndi khalidwe losiyana. Kwa zaka zambiri, mbalame zamtunduwu zakhala ndi njira zawo zosakira. Akadzidzi samathamangitsa nyama yawo, monga momwe amachitira mbalame zina, koma amayang'anitsitsa nyama yawo ndikuigwira mwachangu. Masiku ano, kadzidzi ndi gulu la mbalame zolekanitsidwa bwino mndege zonse, mwadongosolo, akadzidzi amafanana ndi mbuzi, njinga zamchere komanso zinkhwe.
Mitundu ya Asio otus idafotokozedwa koyamba ndi wasayansi waku Sweden komanso wasayansi Karl Linnaeus mu 1758. Mitunduyi ili ndi zina zomwe zimasiyanitsa kadzidzi ndi ena oyimira mitundu iyi. Kadzidzi wamakutu ataliatali amakhala ndi chimbale chakuthengo; koma nthenga zazikulu, zomwe zimatchedwa "makutu", zimawoneka pamutu pa mbalameyo. Ziwombankhanga zamtunduwu zimakhala ndi nthenga zopapatiza komanso zolimba komanso zokongola "marble".
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kadzidzi
Amuna ndi akazi a mtundu uwu alibe kusiyana kulikonse kwakunja. Mutu wa mbalameyo ndi waukulu, wozungulira. Iris wamaso ndi achikaso kapena lalanje. Chimbale chakumaso cha mbalamecho chili ndi nthenga zakuda. Kadzidzi ali ndi nthenga zolimba zakuda kuzungulira mlomo, zowala m'chibwano. Pali nthenga zonyezimira pamphumi pakati pamphuno zamankhwala.
Pali mizere ingapo ya nthenga zakuda kuzungulira maso. Ziphuphu zamakutu zimakhala ndi nthenga zitatu kapena zisanu zofiirira, kunja kwake nthenga zimakhala ndi utoto wofiyira. Pakhosi ndi kumbuyo, nthenga ndizofiira, ndimadontho abulauni. Mawanga samaphatikizika kukhala mtundu umodzi. Pansi pamunsi pa thupi la mbalameyi, pali mikwingwirima pafupifupi 4 yakuda. Nthenga zouluka zili ndi mawanga anayi ofiira pa intaneti komanso mkati.
Mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala ndi mtundu wofanana ndi achikulire, nthenga zawo zokha ndizofewa. Malo abulauni amadziwika ndi masentimita 7-10 kuchokera pagango la mapiko. Mapiko a kadzidzi wamkulu ndi masentimita 87-100. Kutalika kwa mbalameyo kumafikira masentimita 32 mpaka 40. Mwa mitundu iyi ya mbalame, amuna ndi ocheperako achikazi pafupifupi 1-5%. Kunja, mbalame zamitundu yosiyanasiyana sizosiyana kwambiri.
Mapiko a mbalame ndi aatali komanso ozungulira. Kumbuyo mbalame ikakhala, nthenga zimakhala pamwamba pamzake. Mchira wa mitundu iyi ya kadzidzi ndiwotalika, wozungulira ndipo uli ndi nthenga za mchira 12. Ziphuphu ndi milomo ndi zofiirira. Mlomo ndi wakuthwa, wozungulira. Phazi pamapazi ndi imvi. Kadzidzi wamakutu atali amakhala nthawi yayitali; pansi pazikhalidwe, kadzidzi amakhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 25.
Zosangalatsa: Kadzidzi amasintha zovala zingapo pamoyo wake. Chovala chotsikacho chimasinthidwa ndi mesoptile, ndipo pofika chaka chachiwiri cha moyo, nthenga zosatha zimayamba kupanga. Kadzidzi molt pachaka.
Kodi kadzidzi wamakutu atali amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Kadzidzi wamakutu ataliatali m'chigawo cha Moscow
Malo okhala kadzidzi wamakutu ataliatali kwambiri. Awa ndi Eurasia, Finland, Western Scandinavia. Kum'mwera ndi Palestine, Iran, Pamir ndi gawo lakumwera kwa Altai. Nthawi zambiri chisa m'mapiri a Nanypanya komanso kum'mawa kwa Tibet. Komanso mbalame zimakhala ku Southern Arizona, Oklahoma, Virginia, Northern California, Scotland, North America.
Ziwombankhanga zazitali zimakhala m'zilumba monga Canary Islands, Britain, Azores, Japan, ndi Sicilian Peninsula. Amapezeka ambiri ku Armenia, amakonda kukhala kumapiri a Tien Shan, kumeneko mbalamezi zimakonda nyengo yozizira. M'mapiri amatha kukhala pamalo okwera mpaka 2 zikwi mita pamwamba pa nyanja.
Ku Russia, mbalame zamtunduwu zimapezeka pafupifupi m'dziko lonselo. Kadzidzi amakhala m'nkhalango zowirira kwambiri ku Perm, zigawo za Orenburg, Krasnoyarsk, Moscow, Tula, Lipetsk, Oryol, Kursk ndi madera ena. Zinazindikiranso kuti ku St. Petersburg ndi madera ake, mbalame nthawi zina zimakhala m'nyengo yozizira.
Kuphatikiza apo, kadzidzi wa mtundu uwu amakhala ku Caucasus, Armenia, Uzbekistan, Georgia. Kadzidzi wamakutu atali ndi mbalame zosamuka. Mbalamezi zimafika m'chigawo chapakati cha Russia kumapeto kwa Marichi - Epulo. M'dzinja mu Seputembala, akadzidzi amawulukira kumayiko otentha nyengo yachisanu. Ziwombankhanga zimamanga nkhalango zosakanikirana, mapaki, tchire. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zisa zakale za mbalame zodya nyama.
Kodi kadzidzi wamakutu atali amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Kadzidzi wamakutu atali ku Russia
Zakudyazo zimaphatikizapo:
- mbewa, ma voles ndi makoswe ena;
- mbalame zazing'ono zopita (yurok, goldfinch, mpheta, bindweed);
- nyongolotsi (May beetles, beetles, barbel beetles, beetles - ndowe kafadala, zimbalangondo ndi ena);
- agologolo, akalulu;
- timadontho-timadontho;
- zikopa;
- ziphuphu;
- mileme;
- achule ndi nyama zina zakuya.
M'madera osiyanasiyana, zakudya zimatha kukhala zosiyana kwambiri, kadzidzi amatha kudya makoswe, enawo, m'malo mwake, mbalame zimadya zikumbu ndi tizilombo tambiri. Nthawi zina kadzidzi amatha kuukira ngakhale mbalame zazikulu - maphatikizi, ma pheasants ndi ma rook. Zakudya za kadzidzi, mbalame zimakhala pafupifupi 10%, nthawi zambiri mbalame zimadya makoswe, zimatha kupanga 80% ya zakudya. Zinyalala zopanda chakudya monga mafupa, nthenga ndi ubweya zimabwezeretsedwanso ndi mbalameyo.
Kutengera mtundu wa biotype momwe kadzidzi amakhala komanso phokoso lake, kadzidzi amasaka m'njira zosiyanasiyana. M'nkhalango, akadzidzi amayang'anitsitsa nyama zawo panthambi za mitengo. Mbalameyi imapezeka panthambi za 3-5 mita kuchokera pansi ndipo imasaka nyama yake, posankha nthawi yomwe wovulalayo wasokonezedwa ndi kena kake, kadzidzi amawaukira. M'malo otseguka, kadzidzi amagwiritsira ntchito ndege yosaka posaka. Mbalameyi imazungulira pang’onopang’ono pamwamba pa nthaka ndipo imafuna chakudya. Kuwonerera nyama kuchokera pansi nthawi zina kumawonedwa. Usiku wodekha, kadzidzi nthawi zambiri amauluka, kumtunda pafupifupi mamitala atatu kumtunda. Kukamagwa mvula, komanso kukugwa mphepo, mbalamezi zimasaka kuchokera pansi.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kadzidzi
Kadzidzi ndi mbalame usiku. Masana, akadzidzi a khutu lalitali amagona mwamtendere atakhala pansi panthambi, pomwe akuyesera kuti asawonekere amabisala m'masamba. Usiku amapita kukasaka. Pakubzala, mbalame zimakhala zisa patali pafupifupi mita 100 kuchokera wina ndi mnzake. Munthawi yopanda zisa, mbalame zimakhamukira m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a anthu 5 mpaka 60. Masana, ziwetozi zimatha kukhala ndi tchire, kapena ma conifers ataliatali. M'magulu oterewa, mbalame zimamva kukhala zotetezeka ndipo zimatha kupumula kosavuta. Madzulo, mbalamezi zimauluka kuti zikadye pasanathe theka la ola dzuwa litalowa. Idyani limodzi nthawi zambiri.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Kadzidzi wokhala ndi makutu ataliatali amakhala ndi zikope zitatu kapena zitatu za zikope, zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popita kutchinjiriza maso ku fumbi ndi midges, zina kuphethira, zina kugona.
Kadzidzi wamakutu atali sawopa anthu, koma amatha kuchita zinthu mwamakani ngati asokonezeka, makamaka nthawi yogona. Mukayandikira kadzidzi, chimayamba kutsokomola ndikutulutsa nthenga zake, chimatha kuluma ngati sichikufuna kukhudzidwa. Mbalamezi ndizomwe zimakhala bata, nthawi zambiri sizimangokhalapo pagulu. Mbalame siziteteza makamaka gawo lawo, sizimanga zisa, koma zimakhala m'misasa yakale ya mbalame zina.
Kadzidzi wamakutu atali ndi mbalame zosamuka. Nthawi zambiri amabisala m'malo omwewo. Mbalame zimachoka nyengo yachisanu kumapeto kwa Ogasiti - Seputembara. Amabwerera kumalo awo kumapeto kwa Marichi - Epulo, kutengera nyengo, madetiwo amatha kusiyana pang'ono.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Anapiye a kadzidzi wamakutu ataliatali
Nthawi yokhala ndi nkhuku zazitali yayitali imayamba mu Marichi komanso koyambirira kwa Epulo. Pakukhalira mazira, mbalame zimachita mwanjira yapadera, zimalira mosapumira "gu-gu-guu" kulira uku kumabwerezedwa pamasekondi asanu aliwonse. Mbalamezo zimayitanitsa mnzake kuti ziwuluke ndikumalira, zimaphatikizana ndikukupiza mapiko.
Chosangalatsa: Kadzidzi wokhala ndi makutu ataliatali samasiyana pakunyumba, samamanga zisa konse, koma amakhala zisa zakale za akhwangwala, magpies ndi rook. Nthawi zina amatha kupanga zomangamanga ngakhale pansi pakati paudzu. Chisa chimakonda kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nyengo imodzi, kokha kuswana.
Mbalame yamtundu uwu imatha kuikira mazira 3 mpaka 9 munthawi imodzi. Mkazi amaikira mazira pakadutsa masiku angapo. Chowotcheracho chimadzazidwa ndikusungidwa ndi mkazi m'modzi. Pakakudya, mkazi amatuluka m'chisa usiku 5-8 usiku uliwonse kuti apeze chakudya chake. Mkazi amatembenuza mazira nthawi zonse, mbalame imasandutsa mazira 40 patsiku, zomwe sizidziwika. Anapiye amaswa patatha masiku 25-28. Kuswa kumatenga pafupifupi sabata, anapiye omaliza kuchokera ku clutch yomaliza amabadwa pambuyo pake.
Anapiye amabadwa ndi thupi lolemera magalamu 14-21. Ziwombankhanga zazing'ono zimakutidwa ndi zoyera pansi, ndi akhungu komanso osowa chochita. Amamveka ndikulira. Maso a owlet amatsegulidwa tsiku lachinayi la moyo. Zikuwoneka kuti anapiye oyamba kubadwa amakula msanga, koma pakapita nthawi, achichepere amakumana ndi achikulirewo Pakutha kwa mwezi woyamba wamoyo, mbalameyo imasiya kukula. Kadzidzi wamng'ono amakhala wofanana kwambiri ndi mbalame yayikulu, kusiyana kokha ndi nthenga. Kukula kwa nthunzi kumatha pafupi ndi masiku 50 azaka.
Pambuyo pobereka ana, mkazi amawotcha, ndipo amakhala nawo nthawi zonse. Yaimuna imabweretsa chakudya kubanja. Masana, chachimuna ndi chachikazi chimapuma pafupi ndi chisa. Ngati munthu ayandikira chisa, mbalame zimayamba kumuthamangitsa iye ndi kulira. Nthawi zina amatha kuwukira munthu. Ziwombankhanga zimayamba kuchoka pachisa kumapeto kwa mwezi woyamba wamoyo, zimayamba kuwuluka kupita ku mitengo yoyandikana nayo. Komabe, pa msinkhu uwu, anapiye satha kupeza chakudya, ndipo makolo awo amawadyetsa. Pamasabata 10 ali ndi moyo, anapiye amachoka pachisa popanda kuphunzira kuuluka. Mbalame zimakula msinkhu wa chaka chimodzi.
Tsopano mwawona momwe mwana wa kadzidzi wa khutu lalitali amawonekera. Tiyeni tiwone yemwe akusaka mbalame iyi?
Adani achilengedwe a kadzidzi wamakutu ataliatali
Chithunzi: Kadzidzi wamakutu atali
Kadzidzi wamkulu ali ndi adani ochepa achilengedwe. Izi ndi mbalame zazikuluzikulu kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri, akadzidzi a khutu lalitali amaukiridwa ndi abale awo omwe, kadzidzi ndi kadzidzi. Nthawi zina ziphamba ndi mphamba zimatha kuukira, koma zimangokhala masana ndipo ngati mbalame ija yawonetsa kusazindikira. Kwenikweni, moyo wamtundu uwu wa mbalame umayezedwa ndikukhazikika, mbalamezi zimakhazikika m'magulu munthawi yopanda zisa, ndipo sizimawaukira kawirikawiri. Zisa zimawonongedwa ndi martens ndi ermine. Amphaka amatha kukwera mchisa pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu. Makamaka mbalame zazing'ono zopanda nzeru komanso anapiye ang'onoang'ono amavutika ndi ziwopsezo. Komanso mbalame zazing'ono nthawi zambiri zimafa pakauluka maulendo ataliatali nyengo yachisanu, ndi kubwerera.
Matenda akulu omwe amapezeka m'makungu akuthwa ndi matenda opha majeremusi.
M'mphuno mwa akadzidzi, mitundu yambiri ya nkhupakupa nthawi zambiri imakhazikika monga:
- Rh. bricinboricus Btc .;
- Sternastoma strigitis Btk .;
- Rhinoecius oti Cooreman.
Komanso kadzidzi amasokonezedwa ndi utitiri wa mitundu ya Ceratophillus gallinae ndi tizilombo tina. Zinthu zomwe zimasokoneza kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi ndi kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, zinthu zachilengedwe zikuipiraipira chaka chilichonse. Anapiye nthawi zambiri amafa pazomwe zimatchedwa "zaka za njala" pomwe makolo sangathe kudyetsa ana awo. Zimadziwika kuti m'zaka zomwe mbewa zakutchire zimawonjezeka, kadzidzi amabadwanso kwambiri, ndipo mwayi woti anapiye onse adzapulumuka ukuwonjezeka chifukwa mbewa ndiye chakudya chabwino kwambiri cha mbalamezi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Kadzidzi wamakutu atali m'chilengedwe
Kadzidzi wamakutu atali ndi amodzi mwamitundu yambiri yomwe ikukhala kudziko lathu. Ziwombankhanga zamtunduwu zimapezeka kulikonse komwe zimapezeka m'nkhalango, paki kapena m'munda wawo womwe. Pafupifupi pafupifupi ana asanu ndi awiri a mbalamezi amapezeka m'malo a mahekitala 120. Mwa nkhokwe 38 mdziko lathu, mtundu uwu wa kadzidzi udawoneka mwa 36, kukaikira mazira bwino kunadziwika m'malo 24.
Pafupifupi, kuchuluka kwa akadzidzi akuthwa ku Europe kuli motere: Great Britain ndi Ireland - kuyambira 5 mpaka 7 zikwi ziwiri. France kuyambira pa 2 mpaka 8 zikwi ziwiri, Belgium pafupifupi 7,000 awiriawiri, Finland pafupifupi zikwi ziwiri, Sweden pafupifupi 10,000 awiriawiri. M'zaka zaposachedwa, kuchuluka kwa mbalame zamtunduwu zatsika kwambiri ku United States, m'chigawo cha Michigan mitunduyo yatetezedwa ndipo ili pachiwopsezo chotha. Komanso kuchuluka kwa akadzidzi a khutu lalitali ku Minnesota, California, ndi New Jersey kwachepetsedwa. Mwina mbalame sizikukonda dera lino pakadali pano, ndipo mbalamezo zimangoyenda, chifukwa ndizovuta kutsatira kuchuluka kwake. M'mayiko ena, mitundu iyi siyimayambitsa nkhawa.
M'dziko lathu, mitundu ya Asio otus ndiyambiri ndipo safuna chitetezo chapadera, koma kusaka mbalame, monga mbalame zonse za kadzidzi, ndikoletsedwa mdziko lathu. Kufa pakati pa mbalame zamtundu uwu makamaka kumagwera anapiye a chaka choyamba cha moyo, chomwe ndi pafupifupi 52% ya kufa konse kwa mbalame.
Kadzidzi wokoma mbalame yokongolayi komanso yokongola kwambiri imasiyanitsidwa ndi mayimbidwe okoma, osangalatsa omwe amachokera kunkhalango ndi nkhalango usiku. Ndikosayenera kuyandikira mbalamezo ndikukhudza zisa zawo, chifukwa sizimakonda anthu. Atagwidwa, mbalamezi zimakhala ndi moyo wautali chifukwa zimakhala zosadodometsedwa ndi chakudya.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 07/14/2019
Idasinthidwa: 25.09.2019 pa 17:38
